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Energy and materials recovery from post-recycling wastes:WTE

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2023年第3期5卷 249-257页

作者： Nickolas j.themelis Earth Engineering Center Columbia UniversityNew YorkUSA

One of the most misunderstood technologies in some parts of the world and widely adopted technologies in others is the recovery of energy and materials by the controlled combustion of post-recycling *** technology is commonly called waste-to-energy,or simply *** all possible efforts for recycling or composting wastes,there remains a large post-recycling fraction that is either landfilled or used as fuel in WTE power plants that also recover metals and *** nations,e.g.,Switzerland,japan,Sweden,Belgium,Denmark,and Germany,have succeeded in phasing out landfilling by processing all theãir post-recycling municipal solid wastes(MSW)in WTE power *** paper reviews the evolution and importance of WTE in the twenty-first century,with special focus on the world’s largest economies:the EU,US,and China.

关键词： Electricity Waste to energy WTE Incineration Landfilling Municipal solid wastes Post-recycling MSW Waste management China US

Waste to energy(WTE)in China:from latecomer to front runner

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2021年第4期3卷 267-274页

作者： Nickolas j.themelis Wenchao Ma Earth Engineering Center(EEC) Columbia University and Chair of Global WtERT Council(GWC)New YorkNYUSA Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

This paper discusses the 2000-2018 evolution of energy and metals recovery from urban wastes in the European Union and *** a result of the zero-landfilling directive,in twenty years the European Union tripled its recycling rate(11%-30%)and its composting rate(6%-17%),doubled its WTE rate(14%-28%)and more than halved its landfilling(64%-25%).At the beginning of this century,the rapidly growing cities of China were literally surrounded by ***,the national government instituted policies,such as a credit of US$30 per MWh of WTE(waste to energy)electricity that resulted in the construction,by 2020,of 510 WTE plants with an annual WTE capacity of 193 million *** comparison,the European Union(EU)WTE capacity is 96 million tons and the USA has remained static at about 27 million tons,i.e.,10%of its post-recycling MSW(municipal solid waste),with the other 90%being *** the first decade of this century,two WTE technologies,moving grate and circulating fluid bed were developed in China at about the same ***,since 2010,the moving grate technology has become dominant and the WTE plants are built functionally and esthetically comparable to and ***.

关键词： Waste to energy WTE capacity Moving grate Circulating fluid bed Sustainable waste management

Half a century after their discovery:Structural insights into exonuclease and annealase proteins catalyzing recombineering

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Engineering Microbiology 2024年第1期4卷 39-54页

作者： Lucy j.Fitschen Timothy P.Newing nikolas P.johnston Charles E.Bell Gökhan Tolun School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular HorizonsUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia The ARC Training Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins University of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia Faculty of Science University of Technology SydneyUltimoNSW 2007Australia Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology The Ohio State University College of MedicineColumbusOH 43210

Recombineering is an essential tool for molecular biologists,allowing for the facile and efficient manipulation of bacterial genomes directly in cells without the need for costly and laborious in vitro manipulations involving restriction *** main workhorses behind recombineering are bacteriophage proteins that promote the single-strand annealing(SSA)homologous recombination pathway to repair double-stranded DNA *** there have been several reviews examining recombineering methods and applications,comparatively few have focused on the mechanisms of the proteins that are the key players in the SSA pathway:a 5′→3′exonuclease and a single-strand annealing protein(SSAP or“annealase”).This review dives into the structures and functions of the two SSA recombination systems that were the first to be developed for recombineering in ***:the RecET system from *** Rac prophage and the𝜆Red system from bacteriophageλ.By comparing the structures of the RecT and Red𝛽annealases,and the RecE and𝜆Exo exonucleases,we provide new insights into how the structures of these proteins dictate their *** the sequence conservation of the𝜆λExo and RecE exonucleases gives more profound insights into their critical functional ***,as recombineering accelerates and evolves in the laboratory,a better understanding of the mechanisms of the proteins behind this powerful technique will drive the development of improved and expanded capabilities in the future.

关键词： Recombineering Redβ λExo RecE RecT Protein structure Annealase Exonuclease

Energy recovery in China from solid wastes by the moving grate and circulating fluidized bed technologies

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2020年第1期2卷 27-36页

作者： A.C.Bourtsalas Qunxing Huang Hanwei Zhang Nickolas j.themelis Earth Engineering Centre Columbia UniversityNew YorkUSA Zhejiang University HangzhouChina SUS Environment ShanghaiChina

In recent years,the Chinese waste-to-energy(WTE)industry is growing at the rate of about thirty new plants each *** municipal solid waste(MSW)fuel has a low heating value of 4-7 Mj/kg,in comparison to about 11 Mj/kg in *** 8-11 Mj/kg in *** of the low heating value fuel on a moving grate(MG),the dominant combustion technology worldwide,is difficult to control and measures have to be taken to remove some moisture prior to *** this and other reasons,an alternative technology,the circulating fluid bed(CFB)has been implemented in *** paper is a comparative study of the two technologies and was carried out by Columbia University and two senior engineers,representing the MG and CFB technologies of *** were derived from industrial operating plants and from the *** fuel to MG furnaces is as-received MSW,while the MSW to CFB reactors is pre-shredded using high-torque low-speed *** availability of MG plants,over a 1-year period,is 90%+,while that of CFB facilities is 80%+.Also,the in-plant electricity consumption of MG plants is slightly lower than the consumption of CFB *** MG furnace is less compact,than that of a CFB combustion chamber,with a heat flux range from 0.5 to 0.6 MW/m^(2) of grate surface area,while that of CFB furnace was about 1.7 MW/m^(2) of furnace *** bottom ash in a MG process is typically wet-discharged and the recovery of metals is less efficient.A drawback of the CFB process is that the fly ash generated is 5-10%of the weight of MSW combusted,as compared to 1-3%for moving grate plants in China.

关键词： Municipal solid waste Waste-to-energy WTE Circulating fluidized bed Moving grate Heat flux Plant availability

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

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journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第4期31卷 13-28页

作者： Peng Lu Qunxing Huang A.C.(Thanos) Bourtsalas Nickolas j.themelis Yong Chi jianhua Yan State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang University Earth Engineering Center Columbia University

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or *** paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.

关键词： Chlorine Solid wastes Thermal processing Emission Controlling methods

Current influence of China’s ban on plastic waste imports

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2019年第1期1卷 67-78页

作者： Wanli Wang Nickolas j.themelis Kai Sun Athanasios C.Bourtsalas Qunxing Huang Yunhe Zhang Zhaohui Wu State Key Laboratory Clean Energy Utilization Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027ZhejiangPeople’s Republic of China Columbia University Earth Engineering CenterNew YorkNY 10027USA

The current global production of plastics is over 300 million tons,20%of which is produced in *** has been estimated that about 90%of the discarded plastics are not *** was the world’s leading importer of waste plastics,while since january 1,2018,China’s import ban on waste plastics has been put into force,which has had a far-reaching effect on global plastic production and solid waste *** Asian countries like Malaysia have replaced China as the leading importer of plastic *** the main exporter of waste plastics,EU has released strategy and initiative about plastics to restrict the use of micro plastics and single-use *** main European counties like UK,German and France have also taken own active measures to realize the control of packaging waste and non-recycled plastic and the recycling of plastic wastes in several *** For the US,some areas such as Seattle and San Francisco have positively responded to the global trend of plastic ***,the controversy over“plastic restriction”in the whole state obstructed the promulgation and implementation of the national plastic *** the whole,major companies and more than 60 countries all over the world have introduced levies or bans to combat single-use plastic *** Chinese government began to rectify the domestic waste plastics market and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China has clarified the threshold of waste plastic treatment capacity for key *** addition to landfill,direct recovery and waste to energy processes are the main disposal methods of waste *** like PE,PP and PET that are sorted out from the waste stream by citizens can be directly recycled to the primary *** mixed waste plastics can be used as fuel in waste to energy plants,or as feedstock to pyrolysis plants that transform them to high value-added oil or chemical materials,which are more promising disposal methods of waste pla

关键词： Waste plastics China Ban Import Pyrolysis

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从纽约市固体废物中回收能量(一)

江苏锅炉 2022年第3期 38-45页

作者： Nickolas j.themelis 杨宜科(译) Earth Engineering Center Columbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027U.S.A 无锡华光环保能源集团股份有限公司退休江苏无锡214028

城市固体废物(Municipal Solid Wastes,MSW)综合管理的主要方法为物资回收、能量回收、经生物转化为燃料和肥料以及残渣的填埋。本文对经预处理的MSW中可燃成分的能量回收进行了研究,并在适当设计的燃烧反应装置及热电联供的热电厂以它... 详细信息

城市固体废物(Municipal Solid Wastes,MSW)综合管理的主要方法为物资回收、能量回收、经生物转化为燃料和肥料以及残渣的填埋。本文对经预处理的MSW中可燃成分的能量回收进行了研究,并在适当设计的燃烧反应装置及热电联供的热电厂以它们作为燃料进行了探讨。尽管MSW中物质多种多样,但其平均碳氢化合物的结构可以近似用有机化合物C6H/4表示。推出的公式可以预测作为水分及玻璃/金属含量函数的MSW的热值,并堪比实验值。美国一座性能领先的废物-能源(Wastes-to-Energy)电厂MSW的年处理量约为90万吨,每吨MSW的净发电量为620kWh.此项研究的结果表明,从MSW中回收能量可以大大减少每年用于填埋的土地量,还可减少对化石燃料的依赖程度。

关键词： municipal solid waste energy recovery combustion incineration ash emissions pre-processing WTE

The value of community science data to analyze long-term avian trends in understudied regions:The state of birds in Türkiye

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Avian Research 2023年第4期14卷 695-705页

作者： Kyle D.Kittelberger Colby j.Tanner nikolas D.Orton Çagan Hakkı Sekercioglu School of Biological Sciences University of Utah257 S 1400 ESalt Lake CityUT84112USA KoçUniversity Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsIstanbulTürkiye KuzeyDoga Dernegi Istasyon MahallesiIsmail Aytemiz Caddesi36200 KarsTürkiye

Recent studies have revealed concerning declines in bird populations in Europe and other parts of the *** understudied but biodiverse regions,especially those that are located along key migratory flyways,there is an unmet need to evaluate the status of resident and migratory birdlife for avian conservation *** is especially urgent at a time when recent regional studies have highlighted the scale of the decline of the European and Palearctic *** growing community science datasets may help bridge the gaps in our understanding of long-term regional avifaunal *** this study,we used eBird data submitted by observers in Türkiye to undertake the first long-term assessment of the state of the country’s birds from 2001 to *** evaluated population trends based on presence-absence data of species to determine if any birds have significantly increased or decreased in the country so far this *** provide a list of trends for 418 bird species that had large enough sample sizes of eBird observations from Türkiye,and highlight which species have significantly declined or *** found that 63 species have significantly declined in detection while 120 have significantly increased during the study *** findings provide a baseline for the future monitoring of Türkiye’s birds and help contextualize population changes of birds in Türkiye against those occurring at the continental(Palearctic)***,we include movement classifications for all of the bird species in this *** also provide a framework to effectively use eBird data to assess long-term avifaunal changes at the country-level in other understudied ***,we highlight ways in which eBirders in Türkiye and elsewhere can strengthen the quality and value of community ornithology data for population assessments and avian conservation ecology.

关键词： Avian ecology Bird conservation Citizen science Presence-absence Middle east Movement Palearctic Threat status

Optical simulation of external quantum efficiency spectra of CuIn_(1-x)Ga_xSe_2 solar cells from spectroscopic ellipsometry inputs

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journal of Energy Chemistry 2018年第4期27卷 1151-1169页

作者： Abdel-Rahman A.Ibdah Prakash Koirala Puruswottam Aryal Puja Pradhan Michael j.Heben nikolas j.Podraza Sylvain Marsillac Robert W.Collins Department of Physics & Astronomy and Center for Photovoltaics Innovation & Commercialization University of Toledo Virginia Institute of Photovoltaics Old Dominion University

Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry （SE） are presented for the development of parametric expressions that define the real and imaginary parts （ε1, ε2） of the complex dielectric function spectra of thin film solar cell components. These spectra can then be utilized to analyze the structure of complete thin film solar cells. Optical and structural/compositional models of complete solar cells developed through least squares regression analysis of the SE data acquired for the complete cells enable simulations of external quantum efficiency （EQE） without the need for variable parameters. Such simulations can be compared directly with EQE measurements. From these comparisons, it becomes possible to understand in detail the origins of optical and electronic gains and losses in thin film photovoltaics （PC） technologies and, as a result, the underlying performance limitations. In fact, optical losses that occur when above-bandgap photons are not absorbed in the active layers can be distinguished from electronic losses when electron-hole pairs generated in the active layers are not collected. This overall methodology has been applied to copper indium-gallium diselenide （Culn1-xGaxSe2; CIGS） solar cells, a key commercialized thin film PV technology. CIGS solar cells with both standard thickness （〉2 μm） and thin （〈1 μm） absorber layers are studied by applying SE to obtain inputs for EQE simulations and enabling comparisons of simulated and measured EQE spectra. SE data analysis is challenging for CIGS material components and solar cells because of the need to develop an appropriate （ε1, ε2） database for the CIGS alloys and to extract absorber layer Ga profiles for accurate structural/compositional models. For cells with standard thickness absorbers, excellent agreement is found between the simulated and measured EQE, the latter under the assumption of 100% collection from the active layers, which include the CIGS bulk and CIGS/CdS heterojunction inter

关键词： Solar cells Thin-film Ellipsometry Spectroscopic Culn1-xGaxSe2(CIGS) Optical properties Quantum efficiency External Simulation Solar-cell