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Modeling and Comprehensive Review of Signaling Storms in 3GPP-Based Mobile Broadband Networks:Causes,Solutions,and Countermeasures

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 123-153页

作者： muhammad Qasim khan Fazal Malik Fahad Alturise Noor Rahman Department of Computer Science Iqra National UniversityPeshawar25000Pakistan Department of Cybersecurity College of ComputerQassim UniversityBuraydah52555Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science and Engineering Al-Fayha CollegeAl Jubayl31961Saudi Arabia

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband ***,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing *** have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial *** paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling *** this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and *** provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding *** important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a *** paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference *** our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.

关键词： Signaling storm problems control signaling load analytical modeling 3GPP networks smart devices diameter signaling mobile broadband data access data traffic mobility management signaling network architecture 5G mobile communication

Biochar as a Climate-Smart Agricultural Practice: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Promoting Sustainable Farming

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2025年第1期94卷 65-99页

作者： muhammad Nazim Abdul Ghafoor Abida Hussain Mehwish Tabassum aamir Nawaz muhammad Ahmad Murad muhammad Muqarrab Ali State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid LandsXinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi830011China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Center for Water and Environmental Studies College of Agricultural and Food SciencesKing Faisal UniversityAl-Ahsa31982Saudi Arabia Department of Climate Change Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesMuhammad Nawaz Shareef University of AgricultureMultan66000Pakistan Department of Botany Division of Science and Technology University of EducationLahore54000Pakistan Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Chemical and Biological SciencesThe Islamia University of BahawalpurBahawalpur63100Pakistan Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad38040Pakistan

In recent years, the world has faced rising global temperatures, accumulative pollution, and energy crises, stimulating scientists worldwide to strive for eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions. Biochar has materialized as a favorable tool for environmental remediation, indicating efficacy as an efficient sorbent substance for both inorganic and organic pollutants in environmental field. These unique properties exclude improved surface functionality, porous morphology, large specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), robust adsorption capabilities, environmental stability, and embedded micronutrients. Biochar exhibited potential characteristics for environmental oversight, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, and soil fertility improvement. This review explores the impact of fundamental factors such as retention time, pyrolysis temperature, gas flow rate, and reactor design on biochar yield and properties. Collected data revealed the various applications of biochar, ranging from waste management and construction materials to the adsorptive removal of hydrocarbon lubricants from aqueous media, contaminant immobilization, and carbon sequestration. It has played mostly a significant share in climate change mitigation and an important role in soil amendments. Biochar improves soil improvement by increasing water retention (10%–30%), carbon sequestration, soil surface functionality, and providing high surface area with chemical stability. The assessment also reports the prospects and contests associated with biochar application uses in various agriculture cropping ecosystems. Inclusive, this review highlights the multifaceted characteristics of biochar as an adjustable on top of a sustainable solution addressing greenhouse gas emission, carbon sequestration, and environmental stresses. However, further research is needed to understand its long-term impacts and optimal applications fully.

关键词： Agro-ecology biochar carbon storage greenhouse gas reduction sustainable agriculture

Quantitative Behaviour of Guar (Cymopsis tetragnolobus L.) to Various Tillage Systems and Mulches and Soil Physical Properties

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第7期7卷 1040-1045页

作者： M. ShahidIbni Zamir muhammad aamir khan Mazhar Hussain Ihtishamul Haq M. Kamran khan Qamaruz Zaman Usman Afzal Naveed Islam M. Asim Ihtisham Ali Husnain khan Khalid Iqbal Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faislalabad Pakistan

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic mulches and tillage practices on growth, yield of cluster bean and soil physical properties. Experiment was comprised of two factors: A (Tillage), B (Mulches). Factor A was assigned to main plot and consisted of two treatments (Minimum tillage and Conventional tillage). Factor B was assigned to sub plot and consisted of four treatments (no mulch, wheat straw mulch, grass clipping mulch and saw dust mulch). The mulching materials were partially incorporated in the field after germination of crop. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement having three replications. Control treatment was kept for comparison. All other agronomic practices were kept standardized and consistent for all the treatments. Data regarding growth and yield components were collected and analyzed statistically by fisher analysis of variance and treatment significance was measured by significant difference test at 5% probability level. The factors, tillage and mulches significantly affected growth, yield, yield parameters and soil physical properties. Maximum plant population (31.7 m2), plant height (159 cm), branches per plant (18.9), cluster per plant (15.88), grains per pod (7.3), 1000-grain weight (34.6 g), grain yield (1.9 t•ha-1), biological yield (9.91 t•ha-1) and harvest index (19.15) was recorded in conventional tillage comparative to minimum tillage. Mulches also affected grain yield, and maximum grain yield was recorded in wheat straw mulch (1.88 t•ha-1) followed by grass clipping mulch (1.81 t•ha-1) and saw dust mulch (1.76 t•ha-1) while minimum grain yield was recorded in control without mulch application (1.67 t•ha-1). Tillage and mulches interactively affect pH, soil organic matter contents, electrical conductivity and soil bulk density. Mulches and minimum till

关键词： Guar Mulch Tillage Soil Properties

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting of titanium alloys:A state-of-the-art review

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2025年第1期38卷 3-42页

作者： Ahmar khan Xin WANG Biao ZHAO Wenfeng DING muhammad JAMIL Aqib Mashood khan Syed Hammad ALI Sadam HUSSAIN Jiong ZHANG Raj DAS National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 210016China Department of Mechanical Engineering College of EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China Centre for Additive Manufacturing School of EngineeringAerospace Engineering and AviationRMIT UniversityVictoria 3083Australia

The remarkable ability of titanium alloys to preserve their superior physical and chemical characteristics when subjected to extreme conditions significantly enhances their importance in the aerospace,military,and medical ***,conventional machining of titanium alloys leads to elevated tool wear,development of surface defects,and reduced machining efficiency due to their low heat conductivity,and chemical *** issues can be somewhat counteracted by integrating ultrasonic vibration in the conventional machining of titanium alloys and also enhance *** review article offers a holistic evaluation of the influence of ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling and turning on cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,and surface integrity,encompassing surface morphology,surface roughness,surface residual stress,surface hardness,and surface tribological properties during titanium alloys ***,it investigates the sustainability aspect that has not been previously *** on the performance of ultrasonic-assisted cutting revealed several advantages,including decreased cutting forces and cutting temperature,improved tool life,and a better-machined surface during ***,the sustainability factor is improved due to minimized energy consumption and residual *** conclusion,the key challenges and future prospects in the ultrasonic-assisted cutting of titanium alloys are also *** review article provides beneficial knowledge for manufactur-ers and researchers regarding ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting of titanium alloy and will play an important role in achieving sustainability in the industry.

关键词： Ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting Titanium alloys Material removal mechanism Machinability Sustainability

Recent developments in MQL machining of aeronautical materials:A comparative review

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2025年第1期38卷 43-69页

作者： Syed Hammad ALI Yu YAO Bangfu WU Biao ZHAO Wenfeng DING muhammad JAMIL Ahmar khan Asra BAIG Qi LIU Dongdong XU National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Helicopter Transmission Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 210016China Department of Mechanical Engineering NED University of Engineering and TechnologyKarachi 75270Pakistan Centre for Precision Manufacturing University of StrathclydeGlasgow G11XQUK School of Mechanical Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

Minimum quantity lubrication(MQL),as a new sustainable and eco-friendly alternative cooling/lubrication technology that addresses the limitations of dry and wet machining,utilizes a small amount of lubricant or coolant to reduce friction,tool wear,and heat during cutting *** technique has witnessed significant developments in recent years,such as combining MQL with other sustainable techniques to achieve optimum results,using biodegradable lubricants,and innovations in nozzle designs and delivery *** review presents an in-depth analysis of machining characteristics(e.g.,cutting forces,temperature,tool wear,chip morphology and surface integrity,etc.)and sustainability characteristics(e.g.,energy consumption,carbon emissions,processing time,machining cost,etc.)of conventional MQL and hybrid MQL techniques like cryogenic MQL,Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube MQL,nanofluids MQL,hybrid nanofluid MQL and ultrasonic vibration assisted MQL in machining of aeronautical ***,the latest research and developments are analyzed and summarized in the field of MQL,and provide a detailed comparison between each technique,considering advantages,challenges,and limitations in practical *** addition,this review serves as a valuable source for researchers and engineers to optimize machining processes while minimizing environmental impact and operational ***,the potential future aspects of MQL for research and industrial execution are discussed.

关键词： Aerospace materials Minimum Quantity Lubrication(MQL) Cryogenic Nanofluid Grinding Milling Sustainability

Secure Channel Estimation Using Norm Estimation Model for 5G Next Generation Wireless Networks

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第1期82卷 1151-1169页

作者： Khalil Ullah Song Jian muhammad Naeem Ul Hassan Suliman khan Mohammad Babar Arshad Ahmad Shafiq Ahmad Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation Kunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China Department of Computer Science Abbottabad University of Science and TechnologyHavelianAbbottabad22500Pakistan Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering Middle East CollegeMuscat124Oman Department of CS&IT Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology MangHaripur22621Pakistan Industrial Engineering Department College of EngineeringKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11421Saudi Arabia

The emergence of next generation networks(NextG),including 5G and beyond,is reshaping the technological landscape of cellular and mobile *** networks are sufficiently scaled to interconnect billions of users and *** in academia and industry are focusing on technological advancements to achieve highspeed transmission,cell planning,and latency reduction to facilitate emerging applications such as virtual reality,the metaverse,smart cities,smart health,and autonomous *** continuously improves its network functionality to support these *** input multiple output(MIMO)technology offers spectral efficiency,dependability,and overall performance in *** article proposes a secure channel estimation technique in MIMO topology using a norm-estimation model to provide comprehensive insights into protecting NextG network components against adversarial *** technique aims to create long-lasting and secure NextG networks using this extended *** viability of MIMO applications and modern AI-driven methodologies to combat cybersecurity threats are explored in this ***,the proposed model demonstrates high performance in terms of reliability and accuracy,with a 20%reduction in the MalOut-RealOut-Diff metric compared to existing state-of-the-art techniques.

关键词： Next generation networks massive mimo communication network artificial intelligence 5G adversarial attacks channel estimation information security

Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Advanced Methods for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Identification and Classification: A Systematic Review

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第2期142卷 1199-1231页

作者： Syed Ijaz Ur Rahman Naveed Abbas Sikandar Ali muhammad Salman Ahmed Alkhayat Jawad khan Dildar Hussain Yeong Hyeon Gu Department of Computer Science Islamia CollegePeshawar25120Pakistan Department of Information Technology The University of HaripurHaripur22620Pakistan College of Technical Engineering The Islamic UniversityNajaf100986Iraq School of Computing Gachon UniversitySeongnam13120Republic of Korea Department of AI and Data Science Sejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea

Automatic detection of Leukemia or blood cancer is one of the most challenging tasks that need to be addressed in the healthcare *** of white blood cells(WBCs)in the blood or bone marrow microscopic slide images play a crucial part in early identification to facilitate medical *** Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia(ALL),the most preferred part of the blood or marrow is to be analyzed by the experts before it spreads in the whole body and the condition becomes *** researchers have done a lot of work in this field,to demonstrate a comprehensive analysis few literature reviews have been published focusing on various artificial intelligence-based techniques like machine and deep learning detection of *** systematic review has been done in this article under the PRISMA guidelines which presents the most recent advancements in this *** image segmentation techniques were broadly studied and categorized from various online databases like Google Scholar,Science Direct,and PubMed as image processing-based,traditional machine and deep learning-based,and advanced deep learning-based models were *** Neural Networks(CNN)based on traditional models and then the recent advancements in CNN used for the classification of ALL into its subtypes.A critical analysis of the existing methods is provided to offer clarity on the current state of the ***,the paper concludes with insights and suggestions for future research,aiming to guide new researchers in the development of advanced automated systems for detecting life-threatening diseases.

关键词： Acute lymphoblastic bone marrow segmentation classification machine learning deep learning convolutional neural network

Tunable and wideband high-performance rare earth-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn nano ferrite-based meta-absorbers for C-band application

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Journal of Rare Earths 2025年第1期43卷 124-132,I0005页

作者： Majid Niaz Akhtar Magbool Alelyani Fatimah Mohammed AAlzahrani Abdullah Almohammedi Sabih Qamar MABaqir MIrfan muhammad Azhar khan Kheir SAlbarkaty ZAAlrowaili MSAl-Buriahi Institute of Physics The Islamia University of Bahawalpur63100BahawalpurPakistan Department of Radiological Sciences College of Applied Medical ScienceKing Khalid University61421bhaSaudi Arabia Department of Chemistry College of SciencePrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabi Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceIslamic University of Madinah42352.Saudi Arabia Department of Chemical Engineering Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology(MNSUET)60000MultanPakistan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering COMSATS University IslamabadSahiwal Campus57000Pakistan Department of Physics Umm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah24382Saudi Arabia Department of Physics College of ScienceJouf UniversityP.O.Box:201474331SakakaSoudi Arabia Department of Physics Sakarya University6900SakaryaTurkey

Due to advanced technology,electromagnet interference and dissipation problems in the electronic and portable devices at GHz range are increasing *** absorbing materials with outstanding electromagnetic properties,wide bandwidth,and strong absorption are highly *** present investigation deals with the preparation of Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn(NMCZ)substituted nano ferrites with composition of Ni_(0.3)Mg_(0.2)Cu_(0.3)Zn_(0.2)X_(0.02)Fe_(1.98)O_(4)(X=Nd,Ho,Pr,Gd,Yb).X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),a vibratory sample magnetometer(VSM),and a Vector network analyzer(VNA)were used to investigate these rare earth-doped nanocrystalline ferrites'*** reveals the single spinel phase structure in all Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn *** spectroscopy shows the presence of tetrahedral and octahedral bands of spinel *** images reveal the lowest agglomeration for the Ho-doped NMCZ nano-spinel ferrites *** images show the hexagon shapes of the Yb-and Nd-doped NMCZ ***-doped NMCZ ferrites show more coercivity than other rare earth metals substituted NMCZ nanocrystalline *** analysis was used to calculate the magnetic features like initial permeability,magnetic anisotropy constant,remanence,coercivity,and magnetic ***-frequency switching field distributions(SFD)analyses were also *** characteristics such as losses,permittivity,modulus,Q,ac conductivity,and impedance of the Nd^(-),Ho^(-),Pr^(-),Gd^(-),Yb-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrites were *** minimum reflection loss(-57.3 dB)is found at 1.4 GHz for Pr-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite ***,the reflection loss(RL)of-53.9 dB at 2.9 GHz is observed for Ho-doped Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn ferrite *** magnetization,low coercivity,outstanding magnetodielectric,and absorption properties of theNd^(-),Ho^(-),Pr^(-),Gd^(-)and Yb^(-)doped Ni-Mg

关键词： Rare earths Reflection loss Cubic phase Magnetodielectric Ni-Mg-Cu-Zn(NMCZ)meta-absorber

End-To-End Encryption Enabled Lightweight Mutual Authentication Scheme for Resource Constrained IoT Network

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 3223-3249页

作者： Shafi Ullah Haidawati muhammad Nasir Kushsairy Kadir Akbar khan Ahsanullah Memon Shanila Azhar Ilyas khan muhammad Ashraf Department of Computer Engineering Balochistan University of Information TechnologyEngineering and Management SciencesQuetta87300Pakistan Computer Engineering Section Malaysian Institute of Technology Universiti Kuala LumpurKuala Lumpur50250Malaysia Electrical Engineering Section Universiti Kuala LumpurBritish Malaysian InstituteSalengor53100Malaysia Electrical Engineering Department Mehran UniversityKhairpur-Mirs76062Pakistan Department of Mathematics College of Science Al-ZulfiMajmaah UniversityAl-Majmaah11952Saudi Arabia

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication networks consist of resource-constrained autonomous devices, also known as autonomous Internet of things (IoTs) or machine-type communication devices (MTCDs) which act as a backbone for Industrial IoT, smart cities, and other autonomous systems. Due to the limited computing and memory capacity, these devices cannot maintain strong security if conventional security methods are applied such as heavy encryption. This article proposed a novel lightweight mutual authentication scheme including elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) driven end-to-end encryption through curve25519 such as (i): efficient end-to-end encrypted communication with pre-calculation strategy using curve25519;and (ii): elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) based mutual authentication technique through a novel lightweight hash function. The proposed scheme attempts to efficiently counter all known perception layer security threats. Moreover, the pre-calculated key generation strategy resulted in cost-effective encryption with 192-bit curve security. It showed comparative efficiency in key strength, and curve strength compared with similar authentication schemes in terms of computational and memory cost, communication performance and encryption robustness.

关键词： Mutual authentication lightweight end-to-end encryption elliptic curve cryptography industrial internet of things curve25519 machine-to-machine communication