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Theory and Practice of Language Teaching and Learning in Vhembe District Primary Schools, Limpopo Province, South Africa

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Sino-US English Teaching 2012年第12期9卷 1723-1732页

作者： n.m. musehane University of Venda Thohoyandou South Africa

South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 emphasise teaching and learning through any mother tongue, a learner would understand best. Section 29（1） of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa categorically states that：＂Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable＂. However, most text books written in English have been prescribed at many schools. One is not certain whether the subjects are taught in English or in the indigenous language at these schools. In the end, those teachers use the mother tongue, together with English, in teaching learners. This result in code switching and code mixing takes place in classes, which are meant to facilitate communication across barriers of colour, language, and region, while creating an environment in which respect for languages other than one＇s own would be encouraged. Teaching and learning in one＇s mother tongue promotes full participation in the econ.m. of the country. The aim of the paper is to investigate teaching and learning in Vhembe primary schools of the Limpopo Province in South Africa, within the framework of existing legislation. This will be compared with empirical evidence. The researcher seeks to establish what language（s） primary schools use for teaching and learning. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations will be made to assist stakeholders in language-in-education policy formulation.

关键词： theory practice language teaching and learning primary schools

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neurocircuit regeneration by extracellular matrix reprogramming

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第8期20卷 2300-2301页

作者： Shengzhang Su Ian n.Levasseur Kimberly m.Alonge Department of medicinal Chemistry University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Chemistry University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of medicine University of Washington Medicine Diabetes InstituteSeattleWAUSA

The brain's extracellular matrix(ECm),which is comprised of protein and glycosaminoglycan(GAG)scaffolds,constitutes 20%-40% of the human brain and is considered one of the largest influencers on brain cell functioning(Soles et al.,2023).Synthesized by neural and glial cells,the brain's ECm regulates a myriad of homeostatic cellular processes,including neuronal plasticity and firing(miyata et al.,2012),cation buffering(moraws ki et al.,2015),and glia-neuron interactions(Anderson et al.,2016).Considering the diversity of functions,dyn.m.c remodeling of the brain's ECm indicates that this understudied medium is an active participant in both normal physiology and neurological diseases.

关键词： matrix programming

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A growth model for a hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri in the coastal water of Alexandria(Egypt)

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2003年第2期22卷 221-232页

作者： Zakaria H.Y Dowidar n.m. El-Komi m.m. Atta m.m. national Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries AlexandriaEgypt.Department of OceanographyFaculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityEgyptNational Institute of Oceanography and FisheriesAlexandriaEgypt.Department of OceanographyFaculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityEgypt

The growth rate of the hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri was studied on the bases of Ikeda'sgrowth model which is based on the inter moult period (IP) and moult increament (△BL). To apply this approach, laboratory experiments were carried out at three temperatures regimes (15℃, 20℃, 25℃ ) to gain accurate data of IP and BL. The total n.m.er of specimens used in this study was 86 at 15℃ , 24 at 20℃ and 70 at 25℃. The n.m.er of flagellar segments of both antennae of the Hyale perieri could not be used as an index of growth (instar criterion). The obtained results indicated that, the predicted IP of the specimens was inversely related to temperature and in good agreement with the observed values at the experimental temperatures. IP data obtained from laboratory-reared specimes are combined with ABL data to establish a growth model for Hyale perieri from its release from the mar-supium (1.64 mm BL ) to the maximum size (12.67 mm BL) as a function of temperature. The maximum n.m.ers of consecutive moults recorded during the experiment were 13 moults (14 instar) at 15℃, 14 moults (15 instar) at 20℃ and 12 moults (13 instar) at 25℃ . The predicted life span for BL = 12.67 mm (moult 13) was 203.82 d at 15t, for BL = 11.75 mm (moult 14) was 138.94 d at 20℃ and for BL = 8.65 mm (moult 12) was 75.40 d at 25℃ respectively, thus confirming that the life span of the species is inversely proportional to temperature. Within the experimental temperatures tested, the optimum temperature for the growth of the species was 20℃.

关键词： growth model inter moult period and moult increament hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri coastal water of Alexandria

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Regulator of G protein signaling 6 mediates exercise-induced recovery of hippocampal neurogenesis,learning,and memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第10期20卷 2969-2981页

作者： mackenzie m.Spicer Jianqi Yang Daniel Fu Alison n.DeVore marisol Lauffer nilufer S.Atasoy Deniz Atasoy Rory A.Fisher Department of neuroscience and Pharmacology University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIAUSA Iowa neuroscience Institute University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIAUSA Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in.m.lecular medicine University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIAUSA neural Circuits and Behavior Core University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa CityIAUSA

Hippocampal neuronal loss causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer’s *** hippocampal neurogenesis is reduced in patients with Alzheimer’s *** stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents and improves memory and slows cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s ***,the molecular pathways for exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improved cognition in Alzheimer’s disease are poorly ***,regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)was identified as the mediator of voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in ***,we generated novel RGS6fl/fl;APP_(SWE) mice and used retroviral approaches to examine the impact of RGS6 deletion from dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells on voluntary running-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition in an amyloid-based Alzheimer’s disease mouse *** found that voluntary running in APP_(SWE) mice restored their hippocampal cognitive impairments to that of control *** cognitive rescue was abolished by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neuronal progenitor cells,which also abolished running-mediated increases in adult hippocampal *** hippocampal neurogenesis was reduced in sedentary APP_(SWE) mice versus control mice,with basal adult hippocampal neurogenesis reduced by RGS6 deletion in dentate gyrus neural precursor ***6 was expressed in neurons within the dentate gyrus of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with significant loss of these RGS6-expressing ***,RGS6 mediated voluntary running-induced rescue of impaired cognition and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in APP_(SWE) mice,identifying RGS6 in dentate gyrus neural precursor cells as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.

关键词： adult hippocampal neurogenesis Alzheimer’s disease dentate gyrus exercise learning/memory neural precursor cells regulator of G protein signaling 6(RGS6)

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HYDROLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF ACmET-GLY PROmOTED BY CIS-[Pd（mET）（D₂O）₂]（nO₃）₂

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Chinese Chemical Letters 1996年第2期7卷 127-128页

作者： Chen, Xiao Hua Zhu, Long Gen Kostić, n.m. Coordination Chemistry Institute State Key Lab of Coord. Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 United States

cis-[Pd(met)(D2O)2]2+ promoted hydrolysis of Acmet-Gly was monitored by H nmR spectroscopy. The observed rate constants, Kobs, strongly depend on the mole ratio of cis-[Pd(met)(D2O)2]2+ to *** least,one aqua ligand for each Pd(II)is necessary for fast hydrolysis reaction observed. Two aqua ligands of each Pd(II) make the reaction faster.

关键词：埃阿

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Amyloid-beta pathology-induced nanoscale synaptic disruption:the case of the GABA_B-GIRK assembly

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1409-1410页

作者： Rafael Lujan Alejandro martín-Belmonte Sergi Ferré Francisco Ciruela Synaptic Structure Laboratory Instituto de Biomedicina de la UCLM(IB-UCLM)Departamento de Ciencias MédicasInstituto de Investigación en Salud de Castilla-La Mancha(IDISCAM)Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Castilla-La ManchaCampus BiosanitarioC/AlmansaAlbaceteSpain Integrative neurobiology Section National Institute on Drug AbuseIntramural Research ProgramNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMDUSA Pharmacology Unit Department of Pathology and Experimental TherapeuticsSchool of Medicine and Health SciencesInstitute of NeurosciencesUniversity of BarcelonaNeuropharmacology&Pain GroupNeuroscience ProgramBellvitge Institute for Biomedical ResearchL’Hospitalet de LlobregatSpain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory brain networks,leading to aberrant homeostatic synaptic *** has progressively been recognized as syna ptopathy and syna ptic dysfunction has been identified as a key component of its pathogenesis (Schirinzi et al.,2020).Syna ptic dysfunction is believed to precede synapse loss,a primary biological correlate of cognitive decline in AD,inevita bly associated with neuronal death.

关键词： Alzheimer pathology

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The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3317-3329页

作者： Jennifer m.Colón.m.rcado Aranza I.Torrado-Tapias Iris K.Salgado Jose m.Santiago Samuel E.Ocasio Rivera Dina P.Bracho-Rincon Luis H.Pagan Rivera Jorge D.miranda Department of Physiology University of Puerto RicoMedical Sciences CampusSan JuanPRUSA national Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMDUSA Universidad Central del Caribe School of MedicineBayamónPRUSA University of Puerto Rico Carolina CampusCarolinaPRUSA Institute of neurobiology San JuanPRUSA

In addition to the loss of motor function,~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord *** cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood,but the data suggests that plasticity within the rostral,epicenter,and caudal pen.m.ra of the injury site initiates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewiring mechanism leading to central neuropathic *** can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory *** excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a critical target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitability and *** previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator *** this study,we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in.m.le and female rats with spinal cord *** hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters,leading to reduced hyperexcitability of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant *** and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control(placebo).We used von Frey monofilaments and the“up-down.m.thod”to evaluate mechanical *** treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent *** expression profile of glutamatergic transporters(excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1)revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral,epicenter,and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on *** rodents showed a significantly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased

关键词： allodynia central neuropathic pain EAAT-1/GLAST EAAT-2/GLT-1 glutamate transporters selective estrogen receptor modulator sexual dimorphism spinal cord injury trauma

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the neuromuscular junction during developmental axonal competition and synapse elimination

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第2期20卷 394-401页

作者： Josep Tomàs Víctor Cilleros-mañé Laia Just-Borràs marta Balanyà-Segura Aleksandra Polishchuk Laura nadal marta Tomàs Carolina Silvera-Simón.m.nel m.Santafé maria A.Lanuza Unitat d’Histologia i neurobiologia(UHneurob) Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la SalutUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliReusSpain

During the development of the nervous system,there is an overproduction of neurons and *** competition between neighboring nerve endings and synapses performing different activity levels leads to their elimination or *** have extensively studied the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor neurotrophic retrograde pathway,at the neuromuscular junction,in the axonal development and synapse elimination process versus the synapse *** purpose of this review is to describe the neurotrophic influence on developmental synapse elimination,in relation to other molecular pathways that we and others have found to regulate this *** particular,we summarize our published results based on tran.m.tter release analysis and axonal counts to show the different involvement of the presynaptic acetylcholine muscarinic autoreceptors,coupled to downstream serine-threonine protein kinases A and C(PKA and PKC)and voltage-gated calcium channels,at different nerve endings in developmental *** dyn.m.c changes that occur simultaneously in several nerve terminals and synapses converge across a postsynaptic site,influence each other,and require careful studies to individualize the mechanisms of specific *** describe an activity-dependent balance(related to the extent of tran.m.tter release)between the presynaptic muscarinic subtypes and the neurotrophin.m.diated TrkB/p75nTR pathways that can influence the timing and fate of the competitive interactions between the different axon *** downstream displacement of the PKA/PKC activity ratio to lower values,both in competing nerve terminals and at postsynaptic sites,plays a relevant role in controlling the elimination of supern.m.rary ***,calcium entry through L-and P/Q-subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels(both channels are present,together with the n-type channel in developing nerve terminals)contributes to red

关键词： acetylcholine release adenosine receptors axonal competition brain-derived neurotrophic factor calcium channels motor end-plate muscarinic acetylcholine receptors postnatal synapse elimination serine kinases tropomyosin-related kinase receptorB

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From single to combinatorial therapies in spinal cord injuries for structural and functional restoration

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 660-670页

作者： Ernesto Doncel-Pérez Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún Israel Grijalva-Otero Hospital nacional de Parapléjicos de Toledo Servicio de Salud de Castilla La Mancha(SESCAM)ToledoSpain medical Research Unit for neurological Diseases UMAE Hospital de EspecialidadesCentro Médico Nacional Siglo XXIIMSSCiudad de MéxicoMéxico

Spinal cord injury results in paralysis, sensory disturbances, sphincter dysfunction, and multiple systemic secondary conditions, most arising from auton.m.c dysregulation. All this produces profound negative psychosocial implications for affected people, their families, and their communities;the financial costs can be challenging for their families and health institutions. Treatments aimed at restoring the spinal cord after spinal cord injury, which have been tested in an.m.l models or clinical trials, generally seek to counteract one or more of the secondary mechanisms of injury to limit the extent of the initial damage. most published works on structural/functional restoration in acute and chronic spinal cord injury stages use a single type of treatment: a drug or trophic factor, transplant of a cell type, and implantation of a biomaterial. Despite the significant benefits reported in an.m.l models, when translating these successful therapeutic strategies to humans, the result in clinical trials has been considered of little relevance because the improvement, when present, is usually insufficient. Until now, most studies designed to promote neuroprotection or regeneration at different stages after spinal cord injury have used single treatments. Considering the occurrence of various secondary mechanisms of injury in the acute and sub-acute phases of spinal cord injury, it is reasonable to speculate that more than one therapeutic agent could be required to promote structural and functional restoration of the damaged spinal cord. Treatments that combine several therapeutic agents, targeting different mechanisms of injury, which, when used as a single therapy, have shown some benefits, allow us to assume that they will have synergistic beneficial effects. Thus, this narrative review article aims to summarize current trends in the use of strategies that combine therapeutic agents administered simultaneously or sequentially, seeking structural and functional restoratio

关键词： neural regeneration neuroprotection spinal cord injury repair spinal cord injury treatments structural restoration of spinal cord injury

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mitochondria–cGAS–STInG axis is a potential therapeutic target for senescence-dependent inflammaging-associated neurodegeneration

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neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 805-807页

作者： Josém.Izquierdo Centro de Biología molecular Severo Ochoa(CBm) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid(CSIC-UAM)MadridSpain

The word “senescence” comes from the Latin senescens, meaning “to begin to age”, and is characterized by a long-lasting but reversible block in proliferation, resulting from stress-induced cell cycle arrest of pre... 详细信息

关键词： Latin potential lasting

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