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Drought Adaptation and Coping Strategies Among the Turkana Pastoralists of Northern Kenya

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第3期6卷 295-309页

作者： Francis Opiyo oliver wasonga Moses Nyangito Janpeter Schilling Richard Munang Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of Nairobi United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) Global Policy Centre International Alert EnvironmentClimate Change and Security Program United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) Regional Office for Africa

This study highlights drought characteristics and the many responses to drought stresses employed by Turkana pastoralists of northwestern Kenya. Multiple data sources, including socioeconomic interviews with 302 households, focus group discussions, and informal interviews with pastoralists were used to capture various aspects of drought and drought adaptation and coping *** precipitation index derived from long-term rainfall data obtained from the Kenya Meteorological Service was used to quantify different degrees of drought intensity between 1950 and 2012. Results revealed that extreme drought events were increasingly frequent, and have impacted negatively on pastoral livelihoods. In order to adapt to or cope with climatic anomalies, households are using a variety of strategies. In addition to the traditional short-term coping mechanisms, the long-term adaptation strategies used include diversification of livelihood sources; livestock mobility to track forage and water resources;diversification of herd composition to benefit from the varied drought and disease tolerance, as well as fecundity of diverse livestock species; and sending children to school for formal education as a long term investment expected to pay back through income from employment. Policies anddevelopment interventions that reduce risks, diminish livelihood constraints, and expand opportunities for increased household resilience to drought are critical complements to the existing pastoral strategies.

关键词： Adaptive capacity Climate change Pastoralism Resilience Turkana

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Impacts of long-term land-use changes on herd size and mobility among pastoral households in Amboseli ecosystem,Kenya

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Ecological Processes 2018年第1期7卷 32-40页

作者： Kennedy Sakimba Kimiti David Western Judith Syombua Mbau oliver Vivian wasonga Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of Nairobi P.O Box 30197NairobiKenya Amboseli Conservation Project P.O Box 15289Nairobi 00509Kenya

Introduction:Long-term changes in rangeland ecosystems of the world have impacted on the livestock production,a key livelihood strategy in these *** paper presents perceptions of the pastoral community on the dynamics of pastoral livelihoods under three land-use types namely nomadic,semi-nomadic,and sedentary in Amboseli ecosystem located in southern *** questionnaire was used to collect data concerning household livestock herds,perceived livestock trends and their causes,importance of migration,sedentarization,and land subdivision,and were administered to respondents randomly selected from the three land-use ***:The study shows that the livestock herd size was higher in nomadic(117.1)and lower in sedentary(56.6)land-use *** majority of the respondents in nomadic(79%),semi-nomadic(73%),and sedentary(64%)reported a declining trend in household herd *** declines were mostly attributed to recurrent droughts and loss of grazing ***:Pastoralism remains an important livelihood strategy to majority of households in the study area;therefore,to achieve sustainable livelihood strategies,grazing lands should be maintained.

关键词： Herd mobility Household livestock trends Rangeland changes Community views

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Spatial and temporal analysis of forest cover change in Falgore Game Reserve in Kano, Nigeria

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Ecological Processes 2017年第1期6卷 109-121页

作者： Muhammad Sabiu Suleiman oliver Vivian wasonga Judith Syombua Mbau Yazan Ahmed Elhadi Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of NairobiP.O.Box 29053Loresho RidgeNairobiKenya

Introduction:Multi-temporal land-use and land-cover data provides a historical vehicle for determining and evaluating long-term trends in bio-physical ***-use and land-cover assessment and mapping is one of the most useful applications of geographic information system(GIS)for planning,management,and *** study analyses the spatio-temporal pattern of forest cover dynamics for three decades in Falgore Game Reserve in Kano,*** dynamics of forest cover transition during 1985–2015 was analysed using multi-temporal Landsat ***:The spatio-temporal analysis shows that moderate woodland dominated in 1985(46%)and 2005(57%)but was replaced by open woodland in 2015 which accounts for 58%of the total area of Falgore Game Reserve(FGR)*** woodland occupied the least area of the total forest estate that varied between 17%in 1985 and 1%in *** results indicate that dense woodland,moderate woodland,and very open woodland were decreased at annual average rate of 3,1,and 0.4%.Open woodland had expanded from 21,127 ha in 1985 to 53,392 ha in *** main drivers of forest resource degradation in the area were found to be excessive fuelwood collection,overgrazing,agricultural expansion,and forest ***:These findings suggest that protection strategies employed in FGR were not effective as deforestation is still evident in the *** and environmental based NGOs should therefore prioritize effective and efficient conservation strategy for present and future use of forest resources,in addition to the provision of alternative livelihood sources to communities proximate to the *** will ensure the socio-economic well-being of the locals and sustainable conservation of biological diversity in the area.

关键词： Forest Trend Game reserve Falgore Degradation

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Non-timber forest products and their contribution to households income around Falgore Game Reserve in Kano, Nigeria

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Ecological Processes 2017年第1期6卷 235-248页

作者： Muhammad Sabiu Suleiman Vivian oliver wasonga Judith Syombua Mbau Aminu Suleiman Yazan Ahmed Elhadi Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of NairobiP.O.Box 29053Loresho RidgeNairobiKenya Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Bayero University KanoKanoNigeria

Introduction:In the recent decades,there has been growing interest in the contribution of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)to livelihoods,development,and poverty alleviation among the rural *** has been prompted by the fact that communities living adjacent to forest reserves rely to a great extent on the NTFPs for their livelihoods,and therefore any effort to conserve such resources should as a prerequisite understand how the host communities interact with ***:Multistage sampling technique was used for the study.A representative sample of 400 households was used to explore the utilization of NTFPs and their contribution to households’income in communities proximate to Falgore Game Reserve(FGR)in Kano State,*** statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze and summarize the data ***:The findings reveal that communities proximate to FGR mostly rely on the reserve for firewood,medicinal herbs,fodder,and fruit nuts for household use and *** from NTFPs accounts for 20–60%of the total income of most(68%)of the sampled *** utilization of NTFPs was significantly influenced by age,sex,household size,main occupation,distance to forest and ***:The findings suggest that NTFPs play an important role in supporting livelihoods,and therefore provide an important safety net for households throughout the year particularly during periods of hardship occasioned by *** is suggested that stakeholders should prioritize technical and financial support programs on agricultural value addition and handcrafts that would promote off-farm income generating activities,in addition,provision of alternative domestic cooking energy such as biogas in communities proximate to FGR in order to reduce pressure relating to fuelwood gathering from the forest,this will help to improve forest resources quality.

关键词： Agricultural income Collection Conservation Forest income Game Reserve

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Effects of holistic grazing management on milk production,weight gain,and visitation to grazing areas by livestock and wildlife in Laikipia County,Kenya

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Ecological Processes 2016年第1期5卷 216-227页

作者： Priscilla K.Lalampaa oliver V.wasonga Daniel I.Rubenstein Jesse T.Njoka Faculty of Agriculture Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural TechnologyUniversity of NairobiP.O.Box 29053-00625NairobiKenya Princeton University PrincetonNJ 08544-2016USA

Background:Grazing is an important management tool for maintaining healthy ecosystems and improving rangelands ***,its effectiveness for this purpose is dependent on timing and frequency of grazing,as well as the type of *** the effects of grazing management on rangeland ecosystems is critical in ensuring sustainable use of grazing resources and enhanced livestock *** study assessed the effects of holistic grazing on animal productivity and range use pattern in Laikipia County of ***:The results revealed that the average milk yields(106±20.1)of animals in holistic grazing areas(HGA)were significantly(p<0.05)higher than those in traditional grazing areas(TGA)(101±20.1).Weight gain of animals in HGA was significantly(0.13±0.01)higher as compared to those in TGA(0.07±0.01).The number of livestock grazing was significantly(p<0.05)higher in HGA(74±10%)than those in TGA(57±10%).In addition,the number of wildlife grazing was significantly(p<0.05)higher in HGA(74±18%)than in TGA(32±18%).Conclusions:The results indicate that holistic grazing management has the potential to improve animal performance,as well as condition of range areas as evident in the preference shown by frequent visits to HGA by both livestock and wildlife.

关键词： Camera traps Continuous grazing Animal performance Rest periods Wildlife visits

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Morphological and productivity responses of Buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris)and Guinea grass(Panicum maximum)ecotypes to simulated grazing in a semi-arid environment

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Grassland Research 2022年第4期1卷 290-300页

作者： Bosco Kidake Kisambo oliver V.wasonga Oscar K.Koech George N.Karuku Department of Land Resources Management and Agricultural Technology University of NairobiNairobiKenya Arid and Range Lands Research Institute—Kiboko Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization(KALRO)NairobiKenya

Background Livestock production is an economically significant activity in grassland-based production systems with herbivory,a critical process in modifying plant structure and regulating biomass dynamics in these *** A grazing simulation experiment was undertaken in a semi-arid environment in Kenya to determine the effects of clipping frequency and intensity on the morphology and productivity of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum maximum grass *** ecotypes were clipped at different frequencies(every 2,4,and 12 weeks)and different intensities(5,10,and 15 cm clipping heights).The morphological responses of the grass ecotypes and biomass yields were *** The grass ecotypes showed significantly(p<0.05)varied responses to cutting frequency and *** parameters,tillering,and biomass production were all affected by clipping frequency and *** highest dry matter(DM)yields were recorded under low frequency(LF)clipping,followed by moderate frequency(MF)clipping and high frequency(HF)*** clipping in *** ecotype Kilifi was 20%and 31%more compared to MF and HF *** significant difference in yields was found by cutting the *** ecotype Magadi at 4-and 12-week intervals,even though clipping at 2-week intervals cumulatively yielded less *** was a biomass yield reduction in *** ecotype Taveta of 23%and 25%for MF and HF clipping,respectively,while for ecotype Isinya,the reduction was 13%and 15%for MF and HF,*** intensity had a significant(p<0.05)effect on cumulative yields in *** ecotypes,but not *** differences were apparent in both *** and *** ecotype DM *** The results in this study suggest that clipping range grass ecotypes less frequently(4-and 12-week intervals)and at 10 and 15 cm stubble heights results in higher biomass ***,LF and MF grazing and cutting strategies are advantageous for semi-arid lan

关键词： dry matter dryland grasslands grazing grazing frequency grazing intensity pastures rehabilitation

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Effects of Post Eviction Resettlement on Land-Use and Cover Change in Uganda’s Oil Exploration Areas

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2017年第10期8卷 1144-1157页

作者： Joseph Ssekandi John Mburu oliver wasonga Laban Macopiyo Francis Charles Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of Nairobi P.O. Nairobi Kenya Department of Plant Sciences [IPV] Norwegian Univ. Life Sciences &Aring s Norway Department of Agronomy & Horticulture Plant Science Univ. Nebraska Lincoln NE USA

Evaluation of the changes in land use and land cover change (LULCC) in respect to oil exploration across the Albertine region in Uganda has been focused around the exploration areas and protected areas, with no attention to the potential impacts of evictees’ activities on resettled areas. This study used LANDSAT images to analyze the land use and land cover changes (LULCC) among the period before eviction (2002 and 2005) at the climax of eviction and resettlements (2005-2011), and during the post-resettlement period (2011-2015) to quantify the impacts of resettlements on the environment. LANDSAT images were processed using ERDAS IMAGINE software and analyzed using ArcGIS 10.1 to determine LULCC in relation to post-eviction resettlement in the study area. Results from the study indicate. The results of the study indicate that vegetation reduced by 33.08 percent, woodland were converted into settlements by 48 percent while farmlands increased by 18.3 percent. Non vegetated areas increased during resettlements however they reduced five years after eviction which indicated the ability of the ecosystem to stabilize. The study proved that post eviction induced resettlements can yield potential environmental effects to resettled areas. It is important therefore to plan and implement other means of additional source of income and construction materials for evictees to abate vegetation clearance and hence rescue the woodland. The study also recommends maintenance of an optimum population and well-planned pre eviction resettlement schemes.

关键词： Land Use Land Cover Resettlement Woodlands Evictions

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Technical Perspective:Research on General-Purpose Brain-Inspired Computing Systems

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2024年第1期39卷 1-3页

作者： oliver Rhodes Department of Computer Science University of ManchesterManchester M139PLU.K

Brain-inspired computing is a popular research area with the potential to advance our understanding of brain function,artificial intelligence,and next-generation computing *** referred to as"neuromorphic",these systems and algorithms hope to harness mechanisms present in brains to make step changes in perfor-mance over regular von Neumann based approaches[1].

关键词： artificial computing Brain

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Eliciting CD4-mimicking broadly neutralizing antibodies:new avenues towards the rational design of an HIV vaccine

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第3期9卷 836-838页

作者： Frauke Muecksch oliver T.Fackler Department of Infectious Diseases Heidelberg UniversityMedical Faculty HeidelbergVirologyCenter for Integrative Infectious Disease Research(CIID)HeidelbergGermany Chica and Heinz Schaller(CHS)Research Group Department of Infectious DiseasesVirologyUniversity Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany Department of Infectious Diseases Heidelberg UniversityMedical Faculty HeidelbergIntegrative VirologyCenter for Integrative Infectious Disease Research(CIID)HeidelbergGermany German Centre for Infection Research(DZIF) Partner Site HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany

In a study recently published in Cell,Saunders et *** that a new anti-HIV vaccine triggers antibody responses resembling CD4-binding site broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in rhesus macaques.1 This study provid... 详细信息

关键词： al. vaccine rational

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Active self-training for weakly supervised 3D scene semantic segmentation

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Computational Visual Media 2024年第3期10卷 425-438页

作者： Gengxin Liu oliver van Kaick Hui Huang Ruizhen Hu College of Computer Science&Software Engineering Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China School of Computer Science Carleton UniversityOttawa K1S 5B6Canada

Since the preparation of labeled datafor training semantic segmentation networks of pointclouds is a time-consuming process, weakly supervisedapproaches have been introduced to learn fromonly a small fraction of data. These methods aretypically based on learning with contrastive losses whileautomatically deriving per-point pseudo-labels from asparse set of user-annotated labels. In this paper, ourkey observation is that the selection of which samplesto annotate is as important as how these samplesare used for training. Thus, we introduce a methodfor weakly supervised segmentation of 3D scenes thatcombines self-training with active learning. Activelearning selects points for annotation that are likelyto result in improvements to the trained model, whileself-training makes efficient use of the user-providedlabels for learning the model. We demonstrate thatour approach leads to an effective method that providesimprovements in scene segmentation over previouswork and baselines, while requiring only a few userannotations.

关键词： semantic segmentation weakly supervised self-training active learning

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