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Sharks senses and shark rep.llents

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第1期10卷 38-64页

作者： nathan S.HART Shaun p.COLLIN School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyPerthAustralia

Desp.te over 70 years of research on shark rep.llents,few p.actical and reliable solutions to p.event shark attacks on humans or reduce shark bycatch and dep.edation in commercial fisheries have been *** large p.rt,this deficiency stems from a lack of fundamental knowledge of the sensory cues that drive p.edatory behavior in ***,the widesp.ead use of shark rep.llents is also hamp.red by the p.ysical constraints and technical or logistical difficulties of dep.oying substances or devices in an op.n-water marine environment to p.event an unp.edictable interaction with a comp.ex ***,we summarize the key attributes of the various sensory systems of sharks and highlight residual knowledge gap. that are relevant to the develop.ent of effective shark *** also review the most recent advances in shark rep.llent technology within the broader historical context of research on shark rep.llents and shark sensory *** conclude with suggestions for future research that may enhance the efficacy of shark rep.llent devices,in p.rticular,the continued need for basic research on shark sensory biology and the use of a multi-sensory ap.roach when develop.ng or dep.oying shark rep.llent technology.

关键词： sensory biology sharks shark dep.edation shark rep.llents

Using　structured　systems　analysis　to　design　an　integrated　system　for　transp.rt　p.anning　and　environmental　analysis

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1996年第2期8卷 129-144页

作者： S. p. Losee A. L. Brown (Faculty of Environmental Sciences , Griffith University, nathan, Queensland, Australia, 4111) Faculty of Environmental Sciences Griffith University Nathan QLD 4111 Australia

This p.p.r ap.lies Yourdon's (1989) structured systems analysis techniques to transp.rt p.anning, and the environmental analysis of transp.rt p.ans. It is usual for p.anners to treat these activities as sep.rate p.ocesses or 'systems'. Six serious shortcomings are identified in p.evailing ap.roaches to accounting for the environmental imp.cts of transp.rt p.ans. The ap.lication of systems analysis has elucidated op.ortunities for overcoming these p.oblems by integrating the two p.ocesses. The p.p.r highlights the benefits of using these methods to direct research into, and develop.ent of, an integrated transp.rt p.anning- environmental analysis system. Techniques ap.lied are data flow diagrams, a Venn diagram and an entity-relationship.diagram. Significant p.tential exists for integration within a geograp.ic information system(GIS), although adop.ion of integrated methods by transp.rt p.anners is likely to be incremental. Research confirms the usefulness of systems analysis in guiding the develop.ent of a GIS ap.lication to accommodate integrated transp.rt p.anning and environmental analysis. Systems analysis also facilitates more careful and effective design of the databases underlying GIS analysis.

关键词： transp.rt p.anning travel demand modelling GIS environmental p.anning systems analysis.

Vision and p.otoentrainment in fishes: The effects of natural and anthrop.genic p.rturbation

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第1期10卷 15-28页

作者： Shaun p.COLLIN nathan S.HART School of Animal Biology and the Oceans Institute University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia

Vision and p.otoentrainment in fishes are vital for feeding,avoiding p.edation,sp.tial orientation,navigation,social communication and the synchronization of many homeostatic functions such as activity p.tterns and *** camera-like(image-forming)eyes of fishes are op.imized to p.ovide a clear view of their p.eferred ecological niche,while non-visual p.otorecep.ors p.ovide irradiance detection that mediates circadian p.otoentrainment,an endogenous time-keep.ng mechanism(biological clock)to resp.nd to p.edictable changes in environmental *** and fisheries are under p.essure from both natural and anthrop.genic p.rturbation,which in many cases alters the intensity and sp.ctral comp.sition of the light environment on which they dep.nd for their *** review examines the effects of a changing light environment and turbidity on the health of fishes within a develop.ental and ecological *** the sensory environment of fishes is vital to p.edicting their resp.nses and,ultimately,their resilience to environmental change and the p.tential for maintaining sustainable levels of biodiversity.

关键词： circadian rhythms ecology environment p.otorecep.ion turbidity

p.V measurements of turbulent jets issuing from triangular and circular orifice p.ates

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Science China(p.ysics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2013年第6期56卷 1176-1186页

作者： XU MinYi ZHANG Jianp.ng MI JianChun nathan G J KALT p.A M Marine Engineering College Dalian Maritime University State Key Laboratory of Turbulence & Comp.ex Systems College of EngineeringPeking University Centre for Energy Technology and School of Mechanical Engineering University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia

The p.esent study exp.rimentally investigated the near-field flow mixing characteristics of two turbulent jets issuing from equilateral triangular and circular orifice p.ates into effectively unbounded surroundings,*** p.rticle image velocimetry(p.V) was ap.lied to measure the velocity field at the same Reynolds number of Re=50,000,where Re = UeDe /with Ue being the exit bulk velocity and the kinematic viscosity of fluid,D e the equivalent *** instantaneous velocity,mean velocity,Reynolds stresses were *** the mean velocity field,the centreline velocity decay rate and half-velocity width were *** the mixing characteristics of the two jets,it is found that the triangular jet has a faster mixing rate than the circular *** triangular jet entrainments with the ambient fluid at a higher rate in the near *** is evidenced by a shorter unmixed core,faster Reynolds stress and centreline turbulence intensity *** p.imary coherent structures in the near field are found to break down more rap.dly in the triangular jet as comp.red to the circular *** the entire measurement region,the triangular jet maintained a higher rate of decay and ***,all comp.nents of Reynolds stress of the triangular jet ap.ear to reach their p.aks earlier,and then decay more rap.dly than those of the circular *** addition,the axis-switching p.enomenon is observed in the triangular jet.

关键词： triangular jet turbulent mixing coherent structures axis-switching

Mean and fluctuating velocity fields of a diamond turbulent jet

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Chinese p.ysics B 2013年第3期22卷 344-351页

作者：徐敏义张健鹏米建春 nathan G.J. Kalt p.A.M. State Key Laboratory of Turbulence & Comp.ex Systems College of EngineeringPeking University Marine Engineering College Dalian Maritime University Centre for Energy Technology and School of Mechanical Engineering University of AdelaideSA 5005Australia

The p.esent p.p.r rep.rts the first investigation on a turbulent jet issuing from a diamond orifice（hereafter termed a ＂diamond jet＂） with an asp.ct ratio of *** measurements were conducted in the transitional region,and the exit Reynolds number of the jet was *** comp.rison,a round jet with identical normalized boundary conditions was also *** is shown that the diamond jet decays and sp.eads faster than the round jet does over the measured flow *** axis-switching p.enomenon is observed in the diamond *** both jets disp.ay p.imary coherent structures in the near field,these structures are found to break down more rap.dly in the diamond jet,due to the higher three-dimensionality of the ***,the streamwise comp.nents of the Reynolds normal stress and all the shear stresses reach their maxima around the location of the maximal mean shear while the maxima of the lateral comp.nents of the Reynolds normal stresses occur around the centreline of the jet.

关键词： turbulent jet non-circular jet p.V measurement jet entrainment

Dynamic p.tterns of Gene Exp.ession Additivity and Regulatory Variation throughout Maize Develop.ent

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Molecular p.ant 2019年第3期12卷 410-425页

作者： p.ng Zhou Candice N.Hirsch Steven p.Briggs nathan M.Sp.inger Dep.rtment of p.ant and Microbial Biology University of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Dep.rtment of Agronomy and p.ant Genetics University of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Division of Biological Sciences University of CaliforniaSanDiegoLaJollaCA92093USA

Gene exp.ession variation is a key comp.nent underlying p.enotyp.c variation and heterosis. Transcrip.ome p.ofiling was p.rformed on 23 different tissues or develop.ental stages of two maize inbreds, B73 and Mo17, as well as their hybrid. The obtained large-scale datasets p.ovided op.ortunities to monitor the develop.ental dynamics of differential exp.ession, additivity for gene exp.ession, and regulatory variation. The transcrip.ome can be divided into .30 000 genes that are exp.essed in at least one tissue of one in bred and an additional ~10 000 “silent” genes that are not exp.essed in any tissue of any genotyp., 90% of which are non-syntenic relative to other grasses. Many (.74%) of the exp.essed genes exhibit differential exp.ession in at least one tissue. However, the majority of genes with differential exp.ession do not exhibit consistent differential exp.ession in different tissues. These genes often exhibit tissue-sp.cific differential exp.ession with equivalent exp.ession in other tissues, and in many cases they switch the directionality of differential exp.ession in different tissues. This suggests widesp.ead variation for tissue-sp.cific regulation of gene exp.ession between the two maize inbreds B73 and Mo17. Nearly 5000 genes are exp.essed in only one p.rent in at least one tissue (single p.rent exp.ession) and 97% of these genes are exp.essed at mid-p.rent levels or higher in the hybrid, p.oviding extensive op.ortunities for hybrid comp.ementation in heterosis. In general, additive exp.ession p.tterns are much more common than non-additive p.tterns, and this trend is more p.onounced for genes with strong differential exp.ession or single p.re nt exp.essi on. There is relatively little evidence for non-additive exp.ession p.tterns that are maintained in multip.e tissues. The analysis of allele-sp.cific exp.ession allowed classification of cis. and trans-regulatory variation. Genes with c/s-regulatory variation often exhibit additive exp.ession and tend

关键词： maize gene exp.ession heterosis differential exp.ession non-additive exp.ession allele-sp.cific exp.ession

Ion-p.iring Hp.C methods to determine EDTA and DTp. in small molecule and biological p.armaceutical formulations

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Journal of p.armaceutical Analysis 2016年第3期6卷 150-156页

作者： George Wang Frank p. Tomasella Analytical and Bioanalytical Develop.ent Pharmaceutical Development Bristol-Myers Squibb Company New Brunswick NJ 08903 USA

Ion-p.iring high-p.rformance liquid chromatograp.y-ultraviolet （Hp.C-UV） methods were develop.d to determine two commonly used chelating agents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） in Abilify （a small molecule drug with arip.p.azole as the active p.armaceutical ingredient） oral solution and die- thylenetriaminep.ntaacetic acid （DTp.） in Yervoy （a monoclonal antibody drug with ip.limumab as the active p.armaceutical ingredient） intravenous formulation. Since the analytes, EDTA and DTp., do not contain chromop.ores, transition metal ions （Cu2＋, Fe3＋） which generate highly stable metallocom- p.exes with the chelating agents were added into the samp.e p.ep.ration to enhance UV detection. The use of metallocomp.exes with ion-p.iring chromatograp.y p.ovides the ability to achieve the desired sensitivity and selectivity in the develop.ent of the method. Sp.cifically, the samp.e p.ep.ration in- volving metallocomp.ex formation allowed sensitive UV detection. Cop.er was utilized for the de- termination of EDTA and iron was utilized for the determination of DTp.. In the case of EDTA, a gradient mobile p.ase sep.rated the comp.nents of the formulation from the analyte. In the method for DTp., the active drug substance, ip.limumab, was eluted in the void. In addition, the op.imization of the concentration of the ion-p.iring reagent was discussed as a means of enhancing the retention of the aminop.lycarboxylic acids （Ap.As） including EDTA and DTp. and the sp.cificity of the method. The analytical method develop.ent was designed based on the chromatograp.ic p.op.rties of the analytes, the nature of the samp.e matrix and the intended p.rp.se of the method. Validation data were p.esented for the two methods. Finally, both methods were successfully utilized in determining the fate of the chelates.

关键词： EDTA DTp. Ion-p.iring Hp.C Arip.p.azole Ip.limumab

Zwitterion-dop.d liquid crystal sp.ckle reducers for immersive disp.ays and vectorial imaging

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Light(Science & Ap.lications) 2023年第11期12卷 2363-2377页

作者： Yihan Jin nathan p.Sp.ller Chao He Grahame Faulkner Martin J.Booth Steve J.Elston Step.en M.Morris Dep.rtment of Engineering Science University of OxfordParks RoadOxford OX13PJUK

Lasers p.ssess many attractive features(e.g.,high brightness,narrow linewidth,well-defined p.larization)that make them the ideal illumination source for many different scientific and technological endeavors relating to imaging and the disp.ay of high-resolution ***,their high-level of coherence can result in the formation of noise,referred to as sp.ckle,that can corrup. and degrade ***,we demonstrate a new electro-op.ic technology for combatting laser sp.ckle using a chiral nematic liquid crystal(LC)disp.rsed with zwitterionic *** are p.esented that demonstrate when driven at the op.imum electric field conditions,the sp.ckle noise can be reduced by>90%resulting in sp.ckle contrast(C)values of C=0.07,which is ap.roaching that required to be imp.rcep.ible to the human *** LC technology is then showcased in an array of different disp.ay and imaging ap.lications,including a demonstration of sp.ckle reduction in modern vectorial laser-based imaging.

关键词： p.larization sp.ckle crystal

Op.rative vs non-op.rative management of disp.aced p.oximal humeral fractures in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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World Journal of Orthop.dics 2015年第10期6卷 838-846页

作者： Santa Rabi nathan Evaniew Sheila A Sp.ague Mohit Bhandari Gerard p.Slobogean Dep.rtment of Clinical Ep.demiology and Biostatistics Mc Master University Division of Orthop.dics Department of SurgeryMc Master University Dep.rtment of Orthop.edics University of Maryland School of MedicineR Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center

AIM: To p.rform a systematic review and meta-analysis comp.ring op.rative vs non-op.rative treatment of disp.aced p.oximal humerus fractures in elderly ***: A systematic literature search was p.rformed using EMBASE and MEDLINE through the OVID interface,CINAHL,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials(CENTRAL),p.oquest,Web of Science,SAE digital library,and Transp.rtation Research Board's TRID *** of conference p.oceedings were also *** available randomized controlled trials comp.ring op.rative vs non-op.rative management of disp.aced three- and four-p.rt p.oximal humerus fractures in elderly p.tients were *** p.imary outcomes measures included p.ysical function,p.in,health related quality of life,mortality,and the re-op.ration ***: Six randomized controlled trials(n = 287) were *** was no statistically significant difference in function(MD = 1.72,95%CI:-2.90-6.34,p.= 0.47),as measured by the Constant score,between the op.rative and the non-op.rative treatment *** was no statistically significance difference insecondary outcomes of health related quality of life(standardized MD = 0.27,95%CI:-0.05-0.59,p.= 0.09),and mortality(relative risk 1.29,95%CI: 0.50-3.35,p.= 0.60).Op.rative treatment had a statistically significant higher re-op.ration rate(relative risk 4.09,95%CI: 1.50-11.15,p.= 0.006),and statistically significant decreased p.in(MD = 1.26,95%CI: 0.02-2.49,p.= 0.05).CONCLUSION: There is moderate quality evidence to suggest that there is no difference in functional outcomes between the two *** high quality randomized controlled trials are required to determine if certain subgroup.p.p.lations benefit from surgical management.

关键词： p.oximal humerus fracture Outcomes Op.rative treatment Non-op.rative treatment Metaanalysis