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Spatio-Temporal Variability of Rainfall and Temperature and Their Effects on Pasture Variability over East Africa: Implication on the Cattle Grazing Areas

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第3期12卷 54-69页

作者： Natiko Peter Wang Wen nyasulu matthews Raharivelo Sitraka Ny Aina Alupot Donnata School of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing China Uganda National Meteorological Authority Directorate of Station Networks Department of Instruments and Installations Kampala Uganda School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing China

Understanding the spatiotemporal variability of climatic parameters and their effects on pasture variability is vital for pasture management interventions over East Africa. The present study aims to assess the spatial-temporal variability of rainfall, temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (which is being used to assess pasture quality and productivity) over the region, between the period of 1982 and 2019. This study used annual mean values for rainfall, temperature and NDVI which were calculated for the period mentioned above. NDVI was derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Area Cover (GAC) (NOAA-07-GAC) data. The rainfall data was acquired from the Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) while temperature is ERA5 reanalysis data sourced from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The study utilized the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to identify patterns and dominant relationships between the climate variables. The correlation was calculated between rainfall, temperature and NDVI to assess the relationship among them. A non-parametric Mann-Kendall trends test was used to determine whether annual precipitation, temperature and NDVI had statistically increasing or decreasing trend. Results revealed a positive correlation between rainfall and NDVI while a negative correlation between NDVI and temperature. Positive correlation between rainfall and NDVI indicates that pasture health (quality and productivity), will improve accordingly. A negative correlation between temperature and NDVI indicates that pasture health will decrease with increase in temperature while improving with decreasing temperature. Outcome from this study suggests that changes in climatic variables influence the distribution of pasture in East Africa’s cattle grazing areas. The study hence recommends prioritisation of climatic (weather) information during pasture management over East A

关键词： NDVI Climatic Parameters EOF Pasture East Africa

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Agromophological Characterisation of Amaranth Accessions from Malawi

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2021年第10期12卷 1528-1542页

作者： Mvuyeni nyasulu Abel Sefasi Sibongile Chimzinga Moses Maliro Horticulture Department Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Bunda College Lilongwe Malawi Crop and Soil Sciences Department Faculty of Agriculture Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Bunda Campus Lilongwe Malawi

Five amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) accessions from central and southern region of Malawi were characterised at Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources using agro-morphological traits. A total of thirteen descriptors, defined by Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), were used to characterise the amaranth accessions under study. Field experiments were carried out for two seasons in August to November, 2018 and January to March, 2019. The experiments were laid out in a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD), which was replicated four times. The qualitative (plant growth habit, leaf colour, inflorescence colour, stem colour, inflorescence spininess, seed colour) and quantitative traits (plant height, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width, inflorescence length, days to 80% flowering, grain yield, leaf yield, and days to 80% maturity) evaluated were significant in defining the uniqueness of different amaranth accessions evaluated. Significant differences (P versity of amaranth accessions in Malawi, it could be exploited in future breeding purposes and deserving conservation.

关键词： Phenotypic Descriptors Accession Amaranth Correlation Analysis Cluster Dendrogram

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Understanding Laboratory Methods and Their Impact on Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

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Advances in Microbiology 2014年第1期4卷 33-38页

作者： Peter nyasulu Mabula Kasubi Respicious Boniface Jill Murray Department of Microbiology Central Pathology Laboratory Muhimbili National Hospital Dar es Salaam Tanzania Department of Public Health School of Health Sciences Monash University Ruimsig South Africa School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute Muhimbili National Hospital Dar es Salaam Tanzania School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

The study sought to describe laboratory methods and blood culture procedures and their impact on antimicrobial resistance surveillance among nosocomial bacteria. We conducted a systematic audit of blood culture procedures and practices in the Department of Microbiology, Central Pathology Laboratory at Muhimbili National Hospital, between 19th and 23rd March 2012. A total of 25 -30 blood culture specimens were received each day as an indication of low volumes of blood culturing at this site. More blood culture requests came from the neonatal unit of the hospital, and were performed manually with high culture negative specimens. The laboratory performed antibiotic susceptibility testing as per the CLSI guidelines. No vancomycin resistance was ever reported at this site. All blood culture results were entered into the JEEVA laboratory information system, where results could be accessed by clinicians in the wards and data could be retrieved to assess patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Blood culture data entry system lacked quality control checks hence numerous errors and missing data were observed. Our results support the relevance of having improved laboratory procedures and good quality blood culture since surveillance of antimicrobial resistance primarily depends on good laboratory procedures, good quality and reliable blood culture data. This would essentially minimise imprecise estimates of rates of antimicrobial resistance at this hospital.

关键词： Antimicrobial Resistance Microbiology Surveillance Laboratory Tanzania

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A Narrative Review of the Laboratory Information System and Its Role in Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in South Africa

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Advances in Microbiology 2014年第10期4卷 692-696页

作者： Peter S. nyasulu Christine Paszko Nontombi Mbelle Accelerated Technology Laboratories Inc. West End NC USA Department of Medical Microbiology University of the Pretoria Pretoria South Africa Department of Public Health School of Health Sciences Monash University Johannesburg South Africa

A laboratory information system (LIS) established in a microbiology department has the potential to play an important role in the quality of microbiology data such as culture of blood, urine, stool, pus swab samples etc. Such data could be effectively utilised to measure the burden of antimicrobial resistance among patients presented to various hospitals and clinics with an episode of an infectious illness of bacterial origin. A variety of clinical and epidemiological investigations are conducted using culture data and the presence of an electronic system such as LIS enhances such investigations and improves the reliability of measures of antimicrobial resistance owing to improved data quality as well as completeness of data gathered as opposed to paper based system. Therefore to improve surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in South Africa, there is a need to reinforce the functionality of the LIS in both public and private microbiology laboratories as this will help to improve internal quality control methodologies.

关键词： Laboratory Information Systems Antimicrobial Resistance Bacterial Pathogens Surveillance South Africa

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Beliefs and practices of young women on utilization of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV services in Malawi

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Health 2013年第7期5卷 1172-1179页

作者： Sadandaula Rose Muheriwa Angela Chimwaza Alfred O. Maluwa Betty Mkwinda nyasulu Mercy Pindani Kamuzu College of Nursing Blantyre Campus Blantyre Malawi Kamuzu College of Nursing Lilongwe Campus Lilongwe Malawi

This study explored beliefs and actual practices of young women on utilization of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services in Balaka district of Southern Malawi. The study design wascross sectional which utilized qualitative data collection and analysis methods. In-depth interviews were conducted on 12 young mothers of 15 to 24 years old. The respondents were drawn from 6 health centres in the district during their visits to either the under-five clinic, HIV and AIDS support groups or HIV follow up clinics. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis approach. Overall the respondents had positive beliefs on utilization of PMTCT services. They believed that adherence to PMTCT guidelines such as condom use, taking of Nevirapine (NVP) and exclusive breastfeeding protected the baby from contracting the virus. Nevertheless, all respondents believed that HIV testing was mandatory and that early weaning caused malnutrition and death of babies. Actual practice was very low. Very few young mothers breastfed exclusively, weaned their babies abruptly and took NVP as recommended. Not all positive beliefs translated into positive behavior. Lack of male support, inability of the midwives to provide comprehensive care to HIV infected mothers and their infants, and fear of stigma and discrimination were other factors that hindered utilization of PMTCT services. Culture was also a major barrier because traditionally babies are expected to be breastfed and supplements are fed to babies too. Therefore, there is a need to mobilize communities on PMTCT of HIV. Education programmes in HIV should emphasize behavior change interventions and should focus on both men and women and significant others. There is also need to intensify monitoring and evaluation of health workers’ activities to ensure that beliefs translate into positive behavior.

关键词： Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV HIV Positive Young Women Beliefs on PMTCT Services PMTCT Practice Exclusive Breast Feeding

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