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Impact of Colonization on Language Policy in Cameroon

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Impact of Colonization on Language Policy in Cameroon

作者： Ngueguo Sandra pamela 湖南大学

学位级别：硕士

喀麦隆的语言政策受到了殖民化的巨大影响。这种影响至今依然存在。喀麦隆的官方语言,英语和法语,是殖民化的遗留产物。喀麦隆作为一个多语言国家,有250多种地方语言和2种通用语。即喀麦隆洋泾浜英语和英法混合语言(Camfranglais)。除... 详细信息

喀麦隆的语言政策受到了殖民化的巨大影响。这种影响至今依然存在。喀麦隆的官方语言,英语和法语,是殖民化的遗留产物。喀麦隆作为一个多语言国家,有250多种地方语言和2种通用语。即喀麦隆洋泾浜英语和英法混合语言(Camfranglais)。除官方双语外,其他语言都被归入第二计划,使得文化传承受到影响,许多语言正走向消亡。本研究采用定量研究方法,采用在线问卷调查的方式,调查了喀麦隆英语区和法语区的受访者112人,就殖民化对语言政策的影响和对当地和官方语言未来的发展看法,问卷共设26个问题。本研究通过谷歌平台进行问卷调查,以便喀麦隆受访者参与。结果显示,殖民化对喀麦隆语言政策的影响既有正面的,也有负面的。我们发现,在官方的外国双语氛围中,年轻人在学校或家里通过这些语言接触到更多的外国文化,更倾向于外国文化,致使当地的多语制形同虚设。我们还发现,由外国语言和当地语言结合而成的混合语言在喀麦隆获得了很大发展,特别是在年轻人中间,尽管这些语言还没有被正式获得官方语言政策的确定和支持。受殖民主义的影响,喀麦隆的语言氛围存在冲突,官方双语很大程度上主导了当地的多语制,忽视了当地语言,导致文化逐渐消亡。殖民化对喀麦隆语言政策最严重的影响是该国当前所谓的英语危机或安巴索尼亚战争。本研究表明,由于殖民主义对喀麦隆语言政策的长期影响,实施可持续的语言政策迫在眉睫。本研究对于保护喀麦隆当地语言、避免语言消亡从而促进国家文化和民族的团结统一具有重要的意义。

关键词：殖民化喀麦隆语言政策地方语言官方语言

Immunotherapy in breast cancer: A clinician’s perspective

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Journal of the National Cancer Center 2021年第2期1卷 47-57页

作者： Sibapriya Chaudhuri Scott Thomas pamela Munster Division of Hematology and Oncology University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA

Globally over 2 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year despite major advances in detection and treatment of the *** cancer is comprised of several distinct subtypes and understanding the heterogeneity of the disease has become crucial for treatment *** strategies span from a hormone therapy-based focus for women with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer to targeting human epidermal growth factor(HER2)by small molecules,antibody-drug-conjugates(ADC)and monoclonal antibodies in those with HER2 *** novel treatment strategies for select subgroups of patients include the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6(CDK4/6)inhibitors for women with estrogen receptor positive tumors,the poly ADP ribose polymerase(PARP)inhibitors for those with BRCA mutations,and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitors for women with tumors harboring phophatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3 kinase catalytic subunit alpha(PIK3CA)*** contrast,the treatment for women with triple negative breast cancer has until recently been solely limited to *** profound impact of immunotherapy on cancer treatment in general has created much hope for its potential in breast *** review will focus on the current advances and the research of immunotherapy in breast cancer,particularly on immune checkpoint inhibitors,adoptive cell transfer and cancer vaccines.

关键词： PIK3CA breast BRCA

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高压条件下块体碳纳米管的制备(英文)

新型炭材料 2014年第3期29卷 193-202页

作者： pamela Andréa Mantey dos Santos Аrea de Ciências Tecnológicas Centro Universitário Franciscano UNIFRA Santa Maria 97010-032 RS Brasil Instituto de Química Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil) Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil) Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil) Instituto de Ffsica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS Brasil

分别以高纯碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、未纯化MWCNTs和盐酸纯化MWCNTs为原料,铅(Pb)和石墨(Gr)为压力传递媒介,在4GPa和7.7GPa高压和室温条件下制备块体碳纳米管。其直径约为6nm,呈圆柱形块体。采用拉曼光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、氮吸附仪和透射电... 详细信息

分别以高纯碳纳米管(MWCNTs)、未纯化MWCNTs和盐酸纯化MWCNTs为原料,铅(Pb)和石墨(Gr)为压力传递媒介,在4GPa和7.7GPa高压和室温条件下制备块体碳纳米管。其直径约为6nm,呈圆柱形块体。采用拉曼光谱仪、X-射线衍射仪、氮吸附仪和透射电镜表征样品。结果表明,含有MgO催化剂杂质的未纯化MWCNTs,以Pb为媒介时,在7.7GPa下可获得最佳压缩样品。高压可引起MWCNTs压缩和剪切应力。Pb容器作为准静压传递媒介可提供更多压缩应力,同时杂质能作为黏结剂,从而有利于得到致密化度较高的MWCNTs。

关键词：碳纳米管高压块体碳纳米管拉曼光谱透射电镜

Time Dependent Network Coverage:A Method to Estimate the Minimum Required Reporting Vehicle Fleet Size

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International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 2013年第3期2卷 205-225页

作者： Sahar Ghanipoor Machiani pamela Murray-Tuite Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Tech7054 Haycock RdFalls ChurchVA 22043

Probe vehicles with smart phones or other advanced technologies are attractive options for collecting real-time traffic *** this paper,a method is proposed to estimate the minimum number of equipped vehicles needed to completely cover the network within a specified updating period considering time dependent link travel *** method uses a traverse indicator,which is a function of a travel time factor,coverage factor,number of times a link has been traversed,and link travel *** approach is applied to two network structures(radial and grid)to test the sensitivity of the results to network structure,number of origins,travel time and coverage factors,and the updating *** travel time and coverage factors equal to 0.1 and 0.9,respectively,in the grid network and both equal to 0.5 in the radial network produce minimum fleet *** numbers of origins and updating periods generally yield lower fleet sizes.

关键词： travel network sizes

The Values and Significance of the Colonial Steel Railway Bridges of Pakistan

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Built Heritage 2017年第4期1卷 11-21页

作者： Ayesha pamela Rogers Ghulam Mustafa Baloch Cultural Studies Department National College of ArtsLahorePakistan

This paper proposes that Civil Engineering Heritage is a distinct form of heritage,related to but differing from Industrial Heritage and a separate field that should be treated *** critical element that signifies engineering heritage is ingenium or innovation in development of complex technological responses to physical *** heritage requires specific approaches to its identification,documentation,conservation and *** important first step of this process is a clear understanding of the values and attributes that contribute to the significance of engineering heritage and must be *** example of engineering heritage examined here is the colonial steel railway bridges of Pakistan;three case study bridges are presented and the values and attributes of each are *** paper then identifies a set of shared essential values of this type of engineering heritage that can serve as a basis for value-based conservation and management.

关键词： civil engineering heritage bridges colonial Pakistan values innovation

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Windsor Castle

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Recent Advances in Dissecting Stress-Regulatory Crosstalk in Rice

作者： pamela Hartshorne.

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Molecular Plant 2013年第2期6卷 250-260页

作者： Rita Sharma David De Vleesschauwer Manoj K. Sharma pamela C. Ronald Department of Plant Pathology and Genome Center University of California Davis CA 95616 USA Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA 94710 USA Laboratory of Phytopathology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University B-9000 Ghent Belgium Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute Kyung Hee University Yongin 446-701 Korea

Biotic and abiotic stresses impose a serious limitation on crop productivity worldwide. Prior or simultaneous exposure to one type of stress often affects the plant response to other stresses, indicating extensive overlap and cross-talk between stress-response signaling pathways. Systems biology approaches that integrate large genomic and prot-eomic data sets have facilitated identification of candidate genes that govern this stress-regulatory crosstalk. Recently, we constructed a yeast two-hybrid map around three rice proteins that control the response to biotic and abiotic stresses, namely the immune receptor XA21, which confers resistance to the Gram-negative bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae; NH1, the rice ortholog of NPR1, a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance; and the ethylene-responsive transcription factor, SUBIA, which confers tolerance to submergence stress. These studies coupled with transcriptional profiling and co-expression analyses identified a suite of proteins that are positioned at the interface of biotic and abiotic stress responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase 5 （OsMPK5）, wall-associated kinase 25 （WAK25）, sucrose non-fermenting-l-related protein kinase-1 （SnRK1）, SUBIA binding protein 23 （SAB23）, and several WRKY family tran- scription factors. Emerging evidence suggests that these genes orchestrate crosstalk between biotic and abiotic stresses through a variety of mechanisms, including regulation of cellular energy homeostasis and modification of synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions between the stress hormones salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid.

关键词： abiotic biotic crosstalk defense response hormone systems biology stress.

Heating Up the Environmental Context of Chemical Pollution： Ecotoxicology in a Changing Global Climate

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Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 614-616页

作者： pamela D. NOYES Sean C. LEMA Guest Editors Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory Oregon State University Corvallis OR USA Biological Sciences Department Center for Coastal Marine Sciences California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo CA USA

Humans and wildlife are exposed to an ever-increasing array of man-made chemicals that are now meas-ured in every habitat on our planet from the Earth＇s highest mountain peaks to sediments in the deep ocean （e.g., Farrington and Takada, 2014; Quiroz et al., 2009; Veron et al., 1987; Villa et al., 2006）. In addition to the expanding variety of synthetic chemistries in use, there are many substances that are components of the Earth that may through human activities concentrate at high- levels or be released into the environment in forms that enhance their bioavailability, exposure, and toxicity potential.

关键词：光环境生态毒理学全球气候化学污染加热化学物质人类活动生物利用度

Anal cancer treatment:Current status and future perspectives

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第8期21卷 2294-2302页

作者： Marwan Ghosn Hampig Raphael Kourie pamela Abdayem Joelle Antoun Dolly Nasr Hematology-Oncology Department Faculty Of Medicine Saint Joseph University

Anal cancers(AC)are relatively rare *** incidence is increasing,particularly among men who have sex with other men due to widespread infection by human papilloma *** majority of anal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas,and they are treated according to *** local and locally advanced AC,concomitant chemoradiation therapy based on mitomycin C and 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)is the current best treatment,while metastatic AC,chemotherapy with 5-FU and cisplatin remains the gold *** are no indications for induction or maintenance therapies in locally advanced *** novel strategies,such as targeted therapies,vaccination,immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy are in clinical trials for the treatment of AC,with promising results in some indications.

关键词： Anal cancer Optimum treatment Updates Guidelines N