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毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体的鼻黏膜效应

生理科学进展 2009年第3期40卷 261-263页

作者：徐江韩笑 nancy e.rawson 张立克 Monell Chemical Sensor Center Pa 19104USA Department of Biomedical engineer University of PennsylvaniaPa 19104USA 首都医科大学病理生理学教研室北京100069

副交感神经参与鼻黏膜腺体和血管的功能调节。当各种异物、细菌、病毒或真菌侵入机体时,鼻黏膜微环境发生改变,这种变化刺激副交感神经释放乙酰胆碱。后者与调节鼻腺体和血管的毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体(M-ChR)结合,导致鼻炎流涕和鼻塞。这... 详细信息

副交感神经参与鼻黏膜腺体和血管的功能调节。当各种异物、细菌、病毒或真菌侵入机体时,鼻黏膜微环境发生改变,这种变化刺激副交感神经释放乙酰胆碱。后者与调节鼻腺体和血管的毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体(M-ChR)结合,导致鼻炎流涕和鼻塞。这种整体调节反射对下呼吸道起重要的防御性保护作用。目前发现五种M-ChR亚型(M1-至M5-ChR),鼻黏膜有M1-至M3-ChR亚型。高密度的M1-和M3-ChR共存于黏膜下腺黏液和浆液细胞,M3-ChR主要分布于血管。M-ChR对鼻腺体和血管的直接调节作用是通过细胞内腺苷酸环化酶和磷酯酶C激活。

关键词：鼻黏膜毒蕈碱乙酰胆碱受体

Updates in endocrine therapy for metastatic breast cancer

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Cancer Biology & Medicine 2022年第2期19卷 202-212页

作者： Poorni M.Manohar nancy e.Davidson University of Washington/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Seattle 98109WAUSA Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle 98109WAUSA

endocrine therapy(eT)remains the mainstay of treatment for steroid hormone receptor-positive,human epidermal growth factor 2(HeR2)-negative metastatic breast cancer(MBC).Tumor resistance to hormone therapy has led to the development of novel endocrine drug combinations,transforming the landscape of MBC *** options for eT are expanding,with promising agents in the *** MBC remains incurable,many patients can enjoy years of survival with good quality of life by cycling through the many available *** the plethora of available agents and rapid approvals,clinicians look to evidencebased guidelines to assist in treatment selection to maximize patient *** this review,we provide a contemporary review of the advances in eT and a suggested algorithm to guide clinicians in daily management of patients with hormone receptor-positive,HeR2-negative *** will discuss landmark trials and highlight their impact in reshaping treatment ***,we will provide a glimpse into advances on the horizon and the promise they bring to improve outcomes in patients with advanced breast cancer.

关键词： endocrine therapy metastatic breast cancer

Traditional Taxation Systems in Western Tibet:A Comparative Perspective

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中国藏学 1992年第S1期 322-345页

作者： nancy e.Levine

This paper focuses on traditional systems of taxation in Ngari, or Western Tibet, and their in-tegration with the system of land tenure and related features of social structure. These systems dis-play tremendous regional diversity, due, no doubt, to particularities of history and idiosyncratic e-conomic and geographical factors. Despite some noteworthy differences, they share

关键词：留级洛阳义山

Life cycle cost and economic assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production and biochar land application in Northwestern Ontario, Canada

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Forest ecosystems 2017年第1期4卷 12-21页

作者： Krish Homagain Chander Shahi nancy Luckai Mahadev Sharma Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Rd. Thunder Bay ON P7B 5E1 Canada Ontario Forest Research Institute 1235 Queen Street E Sault Ste. Marie ON P6A 2E5 Canada.

Background： Replacement of fossil fuel based energy with biochar-based bioenergy production can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions while mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change and global warming. However, the production of biochar-based bioenergy depends on a sustainable supply of biomass. Although, Northwestern Ontario has a rich and sustainable supply of woody biomass, a comprehensive life cycle cost and economic assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production technology has not been done so far in the region. Methods： In this paper, we conducted a thorough life cycle cost assessment （LCCA） of biochar-based bioenergy production and its land application under four different scenarios： 1） biochar production with low feedstock availability; 2） biochar production with high feedstock availability; 3） biochar production with low feedstock availability and its land application; and 4） biochar production with high feedstock availability and its land applicationusing SimaPro, eIOLCA software and spreadsheet modeling. Based on the LCCA results, we further conducted an economic assessment for the break-even and viability of this technology over the project period. Results： It was found that the economic viability of biochar-based bioenergy production system within the life cycle analysis system boundary based on study assumptions is directly dependent on costs of pyrolysis, feedstock processing （drying, grinding and pelletization） and collection on site and the value of total carbon offset provided by the system. Sensitivity analysis of transportation distance and different values of C offset showed that the system is profitable in case of high biomass availability within 200 km and when the cost of carbon sequestration exceeds CAD S60 per tonne of equivalent carbon （CO2e）. Conclusions： Biochar-based bioenergy system is economically viable when life cycle costs and environmental assumptions are accounted for. This study provides a medium scale slow-pyrolysis pla

关键词： LCA LCCA SimaPro Biochar Biomass Pyrolysis Bioenergy Wood Pellets

Biochar-based bioenergy and its environmental impact in Northwestern Ontario Canada: A review

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第4期25卷 737-748页

作者： Krish Homagain Chander Shahi nancy Luckai Mahadev Sharma Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ON Canada P7B 5E1 Ministry of Natural Resources Ontario Forest Research Institute (OFRI) 1235 Queen St E Sault Ste. Marie ON Canada P6A 2E5

Biochar is normally produced as a by-product of bioenergy. However, if biochar is produced as a co-product with bioenergy from sustainably managed forests and used for soil amendment, it could pro- vide a carbon neutral or even carbon negative solution for current envi- ronmental degradation problems. In this paper, we present a comprehen- sive review of biochar production as a co-product of bioenergy and its implications. We focus on biochar production with reference to biomass availability and sustainability and on bioehar utilization for its soil amendment and greenhouse gas emissions reduction properties. Past studies confirm that northwestern Ontario has a sustainable and sufficient supply of biomass feedstock that can be used to produce bioenergy, with biochar as a co-product that can replace fossil fuel consumption, increase soil productivity and sequester carbon in the long run. For the next step, we recommend that comprehensive life cycle assessment of bio- char-based bioenergy production, from raw material collection to bioehar application, with an extensive economic assessment is necessary for making this technology commercially viable in northwestern Ontario.

关键词： biomass life cycle assessment, LCA C02 carbon sequestra-tion greenhouse gas emissions soil amendment

Life cycle environmental impact assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production and utilization in Northwestern Ontario,Canada

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Journal of Forestry Research 2015年第4期26卷 799-809页

作者： Krish Homagain Chander Shahi nancy Luckai Mahadev Sharma Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University Ontario Forest Research Institute

Biochar-based bioenergy production and sub- sequent land application of biochar can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by fixing atmospheric carbon into the soil for a long period of time. A thorough life cycle assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production and biochar land application in Northwestern Ontario is conducted using SimaPro Ver. 8.1. The results of energy consumption and potential environmental impact of biochar-based bioenergy production system are compared with those of conventional coal-based system. Results show that biocbar land application consumes 4847.61 MJ per tonne dry feedstock more energy than conventional system, but reduces the GHG emissions by 68.19 kg CO2e per tonne of dry feed- stock in its life cycle. Biochar land application improves ecosystem quality by 18 %, reduces climate change by 15 %, and resource use by 13 % but may adversely impact on human health by increasing disability adjusted life years by 1.7 % if biomass availability is low to medium. Replacing fossil fuel with woody biomass has a positiveimpact on the environment, as one tonne of dry biomass feedstock when converted to biochar reduces up to 38 kg CO2e with biochar land application despite using more energy. These results will help understand a comprehensive picture of the new interventions in forestry businesses, which are promoting biochar-based bioenergy production.

关键词： Woody biomass Carbon sequestration environmental impact assessment Greenhouse gasemissions Life cycle analysis Soil amendment

Decoding the role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases

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Liver Research 2017年第3期1卷 147-155页

作者： Fengyan Deng nancy Magee Yuxia Zhang Department of Pharmacology Toxicology&TherapeuticsUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKSUSA

Cell-to-cell communication is a fascinating process that is essential for maintaining tissue and wholebody *** vesicles(eVs)are cell-derived membrane-bound nanoparticles that are a means of communication between *** evidence indicates that eVs can render either beneficial or harmful outcomes,depending on the specific cargos(e.g.,proteins,lipids,RNAs)transferred between *** also have great value as diagnostic and prognostic markers of disease because they are present in a variety of biological fluids and carry bioactive molecules from their cells or tissues of *** cells can both release and receive eVs derived from other cells and emerging evidence indicates that liver eVs play important roles in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases,including liver cancer,viral hepatitis,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,and alcoholic liver *** review provides an overview of the biogenesis and secretion of eVs and summarizes the most recent advances in understanding the role of eVs in liver physiology and ***,we discuss potential applications of liver eVs as biomarkers and in therapeutic approaches to treat liver diseases.

关键词： extracellular vesicles(eVs) Liver Disease Metabolism Biomarker

export Competitiveness effects on economic Growth of east African Community

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Export Competitiveness Effects on Economic Growth of East Af...

作者： Meigara nancy Narasha 湖南大学

学位级别：硕士

export competitiveness, seems like an objective concept, but it remains conceptually and empirically hard to comprehend. With the gradual reduction in trade barriers, stressing on export-led growth strategy by nations, more emphasis is now on export competitiveness since the world today has become a global village, greatly due to globalization. Once a country open up to the world, it is inviting other countries'products which may be superior in terms of quality, low prices and in terms of variety to the domestic products. For a countries industry to survive and thrive, competition with other industries is inevitable. In so doing, the industries bring about innovations, increased productivity hence increased income leading to economic growth.This paper presents a distinct way of thinking about export competitiveness and attempts to explain it empirically for eAC nations. First, two data sets are constructed:First, an indepth exports analysis through RCA and related indices. Competitiveness of major exports commodities have been analyzed through a Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed symmetric advantage (RSCA) and the Net Trade Reveal Comparative advantage (NTRCA) to measure export competitiveness of eAC exports. Secondly, an annual panel dataset to regress the above competitive exports with GDP has been used to determine the effect of export competitiveness on the small open economies of least developing Countries of eAC.eAC exports are still dominated by primary agricultural *** exports are disaggregated into two distinctive categories:exports of Coffee and tea (selected overall competitive exports from RCA analysis) and OTHeR exports of goods and services, which is the residual of exports after removing exports of coffee and tea.For the two categories of exports, an empirical model has been specified that incorporate GDP (as a proxy for economic growth and welfare change, additional variables include Capital, and Labor competitive e

关键词： export Competitiveness Revealed Comparative advantage Coffee and Tea exports GDP eAC

“两个意见”？第二意见在乳腺活检标本病理诊断中的作用——病理医生共同工作可提高诊断准确性

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英国医学杂志中文版 2017年第1期20卷 4-5页

作者： Rohit Bhargava nancy e Davidson 景晨萌王征 Departments of Pathology and Medicine University of Pittsburgh and Magee Women's Hospital University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh PA USA 北京新世纪妇儿医院麻醉科北京医院病理科

大部分病理医生并不独自进行病理诊断。他们常常与本科室其他病理医生一起讨论具有挑战性的病例，如果遇到疑难病例，并且科室内诊断意见不一致时，还会寻求院外会诊。由于标本组织极少而且解释存在复杂性时，乳腺活检标本检查常常需要... 详细信息

大部分病理医生并不独自进行病理诊断。他们常常与本科室其他病理医生一起讨论具有挑战性的病例，如果遇到疑难病例，并且科室内诊断意见不一致时，还会寻求院外会诊。由于标本组织极少而且解释存在复杂性时，乳腺活检标本检查常常需要进行第二次复审。提出复审的原因不同，但总的来说反映了这样一种确信，即另一种意见可以减少甚至消除不确定性，从而最终改善患者的转归。

关键词：乳腺诊断方法体检治疗方法