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Natural Resources 2014年第13期5卷 810-821页

作者： noah sitati Kenana Lekishon Samuel Bakari Fiesta Warinwa Stephen Ndambuki Mwiu Nathan Gichohi Elphas Bitok Machoke Mwita Hamza K. Ija Joseph Mukeka African Wildlife Foundation Namanga Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania

The conservation of migratory wildlife species in the savannah habitat can be a challenge because of frequent and prolonged drought and their requirements for a large area. We investigated the performance of the wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) population in the 25,624 km2 Kilimanjaro landscape of Kenya and Tanzania, which comprises Amboseli-West Kilimanjaro-Magadi-Natron after 2009 drought. We used total aerial counts to determine the spatial distribution and numbers of wildebeests during wet and dry season in 2010 and 2013. Global Positioning System and digital voice recorders were used to count wildebeests along established transects within blocks. There was an increase in the wildebeest population by 103% during the wet season and 14% during the dry season between 2010 and 2013. The seasonal variation in density occurred between the four counting blocks with Natron and Magadi areas recording the highest densities. Generally, the increase in population could be attributed to the recovery of the population after the 2009 drought. The current cross border collaboration between Kenya and Tanzania in aerial surveys is an important step in the conservation of this migratory species in the landscape. This study demonstrates that detailed knowledge of density and spatial distribution of migratory species is required to plan effective conservation action.

关键词： Aerial Count Density Kilimanjaro Landscape Seasons Wildebeest Trans-Boundary

Post Drought Population Status and Trend of Specialized Browsers in the Mid Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2016年第10期7卷 580-610页

作者： Moses Makonjio Okello John Warui Kiringe Philip Muruthi Lekishon Kenana Hanori Maliti noah Wasilwa sitati Erastus Kanga Fiesta Warinwa Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Nathan Gichohi Edeus Massawe David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Moi University Department of Tourism Eldoret Kenya African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania

We examined the population status, trend and distribution of Gerenuk, Fringe-eared Oryx and Lesser kudu in the Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The species were characterized by low numbers and sparsely distributed in the borderland but were more prevalent and abundant in the Amboseli region. However, West Kilimanjaro had the highest positive change in density between 2010 and 2013 [Gerenuk = +1650.48 ± 1150.31, lesser kudu = +912.78 ± 487.63 and Fringe-eared Oryx = +366.65 ± 233.32]. Changes in density and composition varied seasonally among the different sectors of the borderland, with Gerenuk having the highest change in the Amboseli area during the wet season. Lesser kudu had the highest change in Amboseli and Kilimanjaro during the wet season while Fringe-eared Oryx had the highest change in the wet season in West Kilimanjaro area. Spatial distribution of the species varied seasonally and across different sectors of the borderland. In the dry season, Gerenuk exhibited a clumped distribution mainly in Amboseli National Park, and between Natron and West Kilimanjaro but in the wet season, it spread out more though higher concentrations were still found Amboseli and West Kilimanjaro. Lesser concentrated in mostly in West Kilimanjaro and Amboseli during the dry season but was widely dispersed during the wet season. Similarly, during the dry season, the Fringe-eared Oryx was confined in the Amboseli and West Kilimanjaro areas but during the wet season, it much more spread out with clusters in the Mbirikani area of the Amboseli region and a few places in Magadi, Natron and West Kilimanjaro. Management implications of the findings obtained in this study area here-in discussed.

关键词： Borderland Fringe-Eared Oryx Gerenuk Kenya Lesser Kudu Population Trend and Status Tanzania

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Ostrich in the Mid Kenya—Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2016年第10期7卷 558-579页

作者： Moses Makonjio Okello John Warui Kiringe Lekishon Kenana Fiesta Warinwa Hanori Maliti noah Wasilwa sitati Erastus Kanga Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Philip Muruthi Nathan Gichohi Edeus Massawe David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Moi University Department of Tourism Eldoret Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania

The Maasai ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a the largest avian species in East Africa and though it’s not considered to be a species of conservation concern, some populations are on the decline and this is attributed to bush meat activities, predation on their eggs illegal consumption by humans, habitat destruction and forage competition with other large wildlife species. Climate change is also emerging to be another major threat due to interference with food availability which in turn interferes with the breeding rhythm. Thus, this study examined the population status, trend and distribution of the Maasai ostrich in the Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania borderland after the 2007 to 2009 drought. The results showed that the species was found across the entire borderland but the Amboseli region had the highest number and density of Maasai ostrich (726.00 ± 100.9;0.08 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2), followed by Lake Natron area (330.8 ± 69.8;0.05 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2) and the least was in West Kilimanjaro (85.5 ± 18.0;0.03 ± 0.01 ostriches per km2). Drought caused a decline in the population of the Maasai ostrich but the Amboseli area experienced the highest decline in density (?13.44 ± 12.61) compared to other borderland sectors. However, the populations increased in most sectors after the drought, and wet season numbers and densities were higher than the dry season. The highest positive increase in number and density was in Lake Natron area (+85.65 ± 91.06) followed by West Kilimanjaro (+68.39 ± 59.54), and the least was in the Magadi area (+22.26 ± 32.05). There is a need to enhance conservation of avian species like the Maasai ostrich other than just focusing on the charismatic species such as the African elephant and black rhino. We therefore recommend joint collaboration in monitoring all large wildlife populations across the Kenya-Tanzania borderland with a view of understanding their status, trend and best management actions th

关键词： Borderland Kenya Maasai Ostrich Population Trend and Status Tanzania

Population Status and Trend of Water Dependent Grazers (Buffalo and Waterbuck) in the Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2015年第2期6卷 91-114页

作者： Moses Makonjio Okello Lekishon Kenana Hanori Maliti John Warui Kiringe Erastus Kanga Fiesta Warinwa Samwel Bakari Nathan Gichohi Stephen Ndambuki Hamza Kija noah sitati David Kimutai Machoke Mwita Daniel Muteti Philip Muruthi SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya

Even though over many years the IUCN has considered the African buffalo and waterbuck and abundant species in Africa with no conservation concern, the situation is rapidly changing. Using aerial counts in wet and dry season in 2010 and 2013, this study assessed the trend, population status and distribution of the African buffalo and common waterbuck in the Northern Tanzania and Southern Kenya borderland. Both species were rare in the borderland, with the Amboseli region had the highest number of buffalo (241.5 ± 29.9), followed by Magadi/Namanga (58.0 ± 22.0), West Kilimanjaro (38.8 ± 34.9), and lastly Lake Natron (14.5 ± 9.0) areas. In terms of density, Amboseli also led with 0.03 ± 0.00 (buffalo per km2), but rest had similar densities of 0.01 ± 0.00 buffalo per km2. In terms of percent changes in buffalo, Amboseli area had a positive increase (+10.59 ± 27.71), but with a negative growth of -17.12 in the dry season. All other changes in all locations had negative (decline) buffalo numbers over time. For waterbuck numbers, Amboseli area also led with 12.3 ± 3.9 waterbuck), followed by Magadi/Namanga (10.3 ± 3.7.0), Lake Natron (3.8 ± 3.4), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (0.5 ± 0.5) areas. In terms of waterbuck density, they were low and less than 0.00 ± 0.00 per km2. For percent changes in waterbuck numbers, Magadi/Namanga had higher positive change (+458.33 ± 291.67), but all other locations had negative (decline) changes with the worst being West Kilimanjaro and Lake Natron areas. Further, buffalo number was dependent (p = 0.008) on the season, with numbers being higher in the wet season than dry season. For waterbuck, numbers were independent (p = 0.72) of the season, with numbers being similar across seasons. The findings of this study showed that both species were negatively affected by drought. We recommend a constant joint monitoring program between Kenya and Tanzania, and jointly combat poaching, habitat fragmentation and encroachment to build viable populatio

关键词： African Buffalo Common Waterbuck Borderland Kenya Population Trend and Status Tanzania

Population Status and Trend of the Maasai Giraffe in the Mid Kenya-Tanzania Borderland

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Natural Resources 2015年第3期6卷 159-173页

作者： Moses Makonjio Okello Lekishon Kenana Honori Maliti John Warui Kiringe Erastus Kanga Fiesta Warinwa Samwel Bakari Stephen Ndambuki Hamza Kija noah sitati David Kimutai Nathan Gichohi Daniel Muteti Philip Muruthi Machoke Mwita SFS Center for Wildlife Management Nairobi Kenya Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Arusha Tanzania African Wildlife Foundation Nairobi Kenya

Among the nine sub-species of giraffes, the Maasai giraffe is the most widespread and common in Northern and Southern Kenya. Although it’s considered by the IUCN to be a species of no conservation concern, they have been reported to have declined in some of their range areas mostly due to bush meat activities, habitat fragmentation and loss. There are also concerns recent climatic changes especially prevalence of droughts is increasingly becoming another threat to their survival. In this regard, this study examined the status and trend of the Maasai giraffe in the Kenya-Tanzania border after the 2007 to 2009 drought. Amboseli had the highest giraffe number (averaging 2, 062.5 ± 534.7 giraffes), followed by a distant Lake Natron area (725.8 ± 129.4 giraffes), Magadi/Namanga (669.5 ± 198.0 giraffes), and lastly West Kilimanjaro area (236.5 ± 47.8 giraffes). Further, the proportion of giraffes were highest in Amboseli (55.09% ± 5.65%) followed by Lake Natron area (20.98% ± 3.42%), Magadi/Namanga area (16.35% ± 3.83%), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (7.58% ± 2.12%). But in terms of population growth after droughts, giraffe had positive growth in all locations in the borderland, with Magadi leading (+339.82 ± 329.99) followed Lake Natron area (+37.62 ± 83.27), Amboseli area (+38.11 ± 7.09), and lastly West Kilimanjaro (+3.21 ± 57.95.27). Their wet season population and density was much higher than that of the dry season. However, though the species was widely spread in the borderland, they seemed to avoid the region between Lake Magadi and Amboseli which is traversed by the Nairobi-Namanga highway both in wet and dry season. There is a need to develop a collaborative management framework for cross-border conservation to enhance their protection, conservation and genetic linkage.

关键词： Drought Effects Kenya-Tanzania Borderland Maasai Giraffe Status and Distribution

Leveraging machine learning to generate a unified and complete building height dataset for Germany

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Energy and AI

Energy and AI 2024年第3期17卷 327-341页

作者： Kristina Dabrock noah Pflugradt Jann Michael Weinand Detlef Stolten Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Climate and Energy SystemsJülich Systems Analysis52425 JülichGermany RWTH Aachen University Chair for Fuel CellsFaculty of Mechanical Engineering52062 AachenGermany

Building geometry data is crucial for detailed, spatially-explicit analyses of the building stock in energy systems analysis and beyond. Despite the existence of diverse datasets and methods, a standardized and validated approach for creating a nation-wide unified and complete dataset of German building heights is not yet available. This study develops and validates such a methodology, combining different data sources for building footprints and heights and filling gaps in height data using an XGBoost machine learning algorithm. The XGBoost model achieves a mean absolute error of 1.78 m at the national level and between 1.52 m and 3.47 m at the federal state level. The goal is proving the applicability of the methodology at a large scale and creating a useful dataset. The resulting dataset is thoroughly evaluated on a building-by-building level and spatially resolved statistics on the quality of the dataset are reported. This detailed validation found that the building number and footprint area of German building stock is 90.31 % and 94.84 % correct, respectively, and the building height accuracy is 0.59 m at the national level. However, errors are not homogeneous across Germany and further research is needed into the impact of including additional datasets, especially for regions and building types with lower accuracies. This study proves that the chosen methodology is useful for generating a building height dataset and the workflow, with some modifications for regional data availability, can be transferred to other countries. The generated building dataset for Germany constitutes a valuable data basis for the research community in fields such as energy research, urban planning and building decarbonization policy development.

关键词： Machine learning XGBoost Building height Building footprint 3-D building data Geodata Spatial analysis

Protein-nucleic acid hybrid nanostructures for molecular diagnostic applications

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Nano Research 2024年第10期17卷 9003-9014页

作者： noah R.Sundah Yuxuan Seah Auginia Natalia Xiaoyan Chen Panida Cen Yu Liu Huilin Shao Institute for Health Innovation and Technology National University of SingaporeSingapore 117599Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Design and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117583Singapore Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme NUS Graduate SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingapore 119077Singapore Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Agency for ScienceTechnology and ResearchSingapore 138673Singapore Department of Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore 117597Singapore

Molecular diagnostic technologies empower new clinical opportunities in precision ***,existing approaches face limitations with respect to performance,operation and *** molecules including proteins and nucleic acids are being increasingly adopted as tools in the development of new molecular diagnostic *** particular,leveraging their complementary properties—the functional diversity of proteins and the precision programmability of nucleic acids—a wide range of protein–nucleic acid hybrid nanostructures have been *** hybrid structures take diverse forms,ranging from one-dimensional to three-dimensional hybrids,as static assemblies to dynamic machines,and possess myriad functions to recognize target biomarkers,encode vast information and execute catalytic *** by recent advances in this area of molecular nanotechnology,we review the state-of-art design and application of various types of protein–nucleic acid hybrid nanostructures for molecular diagnostics,and present an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for emerging pre-clinical and clinical applications,highlighting the promise for earlier detection,more refined diagnosis and highly tailored treatment decision that ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes.

关键词： molecular nanotechnology DNA-protein hybrid molecular diagnostics precision medicine

A systematic review of spatial disaggregation methods for climate action planning

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Energy and AI

Energy and AI 2024年第3期17卷 458-469页

作者： Shruthi Patil noah Pflugradt Jann M.Weinand Detlef Stolten Jürgen Kropp Institute of Energy and Climate Research Techno-economic Systems Analysis(IEK-3)Forschungszentrum JülichWilhelm-Johnen-StraßeJülich52425NRWGermany University of Potsdam Institute for Environmental Science and GeographyKarl-Liebknecht-Str.24-25Potsdam-Golm14476BrandenburgGermany Chair for Fuel Cells RWTH Aachen Universityc/o IEK-3Forschungszentrum JülichJülich52425NRWGermany Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(PIK) Member of the Leibniz AssociationP.O.Box 601203PotsdamD-14412BrandenburgGermany

National-level climate action plans are often formulated broadly. Spatially disaggregating these plans to individual municipalities can offer substantial benefits, such as enabling regional climate action strategies and for assessing the feasibility of national objectives. Numerous spatial disaggregation approaches can be found in the literature. This study reviews and categorizes these. The review is followed by a discussion of the relevant methods for the disaggregation of climate action plans. It is seen that methods employing proxy data, machine learning models, and geostatistical ones are the most relevant methods for the spatial disaggregation of national energy and climate plans. The analysis offers guidance for selecting appropriate methods based on factors such as data availability at the municipal level and the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the *** the urgency of addressing climate change escalates, understanding the spatial aspects of national energy and climate strategies becomes increasingly important. This review will serve as a valuable guide for researchers and practitioners applying spatial disaggregation in this crucial field.

关键词： Spatial downscaling Proxy data Mass-preserving Climate action plans Spatial autocorrelation Machine learning Geostatistical models

Diverse experiences by active travel for carbon neutrality:A longitudinal study of residential context,daily travel and experience types

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Geography and Sustainability 2024年第3期5卷 459-469页

作者： Karl Samuelsson S.Anders Brandt Stephan Barthel noah Linder Nancy Joy Lim David Hallman Matteo Giusti Department of Building Engineering Energy Systems and Sustainability ScienceFaculty of Engineering and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of Gävle 80176 GävleSweden ISGlobal Barcelona Biomedical Research ParkDoctor Aiguader 8808003 BarcelonaSpain Department of Computer and Geospatial Sciences Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of Gävle 80176 GävleSweden Stockholm Resilience Centre Stockholm University 10691 StockholmSweden Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Royal Swedish Academy of ScienceLilla Frescativägen 4A 11418 StockholmSweden Department of Occupational Health Science and Psychology Faculty of Health and Occupational StudiesUniversity of Gävle 80176 GävleSweden School of Sustainability Civil and Environmental EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurrey GU27XHUK

Two key goals for sustainable spatial planning are to promote low-carbon travel in daily life and to enhance human wellbeing through diverse human-environment ***,the integration of these goals has been *** study investigates the potential for experiential diversity via active travel in different resi-dential contexts within the Gävle city-region,*** 15 months,we collected spatiotemporal data from 165 participants,analyzing 4,362 reported experiences and 13,192 GPS-derived travel *** analysis uncovered a significant spatial discrepancy:while the travelled distances to locations of positive experiences typ-ically ranged from 1.5 km to 5 km,active travel predominated only within 1.5 *** discrepancy persisted across urban,suburban,and peripheral *** residents in different contexts reported the same types of experiences,urban dwellers travelled about 50%farther for nature experiences compared with other positive experiences,whereas peripheral dwellers travelled twice the distance for urbanicity experiences compared with other positive ***,urban residents mostly relied on active travel for urbanicity experiences and motorised travel for nature experiences,with the reverse trend observed among peripheral *** results illustrate the importance of spatial scale for promoting diverse positive experiences via active travel,re-gardless of residential *** planning strategies may include enhancing environmental diversity near homes and developing infrastructure that favours active over motorised travel for short to moderate distances.

关键词： Walking Biking Experiential diversity GPS data Smartphone app Topodiversity

Measurement of cryoelectronics heating using a local quantum dot thermometer in silicon

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Chip 2024年第3期3卷 1-7页

作者： Mathieu de Kruijf Grayson M.noah Alberto Gomez-Saiz John J.L.Morton M.Fernando Gonzalez-Zalba Quantum Motion 9 Sterling WayLondon N79HJUnited Kingdom London Centre for Nanotechnology University College London17-19 Gordon StreetLondon WC1H 0AHUnited Kingdom

Silicon technology offers the enticing opportunity for monolithic integration of quantum and classical electronic ***,the power consumption levels of classical electronics may compromise the local chip temperature and hence affect the fidelity of qubit *** the current work,a quantum-dot-based thermometer embedded in an industry-standard silicon fieldeffect transistor(FET)was adopted to assess the local temperature increase produced by an active FET placed in close *** impact of both static and dynamic operation regimes was thoroughly *** the FET was operated statically,a power budget of 45 nW at 100-nm separation was found,whereas at 216μm,the power budget was raised to 150μ*** temperature increase for the switch frequencies tested up to 10 MHz was observed when operating *** current work introduced a method to accurately map out the available power budget at a distance from a solid-state quantum processor,and indicated the possible conditions under which cryoelectronics circuits may allow the operation of hybrid quantum-classical systems.

关键词： Quantum dot Cryogenic electronics Thermometry Spin qubit Heat management