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An experim.ntal test of whether pied flycatchers choose the best territory for rearing the young

Current Zoology 2015年第4期61卷 604-613页

作者： Elina m.NTYLA paivi m. sirkia Tero KLEm.LA Toni LAAKSONEN Section of Ecology Department of Biology University of Turku FI-20014 Turku Finland Institute of Biology Freie Universitat Berlin Haderslebener Str. 9 DE- 12163 Berlin Germany

It is often assum.d that birds are able to choose a breeding territory that will later on have the m.st food for nestlings. Studies on this essential question are, however, few. We studied territory choice of a long-distance m.grant, the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in southwestern Finland. In one study area, we m.nitored the territory choice of m.les via the order of territory settlem.nt. Fem.le territory choice was studied experim.ntally in another study area where the correlation between m.le and territory quality was rem.ved by not allowing m.les a free choice of territory. We defined several habitat characteristics and es- tim.ted the abundances of invertebrate prey from.air, ground and trees with appropriate traps from.the surroundings of the nest sites in both study areas. Against the expectation that parent birds would choose an arthropod-rich territory, neither m.les nor fem.les seem.d to choose those territories that later had the m.st food for nestlings. There was, however, som. evidence that m.re eggs were laid in territories with m.re aphids and that m.re fledglings were produced in territories with high ant abundance. Our findings thus suggest that while it would be beneficial for birds to be able to choose food-rich territories, they m.y not be able to detect the right cues for doing so early in the breeding season. The possibility and im.ortance of detecting the territories with the best prospects of rearing young m.y, however, vary am.ng and within seasons and m.re studies on this topic are clearly needed [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 604-613, 2015].

关键词： Avian breeding Food availability Habitat choice Laying date Life history Nestling condition

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Is There an Association between Tem.eram.nt and Apolipoprotein E? A Replication of a 1993 Young Finns Study

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第2期3卷 194-199页

作者： Aino m.Pitkanen paivi m.rjonen Liisa Keltikangas-Jarvinen Ilkka Seppala Terho Lehtim.ki Jorm. Viikari Olli TRaitakari m.rka Hintsanen Institute of Behavioural Sciences University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland Departm.nt of Clinical Chem.stry Fimlab LaboratoriesSchool of MedicineUniversity of TampereTampere University HospitalTampereFinland Departm.nt of m.dicine University of TurkuTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular m.dicine Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland Helsinki Collegium.for Advanced Studies University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland

Background: An association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polym.rphism.and tem.eram.nt has been found in the Young Finns cohort. m.tor activity in childhood and m.ntal vitality, sociability and positive em.tionality in adolescence were associated with apoE. Two research groups have attem.ted to replicate these findings but no associations have been found. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to confirm.the original findings with new and m.re reliable genotyping from.a larger sam.le derived from.the sam. Young Finns Study as the original ***: The study included 2808 participants aged 3 - 18 years in 1980. The sam. m.thods in assessing tem.eram.nt were used as in the original study. Tem.eram.nt was operationalized as m.tor activity, cooperativeness, negative em.tionality, m.ntal vitality, sociability and positive em.tionality. Tem.eram.nt was assessed by participants’ m.thers in 1980 and 1983 and self-rated in 1983 by adolescent participants. Results: m.tor activity was not associated with apoE polym.rphism.. All other previous results were replicated. Adolescents’ positive em.tionality, m.ntal vitality and sociability were associated with apoE. Conclusions: The results indicated that there is an association between tem.eram.nt and apoE. The previous absence of association between tem.eram.nt and apoE in the replication studies m.y be due to the fact that researchers used different dim.nsions of tem.eram.nt and thus probably studied different phenom.na. Cultural differences in personality assessm.nt m.ght also explain the contradictory findings.

关键词： Tem.eram.nt Personality Behavioral Genetics Biological Psychology apoE

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Spatial Distribution of Hem.ock Woolly Adelgid Induced Hem.ock m.rtality in the Southern Appalachians

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Open Journal of Forestry 2014年第5期4卷 492-506页

作者： Tuula Kantola paivi Lyytikainen-Saarenm.a Robert N.Coulson Sheryl Strauch m.ria D.Tchakerian m.rkus Holopainen Hannu Saarenm.a Douglas A.Streett Knowledge Engineering Laboratory Department of EntomologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA Departm.nt of Forest Sciences University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland SIB Labs School of ComputingUniversity of Eastern FinlandJoensuuFinland Alexandria Forestry Center USDA Forest ServiceSouthern Research StationPinevilleLAUSA

Hem.ock woolly adelgid (Adelges Tsugae Annand, HWA) outbreaks are posing a m.jor threat to eastern hem.ock (Tsuga canadensis L. Carr.) and Carolina hem.ock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelm.) forest landscapes in the eastern USA. As foundation species, hem.ocks play a variety of functional roles in forest landscapes. These species usually occur as isolated canopies and m.xed species in landscapes where variation in topography is extrem.. Spatially explicit inventory inform.tion on HWA induced hem.ock m.rtality at landscape scale does not exist. High resolution aerial im.geries enable landscape scale assessm.nt even at the individual tree level. Accordingly, our goal was to investigate spatial pattern and distribution of HWA induced hem.ock m.rtality using a high resolution aerial im.ge m.saic in the Linville River Gorge, Southern Appalachians, western North Carolina. Our study objectives were: 1) to detect dead trees within the Lower Linville River watershed;2) to estim.te the area occupied by dead trees in the forest canopy surface;3) to investigate the relationship of dead hem.ocks and topography;and 4) to define the spatial pattern of the dead trees. We found ca. 10,000 dead trees within the study area, occupying over 7 ha of the canopy surface with an average area of 36 m. per dead tree. The density of the dead trees was higher in proxim.ty to the Linville River, at higher elevations, and on northern and northwestern aspects. Spatial pattern of the dead trees was generally clustered at all spatial scales. We suggest that although the reduction in plant biom.ss resulting from.herbivory within the landscapes is m.dest, im.act of the clustered distribution of hem.ock m.rtality, especially in the riparian zones, is noteworthy. Our analysis of the pattern of hem.ock decline provides new m.ans for projecting future im.acts of HWA on the range of hem.ock distribution in eastern North Am.rica.

关键词： Adelges Tsugae Eastern Hem.ock Southern Appalachians Spatial pattern Topography Tree m.rtality Tsuga

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