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首次代币发行监管的行为经济学路径

中财法律评论 2019年第1期11卷 99-121页

作者：内森·谢尔曼蔡卓瞳(译) 美国乔治城大学法律中心华东政法大学国际金融法律学院

虽然ICO是一种创新的资本筹集方式,但令人担忧的是其发行过程中没有任何用以保护投资者的监管措施。本文认为ICO市场构成投机泡沫并区分出两类投资者:精明投资者,即通过抬高价格吸引噪声交易者进入市场的知情投资者;以及由于心理偏差而... 详细信息

虽然ICO是一种创新的资本筹集方式,但令人担忧的是其发行过程中没有任何用以保护投资者的监管措施。本文认为ICO市场构成投机泡沫并区分出两类投资者:精明投资者,即通过抬高价格吸引噪声交易者进入市场的知情投资者;以及由于心理偏差而做出投资决策的噪声交易者。有限理性的行为经济学理论为监管框架的构建提供了洞见。本文认为监管者必须运用"非对称父爱式"框架以监管ICO。这一框架假定ICO中的一些投资者(如精明投资者)比其他投资者(如噪声交易者)表现得更为理性。因此,最佳的监管方案应考虑到这些差异,在帮助欠缺理性的噪声交易者做出更好选择的同时,不限制那些更为理性的精明投资者的选择。

关键词：首次代币发行(ICO) 行为经济学加密货币非对称父爱主义

Participation in STEM Fields and 2d：4d in University Facultt

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Psychology Research 2015年第9期5卷 497-503页

作者： nathan Omasta Sharon Bertsch Bryan j. Pesta Carlow University Pittsburgh USA University of Pittsburgh atjohnstown Johnstown USA Cleveland State University Cleveland USA

Combination curcumin and vitamin E treatment attenuates diet-induced steatosis in Hfe-/-mice

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World journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology 2017年第2期8卷 67-76页

作者： Mandy Heritage Lesley jaskowski Kim Bridle Catherine Campbell David Briskey Laurence Britton Linda Fletcher Luis Vitetta V nathan Subramaniam Darrell Crawford School of Medicine The University of Queensland Gallipoli Medical Research Institute Greenslopes Private Hospital Envoi Specialist Pathologists School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Princess Alexandra Hospital The University of Sydney Sydney Medical School Medlab Clinical Ltd The QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology

AIM To investigate the synergistic hepato-protective properties of curcumin and vitamin E in an Hfe^(-/-)high calorie diet model of *** Hfe^(-/-)C57BL/6j mice were fed either a high calorie diet or a high calorie diet with 1 mg/g curcumin; 1.5 mg/g vitamin E; or combination of 1 mg/g curcumin + 1.5 mg/g vitamin E for 20 wk. Serum and liver tissue were collected at the completion of the experiment. Liver histology was graded by a pathologist for steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. RNA and protein was extracted from liver tissue to examine gene and protein expression associated with fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress *** Hfe^(-/-)mice fed the high calorie diet developed steatohepatitis and pericentral fibrosis. Combination treatment with curcumin and vitamin E resulted in a greater reduction of percent steatosis than either vitamin E or curcumin therapy alone. Serum alanine aminotransferase and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) activity score were decreased following combination therapy with curcumin and vitamin E compared with high calorie diet alone. No changes were observed in inflammatory or fibrosis markers following treatment. Epididymal fat pad weights were significantly reduced following combination therapy, however total body weight and liver weight were unchanged. Combination therapy increased the m RNA expression of Adipo R2, Ppar-α, Cpt1 a, Nrf-1 and Tfb2 m suggesting enhanced fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, combination treatment resulted in increased catalase activity in Hfe^(-/-)mice. CONCLUSION Combination curcumin and vitamin E treatment decreases liver injury in this steatohepatitis model, indicating that combination therapy may be of value in NAFLD.

关键词： Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Hemochromatosis Iron overload Steatosis High calorie diet

Portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation: radiologic evaluation, risk factors, and occult diagnosis

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Hepatoma Research 2016年第1期2卷 36-41页

作者： Adam Hauch Carl Winkler Eric Katz Peter W.Lundberg Mary Killackey Anil S.Paramesh Luis A.Balart nathan j.Shores Martin Moehlen Ward Miller Douglas P.Slakey joseph F.Buell Bob H.Saggi Tulane Transplant Institute Tulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLA 70112USA Department of Gastroenterology Section of HepatologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLA 70112USA

Aim:Portal vein thrombosis(PVT)in the liver transplant recipient poses many ***,the risk factors and effects on outcomes of PVT are not ***:This study analyzed the experience with PVT in liver transplant program from 2007 to *** included the effectiveness of PVT diagnostics and its risk factors using logistical *** primary endpoints were Kaplan-Meir patient and graft *** secondary endpoints were the length of stay(LOS),transfusion rate,and overall *** predictors of survival were identified using a Cox’s proportional hazards ***:Two hundred and sixteen consecutive liver transplant recipients were examined,and 30(13.8%)had either a total or partial *** hundred and five patients had imaging within 1 year of liver transplantation with only 7(23.3%)of the 30 PVTs identified *** sensitivity(4.8-50%)and negative predictive values(10.5-22.2%)were ***,age significantly predicted PVT[P=0.037/hazard ratio(HR)=0.95].Ninety-day-patient and graft survival for PVT was similar at 6 months,although 1-year survival was significantly lower.“Occult”PVT was not associated with inferior *** for end-stage liver disease score>25(P=0.001,HR=0.49/P=0.004,HR=0.52)and age>60 years(P=0.017,HR=0.64/P=0.013,HR=0.67)were significant predictors of patient and graft *** the transfusion rate was significantly greater with PVT,LOS,and morbidity were ***:Older recipients had a greater likelihood of *** studies were not effective at excluding PVT,and occult diagnosis did not affect the *** was not an independent predictor of mortality or graft loss,but was associated with greater blood loss but not increased LOS or morbidity.

关键词： Advanced age graft survival patient survival post-transplant outcomes resource utilization

Delimiting species in Basidiomycota:a review

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Fungal Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 181-237页

作者： Bin Cao Danny Haelewaters nathan Schoutteten Dominik Begerow Teun Boekhout Admir j.Giachini Sergio P.Gorjón Nina Gunde-Cimerman Kevin D.Hyde Martin Kemler Guo-jie Li Dong-Mei Liu Xin-Zhan Liu jorinde Nuytinck Viktor Papp Anton Savchenko Kyryll Savchenko Leho Tedersoo Bart Theelen Marco Thines Michal Tomšovský Merje Toome-Heller judith P.Urón Annemieke Verbeken Alfredo Vizzini Andrey M.Yurkov juan Carlos Zamora Rui-Lin Zhao State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia37005ČeskéBudějoviceCzech Republic Research Group Mycology Department of BiologyGhent University9000 GhentBelgium Department of Botany and Plant Pathology College of AgriculturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA Department of Geobotany Ruhr-Universität Bochum44801 BochumGermany Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute 3508 AD UtrechtThe Netherlands Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam1090 GE AmsterdamThe Netherlands Department of Microbiology Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSC 88040-900Brazil Department of Botany and Plant Physiology University of Salamanca37007 SalamancaSpain Department of Biology Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of Ljubljana1000 LjubljanaSlovenia Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand Innovative Institute of Plant Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225China CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of VegetableCollege of HorticultureHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding 071001Hebei ProvinceChina Institute of Ecology Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China Naturalis Biodiversity Center 2300 RA LeidenThe Netherlands Department of Botany Institute of AgronomyHungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences1518 BudapestHungary Institute of Ecology&Earth Sciences University of Tartu51014 TartuEstonia Department of Biological Sciences Butler UniversityIndianapolisIN 46219USA Center of Mycology and Microbiology University of Tartu14a Ravila50411 TartuEstonia Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Researc

Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in *** undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and ***,a perfect species concept does not exist for ***,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly *** general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual ***,the types of data used vary considerably from group to *** this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.

关键词： Biological species concept Morphological species concept Phylogenetic species concept Taxonomy

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2024：登陆小行星

环球科学 2012年第1期 68-75页

作者：戴蒙·兰道（Damon Landau）内森·j·斯特兰奇（nathan j.Strange）庞玮（翻译）

因为政策变化和预算紧缩，NASA不得不终止航天飞机项目，这给人类的空间探索梦想蒙上了一层阴影。不过，科学家提出的最新计划，可以用最低的代价实现深空探索，最快可在2024年登上编号为2008 EV5的近地小行星，为人类登陆火星做好准备。

关键词：小行星政策变化航天飞机 NASA 空间探索科学家人类

急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的治疗和预后趋势

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美国医学会杂志（中文版） 2006年第5期25卷 259-265页

作者： Anvar Babaev Paul D. Frederick David j. Pasta nathan Every Tina Sichrovsky judith S. Hochman, MD 武蓓（译）陈红（校） Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center New York University School of Medicine New York NY Ovation Research Group Seattle Wash Ovation Research Group and University of California San Francisco Department of Cardiology School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle Division of Cardiology St Luke＇s-Roosevelt Medical Center New York NY 不详

背景：早期机械性血管重建是降低合并心源性休克的急性心肌梗死患者死亡率的一种治疗措施。从1999年起美国心脏病学会（ACC）和美国心脏协会（AHA）制定的指南即将其作为年龄〈75岁患者的Ⅰ类推荐。但是，人们对实践工作中指南的执行情... 详细信息

背景：早期机械性血管重建是降低合并心源性休克的急性心肌梗死患者死亡率的一种治疗措施。从1999年起美国心脏病学会（ACC）和美国心脏协会（AHA）制定的指南即将其作为年龄〈75岁患者的Ⅰ类推荐。但是，人们对实践工作中指南的执行情况知之甚少。目的：评价合并心源性休克的急性心肌梗死患者实施早期血管重建的趋势和死亡率，以便了解国家指南是否对血管重建率产生影响。设计、地点及病例：前瞻性观察研究，共入选293633例ST段抬高的心肌梗死患者（25311例[8．6％]合并心源性休克，其中7536[29％]入院时已有心源性休克）。研究对象来自1995年1月至2004年5月的国家心肌梗死注册登记（National Registry of Myocardial Infarction，NRMI），共有775家具备血管重建能力（定义为能实施心脏导管、经皮冠状动脉介入术[percutaneous caronary intervention，PCI]和心脏直视手术）的美国医院参加。主要观测指标：治疗模式和住院死亡率。结果：在有血管重建能力的医院，直接PCI率从27．4％上升到54．7％（P〈0．001），这与ST段抬高急性心肌梗死中使用PCI比率的变化平行。急性冠状动脉旁路移植手术率变化不大（从2．1％到3．2％）。倾向校正后多变量分析显示，直接PCI与住院期间死亡率的下降有关（OR，0．46；95％可信区间，0．40-0．53）。指南公布后所有年龄段患者血管重建率无明显变化。心源性休克院内总死亡率从1995年的60．3％下降到2004年的47．9％（P〈0．001）。结论：在有血管重建能力的医院，心源性休克患者接受PCI可改善生存情况。ACC葙AHA指南对血管重建率未产生明显影响，提示应加大指南的宣传和执行力度。

关键词：急性心肌梗死心源性休克休克患者治疗心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入术直接PCI 冠状动脉旁路移植

Sampling Size Required for Determining Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Properties at Early Establishment of Second Rotation Hoop Pine Plantations in Subtropical Australia

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Pedosphere 2007年第6期17卷 706-711页

作者： T. j. BLUMFIELD XU Zhi-Hong N.V. PRASOLOVA Centre for Forestry and Horticultural Research Nathan Campus Griffith University 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queensland 4111 （Australia） Faculty of Science Griffth University Nathan Campus Griffth University 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queensland 4111 （Australia）

Investigations into forest soils face the problem of the high level of spatial variability that is an inherent property of all forest *** order to investigate the effect of changes in residue management practices on soil properties in hoop pine(Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex ***.)plantations of subtropical Australia it was important to understand the intensity of sampling effort required to overcome the spatial variability induced by those *** residues were formed into windrows to prevent nitrogen(N)losses through volatilisation and erosion that had previously occurred as a result of pile and burn *** selected second rotation(2R)hoop pine sites where the windrows(10-15 m apart)had been formed 1,2 and 3 years prior to sampling in order to examine the spatial variability in soil carbon(C) and N and in potential mineralisable N(PMN)in the areas beneath and between(inter-)the *** examined the implications of soil variability on the number of samples required to detect differences in means for specific soil properties, at different ages and at specified levels of *** size needed to accurately reflect differences between means was not affected by the position where the samples were taken relative to the windrows but differed according to the parameter to be *** relative soil sampling size required for detecting differences between means of a soil property in the inter-windrow and beneath-windrow positions was highly dependent on the soil property assessed and the acceptable relative sampling *** alternative strategy for soil sampling should be considered,if the estimated sample size exceeds 50 *** possible solution to this problem is collection of composite soil samples allowing a substantial reduction in the number of samples required for chemical analysis without loss in the precision of the mean estimates for a particular soil property.

关键词： hoop pine nitrogen potential mineralisable nitrogen residue management soil spatial variability

Concordance among indices of intrinsic brain function： Insights from inter-individual variation and temporal dynamics

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Science Bulletin 2017年第23期62卷 1572-1584页

作者： Chao-Gan Yan Zhen Yang Stanley j. Colcombe Xi-Nian Zuo Michael P. Milham CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Institute of Psychology Beijing 100101 China Departrnent of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China center for Lifespan Innovation of Mind and Brain Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY 10962 USA Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry NYU Langone Medical Center School of Medicine New York NY 10016 USA Center for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medidne University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Child Mind Institute New York NY 10022 USA

Various resting-state fMRI(R-fMRI) measures have been developed to characterize intrinsic brain activity. While each of these measures has gained a growing presence in the literature, questions remain regarding the common and unique aspects these indices capture. The present work provided a comprehensive examination of inter-individual variation and intra-individual temporal variation for commonly used measures, including fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity,voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, network centrality and global signal correlation. Regardless of whether examining intra-individual or inter-individual variation, we found that these definitionally distinct R-fMRI indices tend to exhibit a relatively high degree of covariation, which doesn't exist in phase randomized surrogate data. As a measure of intrinsic brain function, concordance for R-fMRI indices was negatively correlated with age across individuals(i.e., concordance among functional indices decreased with age). To understand the functional significance of concordance, we noted that higher concordance was generally associated with higher strengths of R-fMRI indices, regardless of whether looking through the lens of inter-individual(i.e., high vs. low concordance participants) or intra-individual(i.e., high *** concordance states identified via temporal dynamic analyses) differences. We also noted a linear increase in functional concordance together with the R-fMRI indices through the scan, which may suggest a decrease in arousal. The current study demonstrated an enriched picture regarding the relationship among the R-fMRI indices, as well as provided new insights in examining dynamic states within and between individuals.

关键词： Resting-state fMRI Intrinsic brain activity Concordance Temporal dynamics Inter-individual variation