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THE PASSIVHAUS STAnDARD In THE MEDITERRAnEAn CLIMATE:EVALUATIOn,COMPARISOn AnD PROFITABILITY

Journal of Green Building 2015年第4期10卷 55-72页

作者： Saldaña-Márquez Gómez-Soberón Arredondo-rea Almaral-Sánchez Gómez-Soberón Rosell-Balada Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Escola Tècnica Superior d’Arquitectura de BarcelonaDepartament de Construccions ArquitectòniquesⅠDepartament d’Estructures a l’ArquitecturaBarcelonaSpain Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Escola Politècnica Superior d’Edificacióde BarcelonaDepartament de Construccions ArquitectòniquesⅡBarcelonaSpain Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Facultad de Ingeniería MochisLos MochisMexico Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Escuela de Ingeniería CivilDepartamento de MaterialesMexico D.F.Mexico

InTRODUCTIOn One of the main environmental problems faced by the global community in the twenty-first century is unquestionably the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions(Fuller and Crawford 2011).To face this challenge,the European Union(EU)has set the so-called 2020 Horizon as one of its main objectives:limiting the emission of greenhouse gas emissions by 20%,satisfying 20%of all energy needs through renewable sources,and improving energy efficiency by 20%(The Euro-pean Union 2012).The last projection forecast in 2012 by the European Envi-ronmental Agency(EEA)established that Spain was one of the countries in the EU furthest from reaching these objectives(The European Union 2013).As a result,implementing measures devised to meet the 2020 objectives is currently a priority for the Spanish *** recent decades,the housing sector has played a decisive role in increas-ing global energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions(nejat et al.2015).In 2014 Spain’s housing sector’s energy consumption needs represented 19%of total national consumption and 31%of the electricity demand(IDAE 2013).Starting from the design phase,reduction in energy consumption per square meter has become a prerequisite for the majority of buildings(Parameshwaran et al.2012;Koo et al.2014).The importance and urgency exhibited by the EU housing sector in achiev-ing the government objectives outlined in the 2020 Horizon have led the energy market to show a clear trend towards buildings with higher energy performance in the future(Shimschar et al.2011).Similarly,the success factor of energy efficiency initiatives will depend to a large degree on the method or the indica-tors used when measuring energy performance in each building(Abu Bakar et al.2015;Day and Gunderson 2015).As a result,selecting one energy evaluation methodology over another can be decisive in the path taken by Spain,change the current perception of the country,and increase Spain’s standing within the *** studies(Feist et

关键词： passivhaus standard energy efficiency PHPP Mediterranean climate construction costs

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Manipulation of photosensory and circadian signaling restricts phenotypic plasticity in response to changing environmental conditions in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2024年第9期17卷 1458-1471页

作者： Martin William Battle Scott Fraser Ewing Cathryn Dickson Joseph Obaje Kristen n.Edgeworth Rebecca Bindbeutel rea LAntoniou-Kourounioti Dmitri A.nusinow Matthew Alan Jones Plant Science Group School of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgow G128QQUK Danforth Plant Science Center St.LouisMO 63132USA Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Washington University in St.LouisSt.LouisMO 63130USA Present address:School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool L22QPUK

Plants exploit phenotypic plasticity to adapt their growth and development to prevailing environmental *** of light and temperature signals is aided by the circadian system,which provides a temporal *** plasticity provides a selective and competitive advantage in nature but is obstructive during large-scale,intensive agricultural practices since economically important traits(including vegetative growth and flowering time)can vary widely depending on local environmental *** prevents accurate prediction of harvesting times and produces a variable *** this study,we sought to restrict phenotypic plasticity and circadian regulation by manipulating signaling systems that govern plants'responses to environmental *** modeling of plant growth and develop-ment predicted reduced plant responses to changing environments when circadian and light signaling pathways were *** tested this prediction by utilizing a constitutively active allele of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome B,along with disruption of the circadian systemvia mutation of *** found that these manipulations produced plants that are less responsive to light and temper-ature cues and thus fail to anticipate *** engineered plants have uniform vegetative growth and flowering time,demonstrating how phenotypic plasticity can be limited while maintaining plant *** has significant implications for future agriculture in both open fields and controlled environments.

关键词： circadian developmental plasticity phenotypic plasticity external coincidence light temperature

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Adding time-calibrated branch lengths to the Asteraceae supertree

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Journal of Systematics and Evolution 2010年第4期48卷 271-278页

作者： Rubén TORICES rea de Botánica Departamento de Ciencias AgroforestalesUniversidad de Valladolid

new inference techniques,such as supertrees,have improved the construction of large phylogenies,helping to reveal the tree of *** addition,these large phylogenies have enhanced the study of other evolutionary questions,such as whether traits have evolved in a neutral or adaptive way,or what factors have influenced ***,supertrees usually lack branch lengths,which are necessary for all these issues to be ***,divergence times within the largest family of flowering plants,namely the Asteraceae,are reviewed to estimate time-calibrated branch lengths in the supertree of this *** inconsistency between estimated dates of basal branching events and the earliest asteraceous fossil pollen record was *** addition,the impact of different methods of branch length assignment on the total number of transitions between states in the reconstruction of sexual system evolution in Asteraceae was *** least for this dataset,different branch length assignation approaches influenced maximum likelihood(ML)reconstructions only and not Bayesian ***,the selection of different branch length information is not arbitrary and should be carefully assessed,at least when ML approaches are being *** reviewed divergence times and the estimated time-calibrated branch lengths provide a useful tool for future phylogenetic comparative and macroevolutionary studies of Asteraceae.

关键词： Asteraceae character mapping divergence times sexual systems trait evolution

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Development and postnatal neurogenesis in the retina: a comparison between altricial and precocial bird species

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neural Regeneration Research 2021年第1期16卷 16-20页

作者： Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez Yolanda Gañán Jorge Solana-Fajardo Gervasio Martín-Partido Joaquín Rodríguez-León Javier Francisco-Morcillo Área de Biología Celular Departamento de AnatomíaBiología Celular y ZoologíaFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajozSpain Área de Anatomía Humana Departamento de AnatomíaBiología Celular y ZoologíaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajozSpain Servicio de Oftalmología Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de BadajozBadajozSpain

The visual system is affected by neurodegenerative diseases caused by the degeneration of specific retinal neurons,the leading cause of irreversible blindness in *** vertebrate phylogeny,the retina has two kinds of specialized niches of constitutive neurogenesis:the retinal progenitors located in the circumferential marginal zone and Müller *** proliferative activity in the retinal progenitors located in the circumferential marginal zone in precocial birds such as the chicken,the commonest bird model used in developmental and regenerative studies,is very *** region adds only a few retinal cells to the peripheral edge of the retina during several months after hatching,but does not seem to be involved in retinal regeneration.Müller cells in the chicken retina are not proliferative under physiological conditions,but after acute damage some of them undergo a reprogramming event,dedifferentiating into retinal stem cells and generating new retinal ***,regenerative response after injury occurs with low efficiency in the precocial avian *** contrast,it has recently been shown that neurogenesis is intense in the retina of altricial birds at *** particular,abundant proliferative activity is detected both in the circumferential marginal zone and in the outer half of the inner nuclear ***,stem cell niches are very active in the retina of altricial *** more extensive research is needed to assess the potential of proliferating cells in the adult retina of altricial birds,it emerges as an attractive model for studying different aspects of neurogenesis and neural regeneration in vertebrates.

关键词： altricial birds circumferential marginal zone Müller glia postnatal neurogenesis precocial regeneration retinogenesis

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Long-term monitoring reveals the effect of precipitation and silviculture on nothofagus regeneration in northern Patagonia mixed forests

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Ecological Processes 2024年第2期13卷 103-117页

作者： Georgina Sola Camila Mateo Alejandro Dezzotti Paula Marchelli Hern.n.attis Beltrán Renato Sbrancia Luis Chauchard Marcelo González Pe?alba Martín Lara Verónica El Mujtar Consejo nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (COnICET ) Asentamiento Universitario San Martín de los Andes (AUSMA-UnCo) Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB) Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET ) Departamento de Conservación y Manejo Parque Nacional Lanín- Administración de Parques Nacionales (PNL-APN)

Background Tree regeneration is a key component of resilience because it promotes post-disturbance recovery of forests. northwestern Patagonia from Argentina is occupied by nothofagus alpina（na）, n. obliqua（no）, and n. dombeyi（nd） forests that grow along an intense precipitation gradient, managed throughout shelterwood silvicultural system by technicians of the Lanin natural Reserve. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seeding cuttings over the dynamics of nothofagus mixed forests across landscape（precipitation gradient） based mainly on the composition and abundance of tree regeneration, permanent sampling plots and generalized linear mixed models. In particular, we analysed:（i） the structure of sexual and asexual regeneration during nd > 20 years after harvest（the dynamics of managed forests）, and（ii） the structure of sexual regeneration in primary and managed forests after > 20 years of harvest（the effect of silviculture）.Results nd was the most abundant species in the regeneration of managed forests during all periods in both sites despite its lower contribution to the adult cohort. During the 10–20 years period after harvest, the humid site exhibited higher regeneration density than the mesic site(120,000 and 6000 ind ha-1, respectively), and it decreased afterwards. The number of established regeneration（> 2 m height） was lower for na in the mesic site and for no in the humid site(0 and 57 ind ha-1, respectively). However, in comparison to no, na showed a higher number of sprouted stumps and sprouts per stump, and a higher sprout height in the mesic site. no exhibited higher sprout mortality in the humid site. Finally, the regeneration of primary forests showed lower density and height, and a more balanced composition than that of managed *** The silvicultural effects on the mixed forest regeneration dynamics was strongly influenced by the condition of sites. Therefore, management prescriptions should be adj

关键词： nothofagus alpina nothofogus obliqua nothofogus dombeyi Basal sprouting Shelterwood silvicultural system Ecological resilience

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Master of one trade:Arbutus unedo relies on plasticity to persist under habitats differing in water availability

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第5期10卷 869-881页

作者： Xabier Santiso Rubén Retuerto Área de Ecología Facultad de BiologíaCampus VidaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela15782 Santiago de CompostelaSpain

Aims the limited water supply in the Mediterranean Basin will be exacerbated in the immediate future as result of severe drought ***,the study of the intraspecific variability in functional traits of plant species is important,because such variability modulates species’***,we aimed to analyse the variability in plasticity of physiological and structural traits of Arbutus unedo *** response to water availability and to determine whether the levels of phenotypic plasticity varied in plants of different *** We kept two sets of plants under contrasted water regimes(high water and low water)and calculated a phenotypic plasticity index to determine the plastic response to water *** compared the response among kind of traits and *** also per-formed analysis of variance to assess the trait and provenance *** Findings We found that biomass and key physiological traits decrease under drought conditions,while the water use efficiency *** differed between groups of traits,being higher in structural and gas exchange parameters,but the provenance did not account for signifi-cant variation in *** has evolved a‘good saver’strat-egy,involving decreasing growth and water use-when this resource is unavailable-together with the dissipation of excess of radiation that it cannot *** homogeneous response between provenances may be the result of a canalization *** strategy,based on a high degree of plasticity,is a probable determining factor in the success of the species over its wide range of environmental conditions and will be critical to withstand the ongoing environmental changes.

关键词： adaptation canalization contrasted provenances drought global change phenotypic plasticity

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Sexual dimorphism in water and nitrogen use strategies in Honckenya peploides: timing matters

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第4期10卷 702-712页

作者： Julia Sánchez Vilas Rubén Retuerto Organisms and Environment Division Sir Martin Evans BuildingCardiff School of BiosciencesMuseum AvenueCardiff UniversityCardiff CF103AXUK Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología Área de EcologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade Santiago de CompostelaCampus VidaRúa de Lope Gómez de Marzoas/n15782 Santiago de CompostelaA CoruñaSpain

Aims Sexes of dimorphic species often differ in ecophysiological traits and display spatial *** differences have been interpreted as an evolved response of the sexes to meet the specific resource demands associated with *** may differ not only in the amount of resources allocated to reproduction but also in the tim-ing of allocation to *** this study,we hypothesize that as a consequence of their specific resource demands for reproduction,the sexes of the dune plant Honckenya peploides differ in terms of tempo-ral patterns of water use efficiency and nitrogen use and *** Water use efficiency,as inferred from leaf carbon isotope discrimi-nation(Δ^(13)C),nitrogen use,estimated by leaf nitrogen isotope com-position(δ^(15)n),and the foliar carbon and nitrogen contents were measured in males and females at three different points in *** Findings Females had greater water use efficiency than males,regardless of *** ratio of n^(15) to n^(14) did not change with time in males,but significantly decreased in August for *** total n content in the leaf tissues of females decreased as the season progressed,while in males a decrease was only found from April to June and then it remained constant from June to August.A similar pattern,but reversed,was followed by the foliar C/n ***,nega-tive relationships between leafΔ^(13)C and n content were found at all times for males and only at the end of the season for ***,our hypothesis that sex-specific patterns of nitrogen and water use efficiency will depend on time was ***,our results highlight the importance of including time in studies of sex-ual dimorphism,and also the role that physiological specialization plays in meeting the specific demands associated with reproduction.

关键词： cost of reproduction Honckenya peploides leaf nitrogen content sexual dimorphism stable isotopes water use efficiency

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Effects of small-scale disturbances and elevation on the morphology,phenology and reproduction of a successful geophyte

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2009年第1期2卷 13-20页

作者： Daniel Gomez-Garcıa Jose´Azorın AJavier Aguirre Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologı´a-CSIC Apartado.64E-22700 JacaHuescaSpain A´rea de Ingenierı´a Agroforestal.EPSH Universidad de Zaragoza.Ctra Cuarte s/n.E-22071 HuescaSpain

Aims We aimed to find out how a geophyte,Merendera montana,occupies a wide ecological,elevational and climatic *** occurrence in that environmental array is outstanding not only among geophytes but also in the whole flora of the Iberian Peninsula,where only a very few plants show such an apparent ***,we compared morphological and reproductive traits,and frequency of different types of reproduction in disturbed and undisturbed ***,we have analyzed the phenology of this plant by trying to understand how it manages to spread in an exceptional elevational gradient of 2000 m,with contrasting climatic regimes between the mediterranean and the alpine *** We measured the plant density of *** populations in different types of Pyrenean grasslands either with or without small-scale disturbances at seven sites from the basal to the alpine belt(400–2300 m a.s.l.).In each one of these populations,100 individuals—1200 in total—were uprooted to measure their morphological features as well as type and occurrence of ***(flowering and fruiting dates and leaf lifespan)was estimated using 5 years of records in the studied areas and>200 herbarium sheets from the whole altitudinal rank and collected in the last 30 *** in plant densities were analyzed with non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test;differences in morphological traits,fruit and seed production associated with disturbance,with one-way analysis of covariance test(general linear model).Finally,linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationships between clonal reproduction and elevation and those between flowering,fruiting and senescence and date and *** Findings In all cases,plant density in disturbed grasslands was significantly higher than in undisturbed *** height and weight,bulb depth,leaf width and bulb and root weight were higher in disturbed *** and undisturbed plots were similar

关键词： Spanish Pyrenees Merendera montana functional traits disturbed grasslands

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Group dynamics and relocation decisions of a trap-building predator are differentially affected by biotic and abiotic factors

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Current Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 647-655页

作者： noa KATZ Roni SHAVIT Jonathan n. PRUITT Inon SCHARF Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9610 USA

Most habitats in nature are heterogeneous, incorporating favorable and unfavorable microhabitats for different animals, based on their ecological niche. Unsuitable microhabitats have negative consequences for individual growth and survival. Animals, therefore, should fine-tune their location within the habitat by dispersing away from such microhabitats. We studied the suitability of different constant microhabitat conditions for wormlion larvae, a trap-building predator, tested in groups under laboratory conditions. Wormlions construct pit-traps in loose soil and capture small arthropod prey. As wormlions occur in high densities in nature, testing in groups is thus more indicative of their natural behavior than testing individuals. Wormlions responded strongly to biotic conditions--high conspecific density, starvation, and large body mass of conspecifics--by either increasing pit-relocation events or moving away from the microhabitat center to the periphery of the arena, probably opting for a way out. In other instances, individuals increased their distance to the nearest neighbor, thereby changing the spatial pattern toward a more regular pattern, potentially indicating interference competition. The only abiotic condition apparently perceived by wormlions as unsuitable was shallow sand, which led to frequent relocations. The two other abiotic factors--illumination and sand particle size--had no observable effect on behavior, although wormlions in nature always occur under shade in fine sand, and prefer both shade and fine sand particle size under laboratory conditions when given a choice. Under the fine spatial scale of the present experiment, biotic factors appear to be more influential than abiotic ones.

关键词： antlions dispersal relocation spatial pattern wormlions.

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Allicin neuroprotective effect during oxidative/inflammatory injury involves AT1-Hsp70-inOS counterbalance axis

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BIOCELL 2020年第4期44卷 671-681页

作者： LUCIAnA MAZZEI MARÍA BELÉn RUIZ-ROSO nATALIA DE LAS HERAS SAnDRA BALLESTEROS CAROLInA TORRESPALAZZOLO LEÓn FERDER ALEJAnDRA BEATRIZ CAMARGO WALTER MAnUCHA Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo(IMBECU) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas(CONICET)Mendoza5500Argentina Área de Farmacología Departamento de PatologíaFacultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de Cuyo Centro UniversitarioMendoza5500Argentina Departamento de Fisiología Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad ComplutenseMadrid34523España IBAM Universidad Nacional de CuyoCONICETFacultad de Ciencias AgrariasMendozaM5528AHBArgentina Department of Pediatrics Nephrology DivisionMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiami33012USA

The ancestral cultures have described many therapeutic properties of garlic,therefore,it is of central interest to elucidate the molecular basis explaining this millenary empirical ***,it has been demonstrated a neuroprotective effect of allicin–a phytochemical present in garlic-linked to oxidative-inflammatory *** improved neuronal injury by heat shock protein 70(Hsp70)and inducible nitric oxide synthase(inOS)***,allicin exerts renal protection involving a possible angiotensin type 1 receptor(AT1)*** connection,AT1 overexpression has been recognized as a central deleterious factor in many brain ***,there are no studies that evaluate AT1-Hsp70-inOS interaction as a mechanism linked to ***,our central aim is to evaluate if the allicin protective effect is associated with an AT1-Hsp70-inOS counterbalance *** this study,a murine microglial cell line(BV-2)was injured with lipopolysaccharides and treated or not with ***,it was evaluated cell viability,proinflammatory cytokine levels,cellular oxidative stress,inOS,Hsp70,and AT1 protein expression(cellular and mitochondrial fractions),nitrite levels,and protein-protein *** results demonstrated that allicin could prevent neuronal injury due to a reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory status mediated by an AT1-Hsp70-inOS counterbalance axis linked to direct protein-protein interaction.

关键词： Allicin neuroinflammation BV-2 cells AT1 receptors inOS Hsp70

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