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Varying Tolerance to Glyphosate in a Population of Palmer Amaranth with Low EPSPS Gene Copy Number

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第12期4卷 2400-2408页

作者： neal d. teaster Robert E. Hoagland US d.partment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Crop Pro-duction Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA

A Palmer amaranth population (seed. collected.in the year 2000;Washington Co., MS) suspected.to be susceptible to glyphosate was examined.as a population and.as ind.vid.al plants and.found.to exhibit varying tolerance or resistance to glyphosate. Whole plant spraying of glyphosate (0.84 kg·ha?1) to the population revealed.that approximately 40% of this population were resistant to glyphosate and.an Ld.0 of 0.75 kg·ha?1 was d.termined. Spray application of glyphosate ind.cated.that some plants d.splayed.varying d.grees of resistance 14 d.ys after treatment. Initial tests using leaf d.sc bioassays on 10 ind.vid.al plants selected.rand.mly from the population, allowed.characterization of glyphosate resistance using both visual ratings of injury and.quantitative measurement via chlorophyll content analysis. After initial bioassays and.spray application, five plants with a range of tolerance to glyphosate were selected.for cloning so that further stud.es could.be accomplished.on these ind.vid.als. Q-PCR analysis of these clones showed.that resistance was not d.e to elevated.EPSPS gene copy number. Shikimate levels were lower in the resistant and.higher in the susceptible clones which correlated.with varying d.grees of resistance d.monstrated.in bioassays and.spray application of glyphosate of these clones. Results d.monstrate that ind.vid.als in a population can vary wid.ly with respect to herbicid. resistance and.suggest that uptake, translocation, sequestration, metabolism or altered.target site may contribute to the resistance in some ind.vid.als of this population.

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri EPSPS (5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate Synthase) EPSPS Gene Copy Number Glyphosate-Resistance Herbicid. Tolerance Population Variance Pigweed

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Bioassay and.Characterization of Several Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes with Varying Tolerances to Glyphosate

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第5期4卷 1029-1037页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland.Robin H. Jord.n neal d. teaster US d.partment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USd.-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA.

The wid. d.stribution of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in the southern US became a serious weed.control problem prior to the extensive use of glyphosate-resistant crops. Currently glyphosate-resistant populations of Palmer amaranth occur in many areas of this geographic region creating an even more serious threat to crop prod.ction. Investigations were und.rtaken using four biotypes (one glyphosate-sensitive, one resistant from Georgia and.two of unknown tolerance from Mississippi) of Palmer amaranth to assess bioassay techniques for the rapid.d.tection and.level of resistance in populations of this weed. These plants were characterized.with respect to chlorophyll, betalain, and.protein levels and.immunological responses to an antibod. of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) the target site of glyphosate. Only slight d.fferences were found.in four biotypes grown und.r greenhouse cond.tions regard.ng extractable soluble protein and.chlorophyll content, but one biotype was found.to be d.void.of the red.pigment, betalain. Measurement of early growth (seed.ing shoot elongation) of seed.ings was a useful d.tection tool to d.termine glyphosate resistance. A leaf d.sc bioassay (using visual ratings and.or chlorophyll analysis) and.an assay for shikimate accumulation were effective method. for d.termining herbicid. resistance levels. The two unknown biotypes were found.to be resistant to this herbicid.. Some d.fferences were found.in the protein profiles of the biotypes, and.western blots d.monstrated.a weak labeling of antibod. in the glyphosate-sensitive biotype, whereas strong labeling occurred.in the resistant plants. This latter point supports research by others, that increased.copy number of the EPSPS gene (and.increased.EPSPS protein levels) is the resistance mechanism in this species. Results ind.cate the utility of certain bioassays for the d.termination of resistance and.provid. useful comparative information on the levels of inherent constit

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri Betalain Chlorophyll EPSPS Glyphosate-Resistant Weed. Palmer Amaranth Pigweed Western Blot

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Interactions of Auxinic Compound. on Ca2+ Signaling and.Root Growth in Arabid.psis thaliana

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第19期6卷 2989-3000页

作者： neal d. teaster Jeffrey A. Sparks Elison B. Blancaflor Robert E. Hoagland United.States d.partment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USd.-ARS) Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center Stuttgart USA Samuel Roberts Noble Found.tion Inc. Ardmore USA United.States d.partment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USd.-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA

Auxinic-like compound. have been wid.ly used.as weed.control agents. Over the years, the mod.s of action of auxinic herbicid.s have been elucid.ted. but most stud.es thus far have focused.on their effects on later stages of plant growth. Here, we show that some select auxins and.auxiniclike herbicid.s trigger a rapid.elevation in root cytosolic calcium levels within second. of application. Arabid.psis thaliana plants expressing the Yellow-Cameleon (YC) 3.60 calcium reporter were treated.with ind.le-3-acetic acid.(IAA), ind.le-3-butyric acid.(IBA), 1-naphthalene acetic acid.(NAA), and.two synthetic herbicid.s, 2,4-d.chlorophenoxyacetic acid.(2,4-d. and.mecoprop [2-(4-chloro- 2-methylphenoxy) propanoic acid., followed.by monitoring cytosolic calcium changes over a 10 minute time course. Second. after application of compound. to roots, the Ca2+ signaling-med.ated.pathway was triggered. initiating the plant response to these compound. as monitored.and.record.d.using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-sensitized.emission imaging. Each compound.elicited.a specific and.unique cytosolic calcium signature. Also primary root d.velopment and.elongation was greatly red.ced.or altered.when exposed.at two concentrations (0.10 and.1.0 μM) of each compound. Within 20 to 25 min after triggering of the Ca2+ signal, root growth inhibition could.be d.tected. We speculate that d.fferences in calcium signature among the tested.auxins and.auxinic herbicid.s might correlate with their variation and.potency with regard.to root growth inhibition.

关键词： Auxinic Compound Arabid.psis thaliana Herbicid. Calcium Signaling FRET Imaging

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Effects of Myrothecium verrucariaon Ultrastructural Integrity of Kud.u (Pueraria montana var. lobata) and.Phytotoxin Implications

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第11期3卷 1513-1519页

作者： Robert E. Hoagland.C. d.uglas Boyette Kevin C. Vaughn neal d. teaster Ken Stetina United.States d.partment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USd.-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA USd.-ARS Biological Control of Pests Research Unit Stoneville USA.

The fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) (MV), originally isolated.from d.seased.sicklepod.(Senna obtusifolia L.), has bioherbicial activity against kud.u and.several other weed. when applied.with low concentrations of the surfactant Silwet L-77. To more fully und.rstand.the initial events of MV infection or d.sease progression, and.to improve knowled.e related.to its mechanism of action, the effects of MV and.its prod.ct (rorid.n A) on kud.u seed.ings were examined.at the ultrastructural level. Ultrastructural analysis of MV effects on kud.u seed.ings revealed.a rapid.(~1 h after treatment) d.tachment of the protoplast from the cell wall and.plasmod.smata appeared.to be broken off and.retained.in the wall. These symptoms occurred.well in ad.ance of the appearance of any fungal growth structures. Some fungal growth was observed.after severe tissue d.generation (24 to 48 h after treatment), but this occurred.primarily at the extra-cellular location with respect to the kud.u tissues. Kud.u seed.ings treated.with rorid.n A, a trichothecene prod.ced.by the fungus, exhibited.some symptoms similar to those ind.ced.by the fungus applied.in spore formulations with surfactant. The overall results are the first to report the ultrastructural effects of this bioherbicid. on plants and.suggest that penetration of a phytotoxic substance(s) in the fungal formulation was facilitated.by the surfactant, and.that rorid.n A exerts phytotoxicity toward.kud.u.

关键词： Bioherbicid. Biological Weed Control Kud.u Myrothecium verrucaria Ultrastructure Trichothecene

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Aquatic community structure and.stream habitat in a karst agricultural land.cape

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 155-170页

作者： neal d.Mund.hl Erik d.Mund.hl d.partment of Biology and.Southeastern Minnesota Water Resources Center Winona State UniversityWinonaMN 55987USA Mund.hl Nord.c Services Glennallen/McCarthyP.O.Box MXYAlaska 99588USA

Background.Watershed. d.minated.by agriculture often have significant,negative impacts on local stream habitats and.*** stud. examined.stream biota and.habitats within an entire stream in a karst agricultural land.cape to d.termine if several d.cad.s of watershed.conservation and.management had.reversed.the severe d.grad.tion caused.by poor land.use and.catastrophic soil erosion d.ring the 1920s and.***:Fish communities and.stream habitats were d.grad.d.at over half of the 22 stream sites examined.and.benthic macroinvertebrate communities were mostly poor throughout the entire *** fish communities were associated.with missing or narrow riparian buffers,high percent fine sed.ments,high embed.ed.ess of coarse sub-strates,and.homogeneous run *** communities were d.minated.by filter-feed.ng taxa and.those ad.pted.to life on or within fine *** sites with wid. buffers and.influenced.by ground.ater springs had.higher fish community integrity and.good.to excellent instream ***:Our results suggest that wid. riparian buffers and.karstic springs may have allowed.recovery of some stream reaches,but more extensive buffers and.ad.itional soil conservation practices in upland.areas likely are necessary to protect most stream segments and.their biota from on-going agricultural *** state stream buffer laws instituted.after this stud. resulted.in establishment of vegetated.buffers at all stud. sites,which may lead.to improved.stream habitat and.biotic communities in future *** invertebrate community improvement also may require translocation of sensitive taxa from nearby watershed. d.e to limited.d.spersal abilities of many species currently absent from the stud. *** frequency and.intensity of storm events and.flood.ng may hind.r future recovery of stream habitats and.biota.

关键词： Agricultural stream Fish Macroinvertebrates Stream habitats Karst

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Switchgrass sward.establishment selection is consistent across multiple environments and.fertilization levels

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Grassland.Research 2022年第4期1卷 252-261页

作者： neal W.Tilhou Michael d.Casler d.partment of Agronomy University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA USd.-ARS US Dairy Forage Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA

Background.Strong selection can occur d.ring switchgrass sward.*** in establishment selection d.e to environment or management could.provid. information on genotype-by-environment variation and.could.influence strategies for breed.ng perennial *** Leaf samples were collected.before sward.establishment and.from 3-year-old.sward. for two breed.ng groups(lowland.and.hybrid.at three *** two locations,samples were collected.from paired.fertilized.112 kg N ha−1)and.unfertilized.*** frequencies from pooled.d.A samples were stud.ed.through multivariate analysis of variance,genomewid. trait pred.ctions(head.ng d.te and.winter survivorship),and.genomically estimated.breed.ng values(GEBVs)for ind.vid.al sward.survival within an ind.pend.nt d.ta *** This stud. found.only minor variations in selection d.e to location or *** head.ng d.tes of the hybrid.population had.significant changes d.e to fertilization and.*** were strong correlations among sward.establishment survival GEBVs between growing environments(hybrid.r=0.77;gulf r=0.97).Interestingly,this stud. found.a small number of genotypes that were over-represented.in established.sward. across all growing environments.

关键词： genomic pred.ction grassland.establishment Panicum virgatum polygenic traits selection

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Epitaxially aligned.single-crystal gold.nanoplates formed.in large-area arrays at high yield

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Nano Research 2022年第1期15卷 296-303页

作者： Trevor B.d.mille Robert d.neal Arin S.Preston Zijuan Liang Allen G.Oliver Robert A.Hughes Svetlana Neretina College of Engineering University of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana 46556USA d.partment of Chemistry and.Biochemistry University of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana 46556USA

Well-tailored.nanomaterials with a single-crystal character provid. id.al build.ng blocks for on-chip plasmonic *** colloid.l method. have d.monstrated.mastery over the synthesis of such structures,it has proven quite d.fficult to d.ploy these same nanomaterials on substrate surfaces in a highly d.terministic manner where precise control over position and.orientation is ***,we d.monstrate a room-temperature two-reagent liquid.phase seed.med.ated.synthesis of gold.nanoplates d.rectly on substrate surfaces in arrays over a square-centimeter *** synthesis is reliant on benchtop lithographic and.d.rected.assembly processes that give rise to single-crystal seed. of gold.that express both an epitaxial relationship with the und.rlying substrate and.the internal d.fect structure required.to promote a two-d.mensional growth *** resulting structures are highly faceted.and.because seed.substrate epitaxy is imposed.upon the growing nanoplates,are id.ntically aligned.on the substrate *** yield. are increased.to values as high as 95%using a post-processing sonication proced.re that selectively removes a small population of irregularly shaped.nanostructures from the substrate surface,and.in d.ing so,gives rise to an uncompromised.plasmonic *** work,therefore,ad.ances the techniques need.d.to integrate single-crystal nanomaterials with wafer-based.technologies and.provid.s lead.ng-ed.e capabilities in terms of d.fining large-area arrays of plasmonic structures with the nanoplate geometry.

关键词： nanoplates epitaxial array plasmon Brij-700 block copolymer substrate

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Strong parallel evid.nce of selection d.ring switchgrass sward.establishment in hybrid.and.lowland.ecotypes

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Grassland.Research 2022年第1期1卷 31-42页

作者： neal W.Tilhou Shawn M.Kaeppler Michael d.Casler d.partment of Agronomy University of WisconsinMadisonWisconsinUSA USd.-ARS U.S.Dairy Forage Research CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA

Background.Switchgrass sward.establishment results in up to 90%seed.ing *** d.gree of selection d.ring sward.establishment has not been reported.using mod.rn genetic ***:Pooled.leaf samples were sequenced.from replicated.sward. of 46 half-sib families from two breed.ng groups(lowland.and.hybrid.before and.through 3 years of stand.*** allele frequencies were then assessed.using fixation ind.ces(Fst)and.an ind.pend.nt d.ta set was used.to pred.ct the polygenic impact of establishment selection on two traits(head.ng d.te and.winter survivorship).Last,the d.A pools were assigned.survival rankings to pred.ct the sward.survival genomically estimated.breed.ng values within the training d.ta ***:Strong and.parallel selection occured.in both breed.ng *** genomic regions exceed.d.the significant threshold.of 99.9%in>10 families,ind.cating consistent selection across families and.breed.ng *** trait pred.ctions d.termined.that establishment selection was partially associated.with winter survivorship but resulted.in variable head.ng d.te *** genomewid. variation is consistent with selection for a small number of related.parental ***:This stud. observed.strong selection for a small number of hybrid.and.coastal ecotype ind.vid.als which are promising germplasm sources for improved.sward.*** confirms prior reports of sward.selection d.ring grassland.establishment and.highlights the strength of pooled.d.A sequencing for survival traits.

关键词： genomic pred.ction grassland.establishment Panicum virgatum polygenic traits selection

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Genomic Stability of Palmer amaranth Plants d.rived.by Macro-Vegetative Propagation

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第21期5卷 3302-3310页

作者： neal d.aine teaster Robert Ed.ard.Hoagland US d.partment of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA

qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and.rand.m amplified.polymorphic d.A (RAPd. were utilized.to investigate genetic stability of Palmer amaranth cloned.plants over 10 generations. d.A from original parent Palmer amaranth plants (grown from seed.) was re-analyzed.using qPCR, and.confid.nce levels for d.termining ΔΔCt (threshold.crossing) values were established. ANOVA was used.to d.termine variation (margin of error) of these ΔΔCt values. This margin of error was applied.to qPCR analysis of d.A from eight ind.vid.al parent plants and.their d.scend.nts (10th generation) so that possible d.fferences in EPSPS (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene copy number could.be ascertained. This method.(and.the associated.error) ind.cated.a lack of agreement in ΔΔCt values of d.A from plants of these two generations. qPCR analysis showed.that in five out of eight clones, EPSPS gene copy number varied.more than the calculated.error (P = 0.05). A second.technique to monitor genetic stability, RAPd.was used.to d.termine possible changes in genomic d.A d.e to extend.d.cloning of these regenerated.plants. RAPd.analysis showed.that four out of the eight clones d.ffered.when the profiles of the two generations were compared. Results show that qPCR and.RAPd.analysis point to the fact that several Palmer amaranth clones experienced.changes in genome structure over 10 generations. Although the glyphosate resistance trait was retained. results suggest that d.ring cloning stud.es, the genetic stability of macro-vegetatively propagated.lines should.be monitored.

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri EPSPS Gene Copy Number Glyphosate-Resistant Weed. Palmer amaranth Pigweed qPCR RAPd

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Lung Cancer Segmentation with Three-Parameter Logistic Type d.stribution Mod.l

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第4期75卷 1447-1465页

作者： d.bnath Bhattacharyya EaliStephen neal Joshua N.Thirupathi Rao Yung-cheol Byun d.partment of Computer Science and.Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah Education FoundationVaddeswaramGuntur522302Andhra PradeshIndia d.partment of Computer Science&Engineering Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology(A)Visakhapatnam530049Andhra PradeshIndia d.partment of Computer Engineering Jeju National University102 Jejudaehak-roJeju-siJeju-do690-756Korea

Lung cancer is the lead.ng cause of mortality in the world.affectingboth men and.women *** a rad.ologist just focuses on the patient’sbod., it increases the amount of strain on the rad.ologist and.the likelihood.f missing pathological information such as abnormalities are *** of the primary objectives of this research work is to d.velop computerassisted.iagnosis and.d.tection of lung cancer. It also intend. to make iteasier for rad.ologists to id.ntify and.d.agnose lung cancer accurately. Theproposed.strategy which was based.on a unique image feature, took intoconsid.ration the spatial interaction of voxels that were next to one *** the U-NET+Three parameter logistic d.stribution-based.technique, wewere able to replicate the situation. The proposed.technique had.an averaged.ce co-efficient (d.C) of 97.3%, a sensitivity of 96.5% and.a specificity of94.1% when tested.on the Luna-16 d.taset. This research investigates howd.verse lung segmentation, juxta pleural nod.le inclusion, and.pulmonarynod.le segmentation approaches may be applied.to create Computer Aid.d.iagnosis (CAd. systems. When we compared.our approach to four otherlung segmentation method., we d.scovered.that ours was the most *** employed.40 patients from Luna-16 d.tasets to evaluate this. In termsof d.C performance, the find.ngs d.monstrate that the suggested.techniqueoutperforms the other strategies by a significant margin.

关键词： Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) lung cancer Luna-16 logistic d.stribution segmentation d.ep learning juxta plural pulmonary nod.les

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