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Comparative Performance of Different Malaria Diagnostic Tools among Pregnant Cohorts in Onitsha Southeast Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2021年第4期11卷 384-394页

作者： Christian Chibuzo Uba Moses Nkechukwu Ikegbunam Ifeoma Sandra Anagor Lilian Chinyere Eleanya Eucharia Nkiruka Ezeumeh Stephen Nnaemeka Ezekwueche Edith Chinenye okechukwu Charles okechukwu Esimone Department of Microbiology Paul University Awka Nigeria Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Microbiology Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Uli Campus Uli Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Igbariam Campus Igbariam Nigeria

Background of Study: The reliability of microscopic techniques has become questionable in most endemic regions in Africa leading to its decreased utilization and increased utilization of RDT kits and other laboratory-based methods. Objective: To evaluate the performance of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits and nest Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) methods in detecting malaria infections among pregnant women visiting private hospitals in Onitsha district area of Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. Methods: A total of 100 blood samples of pregnant women submitted to medical laboratory units of private maternal hospitals for malaria diagnosis in Onitsha district area were randomly selected for this study. Diagnosis was through microscopy, RDT kit (SD Bioline Pf-only test) and nPCR. Results: Pregnant cohorts had 95, 90 and 12 positive samples confirmed through microscopy RDT and nPCR respectively. RDT had a sensitivity and specificity of 89.47% and 0% while nPCR recorded sensitivity and specificity of 12.63% and 100% respectively. RDT and nPCR have a positive predictive value (PPV) of 94.44% of 100% respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that nPCR is more efficient and reliable when compared with RDT in the diagnosis of malaria infection, having recorded the highest value for positive predictive value (PPV) and specificity than the RDT among pregnant women.

关键词： RDT Microscopy PCR Sensitivity Specificity Pregnancy

Synthesis and Bioactivity of 1-((2-Carbamoylguanidino) (furan-2-ylmethyl)urea

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2020年第7期11卷 280-288页

作者： Chioma Donlawson Daniel okechukwu Nweneka Kingsley John Orie Reminus Okah Department of Science Laboratory Technology Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic Rumuola Nigeria Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria

1-((2-Carbamoylguanidino)(furan-2-ylmethyl)urea was synthesised by coupling purified furfural with urea. The compound was characterized by GC-MS, FTIR, and 1H-NMR. The pathogens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were isolated and screened with different concentrations of 1-((2-carbamoylguanidino)(furan-2-ylmethyl)urea. All the pathogens were susceptible to the synthesized compound except Bacillus subtilis. Due to this broad spectrum of activity, 1-((2-Carbamoylguanidino)(furan-2-ylmethyl))urea) can be use for various medicinal purposes and is therefore encouraged for the development of a novel drug in future.

关键词： Furfural 1-((2-Carbamoylguanidino)(furan-2-ylmethyl)urea Bioactivity

Prevalence and Pattern of Alcohol Use among Adults in an Urban Slum in South East Nigeria

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2019年第2期9卷 179-191页

作者： Obinna Donatus Onodugo Birinus Adikaibe Ezeala-Adikaibe obumneme Benneth Anyim Mark Ezeme Uchenna Nkemdilim Ijoma Ijeoma Nnenne obumneme-Anyim Osita Ikenna Okoli Pauline Nkiruka Onodugo Paul Chibuike Okoli Oluchi Stella Ekenze Department of Medicine University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria Department of Medicine Enugu State University Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria Department of Pediatrics University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria

Background: Alcohol is one of the most commonly abused psychoactive substances in the country. Studies have shown sharp increases in alcohol consumption among Nigerians. This increase is likely to continue because of increased local production and availability of alcohol in the country. Knowledge of the prevalence and pattern of current alcohol use is important considering the public health and socio-economic effects of alcohol use. Methods: Using a semi-structured questionnaire, we estimated the prevalence of current alcohol use among adults 18 years and older living in urban slums in Enugu South East Nigeria. Current use of alcohol was defined as use of any or all alcohol beverages in the past 4 weeks. The safe limit of alcohol was defined using WHO guidelines. Study duration was 5 months. Results: A total of 1411 individuals were recruited into the study. Males were 658 (46.6%) and females were 753 (53.4%). The overall prevalence of current use of alcohol was 66.7%;males 75.7% and females 58.8% (p Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of current alcohol use among urban slums in Enugu. Public health educational measures for reducing alcohol consumption should be encouraged. Efforts should be made to educate the populace on the need for abstinence.

关键词： Alcohol Beer Stout Enugu Nigeria Urban Dwellers

Effect of Calcination Condition on Thermal Activation of Ibere Clay and Dissolution of Alumina

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International Journal of Nonferrous Metallurgy 2019年第2期8卷 9-24页

作者： Udochukwu Mark Charles Nwachukwu Anyakwo okechukwu Onyebuchi Onyemaobi Chijioke Samson Nwobodo Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Federal University of Technology Owerri Nigeria

Bauxite deposits for production of alumina are lacking in Nigeria and there is an aluminium smelter plant in the country which requires alumina for its operation. Development of alternative alumina resource using clays that are abundant in the country is the focus of this paper. The thermal activation of Ibere clay from southeastern Nigeria for optimal leaching of alumina was investigated. The clay assayed 28.52% Al2O3 and 51.6% SiO2, comprising mainly kaolinite mineral and quartz or free silica. The alumina locked up in the clay structure was rendered acid-soluble by thermal activation which transformed the clay from its crystalline nature to an amorphous, anhydrous phase or metakaolinite. The clay samples were heated at calcination temperatures of 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C at holding times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Uncalcined clay samples and samples calcined at 1000°C (holding for 60 minutes) were used in the control experiments. The result of leaching the clay calcines in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature, showed that the clay calcines produced at 600°C (holding for 60 minutes) responded most to leaching. Samples calcined for 60 minutes also responded better than those held for 30 or 90 minutes. Based on activation energy studies, it was observed that calcines produced at 600°C (for 60 minutes) had both the highest leaching response (50.27% after 1 hour at leaching temperature of 100°C) and the lowest activation energy of 24.26 kJ/mol. It is concluded therefore that Ibere kaolinite clay should be best calcined for alumina dissolution by heating up to 600°C and holding for 60 minutes at that temperature. The clay deposit has potential for use as alternative resource for alumina production in Nigeria where bauxite is scarce.

关键词： Ibere Clay Bauxite Kaolinite Alumina Calcination Thermal Activation Leaching

Measuring Traffic Induced Air Pollution in Onne Port’s Environment

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2021年第4期10卷 63-75页

作者： Donatus Eberechukwu Onwuegbuchunam Famous Egelu Moses Olatunde Aponjolosun Kenneth okechukwu Okeke Department of Maritime Management Technology Federal University of Technology Owerri Imo State Nigeria Department of Maritime Transport & Logistics Nigerian Maritime University Okerenkeko Warri Delta State

Maritime shipping has been a major facilitator of economic prosperity throughout the world and it is likely to grow to meet continued and growing transport needs in both developed and developing countries. However, global emissions from maritime shipping have increased considerably, causing depletion of the ozone layer and most importantly posing threat to lives and coastal environment through air pollution. This study investigated the constituents of ambient air in Onne port’s environment in Rivers State of Nigeria. Six air pollutants (O3 CO, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2) were critically monitored with hand-held mobile Aeroqual gas monitors, series 500, at strategic locations within the port’s environment and Eleme Junction (the control). We found that mean concentrations (μg·m3) of the following pollutants: O3 (71.776 ± 0.726), CO, (19.145 ± 0.275) NO2 (28.145 ± 0.965) and SO2 (36.913 ± 0.378) were significantly high. The particulates (PM10, PM2.5) also showed higher mean concentrations of 48.400 ± 0.197 and 29.676 ± 0.352 respectively. The observed values were found to be significantly higher than those observed in the control group and also exceeded the safe permissible limits for gaseou

关键词： Air Pollution in Ports Greenhouse Gases Health Hazards Ozone Layer Particulate Matter

Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity of 1,1-bis(2-Carbamoylguanidino)furan-2-ylmethane

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2020年第6期11卷 261-268页

作者： Chioma Don-Lawson Daniel okechukwu Nweneka Reminus Okah Kingsley J. Orie Department of Science Laboratory Technology Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic Rumuola Port Harcourt Nigeria Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry University of Port Harcourt Port Harcourt Nigeria

This study reports the synthesis of 1,1-bis(2-Carbamoylguanidino)furan-2-ylmethane, characterisation and bioactivities on selected microorganism. The first step involves the coupling of furfural with urea to obtain 1-((2-carbamoylguanidino)(furan-2-ylmethyl)urea, which was subsequently refluxed with more urea in ethanol for 1 hour to afford the product. Both intermediate and product were characterized by GC-MS, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR. The synthesized compound1,1-bis(2-carbamoylguanidino)furan-2-ylmethane was bioactive on Escherichia coli, Salmomellatyphi and Bacillus subtilis to different extent and is inactive on Staphylococcus aureus. The presences of bioactive moieties and pharmacological activities have proved the potency of furfural derivatives in the development of novel drug in future.

关键词： Furfural 1 1-bis(2-Carbamoylguanidino)furan-2-ylmethane Bioactivity

Diseases Associated with Stigma: A Review

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2022年第2期12卷 129-140页

作者： Peter Ekpunobi Chime Paul Chibuike Okoli Ethel Nkechi Chime Chijioke Chinedu Anekpo Augustine obumneme Ozougwu Philip Chukwuma Ofojebe Department of Internal Medicine ESUT College of Medicine Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu Nigeria Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Nigeria Ituku-Ozala Campus Enugu Nigeria Department of Otorhinolaryngology Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu Nigeria Department of Psychology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria

Background: When a disease is associated with stigma, there may be attendant negative consequences. Purpose: This review was to show how stigma-associated diseases impact negatively on the psychological and social wellbeing of the affected persons. Methods: The relevant articles for the review were obtained through PubMed and Google Scholar search on the internet using relevant keywords. Results: Several infectious and non-infectious diseases are associated with stigma. The causes of stigma in these diseases include fear of contracting the disease and dying from it, disfiguring caused by the disease and ignorance and misconception concerning the cause, nature and infectivity of the disease. Those suffering from stigma-associated diseases are usually discriminated against and denied the privileges and opportunities available for those not suffering from stigma-associated diseases. This often leads to psychosocial or psychiatric complications such as social isolation, depression or even suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Stigma-associated diseases still remain a very important health problem with attendant psychosocial consequences. Multi-disciplinary and multi-level efforts are required for its effective mitigation.

关键词： Stigma Hearing Loss and Cleft Palate Leprosy Mental Ill-Health and Suicide Lassa Fever and HIV/AIDS

Modeling and Optimization of Galena Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid: Comparison of Central Composite Design and Artificial Neural Network

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Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2018年第3期6卷 294-315页

作者： Ikechukwu A. Nnanwube okechukwu D. Onukwuli Sunday U. Ajana Department of Chemical Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria

Response surface methodology (RSM) and Artificial neural network (ANN) were used for the simulation and optimization of galena dissolution in hydrochloric acid. The galena ore was characterized for structure elucidation using FTIR, SEM and X-ray diffraction spectroscopic techniques and the results indicate that the galena ore exists mainly as lead sulphide (PbS). A feed-forward neural network model with Leverberg-Marquardt back propagating training algorithm was used to predict the response (lead yield). The leaching temperature, acid concentration, solid/liquid ratio, stirring rate and leaching time were defined as input variables, while the percentage yield of lead was labelled as output variable. The multilayer perceptron with architecture of 5-9-1 provided the best performance. All the process variables were found to have significant impact on the response with p-values of 2 of 0.991 and 1.00, respectively. A non-dominated optimal response of 85.25% yield of lead at 343.96 K leaching temperature, 3.11 M hydrochloric acid concentration, 0.021 g/ml solid/liquid ratio, 362.27 rpm stirring speed and 87.37 min leaching time was established as a viable route for reduced material and operating cost using RSM.

关键词： Galena Dissolution Optimization ANN Modelling Hydrochloric Acid RSM

Determination of the Calcination Procedure Required to Activate Edda Clay for Optimal Leaching of Alumina

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Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2019年第2期7卷 49-63页

Nigeria is the highest consumer of aluminium in Africa but lacks bauxite deposits. The replacement of bauxite alumina with other alumina bearing resources (clays in particular) has been proposed. The present study investigated the thermal treatment required to activate Edda clay from southeastern Nigeria for optimal leaching of alumina. The clay is composed mainly of kaolinite and quartz, assaying 24.65% Al2O3 and 52.81% SiO2. Thermal activation of the clay prior to leaching transformed the crystalline kaolinite mineral to an amorphous phase (metakaolinite) in which the alumina became soluble. Clay samples passing 300 μm sieve were calcined at temperatures of 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C at holding times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes in each case. The uncalcined clay and sample heated at 1000°C (for 60 minutes) were used in the control experiments. Leaching of alumina from the resulting clay calcines was done in 1 M hydrochloric acid solution at room temperature using a solid/liquid ratio of 0.02 g/ml and shaking speed of 100 rpm. The solubility data based on the percentage of Al ions taken into leach solution showed that the sample calcined at 700°C (for 60 minutes) responded to leaching better than other samples. Samples calcined for 60 minutes at all temperatures studied were found to respond more than those held for 30 or 90 minutes. Studies on the activation energy of leaching revealed that calcines produced at 700°C (for 60 minutes) had both the highest leaching response (49.96% after 1 hour at leaching temperature of 100°C) and the lowest activation energy of 24.47 kJ/mol. It is concluded therefore that Edda kaolinite clay should be thermally activated for alumina yield by heating up to 700°C and holding for 60 minutes. The clay deposit is therefore a potential alternative resource for alumina production.

关键词： Edda Clay Bauxite Kaolinite Alumina Calcination Thermal Activation Leaching