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A comprehensive review of DC fault protection methods in HVDC transmission systems

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems 2021年第1期6卷 1-20页

作者： mohan muniappan Senior Research Specialist Center for Future Energy Systems(CFES)Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute(RPI)TroyNew YorkUSA

High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is an economical option for transmitting a large amount of power over long distances. Initially, HVDC was developed using thyristor-based current source converters (CSC). With the development of semiconductor devices, a voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC system was introduced, and has been widely applied to integrate large-scale renewables and network interconnection. However, the VSC-based HVDC system is vulnerable to DC faults and its protection becomes ever more important with the fast growth in number of installations. In this paper, detailed characteristics of DC faults in the VSC-HVDC system are presented. The DC fault current has a large peak and steady values within a few milliseconds and thus high-speed fault detection and isolation methods are required in an HVDC grid. Therefore, development of the protection scheme for a multi-terminal VSC-based HVDC system is challenging. Various methods have been developed and this paper presents a comprehensive review of the different techniques for DC fault detection, location and isolation in both CSC and VSC-based HVDC transmission systems in two-terminal and multi-terminal network configurations.

关键词： HVDC VSC Multi-terminal DC grid DC fault Fault detection and location Fault isolation

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Predicting suitable habitat of an invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus under future climate scenarios in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape,Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第10期16卷 2243-2256页

作者： MAHARJAN Seerjana SHRESTHA Bharat Babu JOSHI mohan Dev DEVKOTA Anjana muniappan Rangaswamy ADIGA Abhijin JHA Pramod Kumar Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmanduNepal Department of Plant Resources ThapathaliKathmanduNepal IPM Innovation Lab Virginia Tech526Prices Fork RoadBlacksburgVA24061USA Biocomplexity Institute and Initiative University of VirginiaUSA

Chitwan-Annapuma Landscape(CHAL)in central Nepal is known for its rich biodiversity and the landscape is expected to provide corridors for species range shift in response to climate *** assessments have identified biological invasions and other anthropogenic activities as major threats to the biodiversity in the *** of the rapidly spreading Invasive Alien Plant species(IAPs)in the CHAL is Parthenium hysterophorus L.,a neotropical invasive weed of global *** study aimed to investigate the current and future projected suitable habitat of *** in the CHAL using MaxEnt modelling in three'Representative Concentration Pathways'(RCPs 2.6,4.5 and 8.5)corresponding to different greenhouse gases emissiontrajectories for the year 2050 and 2070.A total of 288species occurrence points,six bioclimatic variablesmean diurnal range,isothermality,annual precipitation,precipitation of driest month,precipitation seasonality,precipitation of driest quarter and two topographic variables(aspect and slope)were selected for MaxEnt *** range shift in terms of increase or decline in the suitable habitat areas under the projected scenarios were *** and annual precipitation were the most important variables that explained the current distribution of *** percent of the total area of CHAL was predicted to be suitable habitat for the growth of *** in the current climatic *** gain in the suitable habitat of this noxious weed was found under RCP 4.5 scenario in 2050 and *** there will be a loss in thesuitable habitat under RCP 8.5 scenario in 2050 *** of four physiographic regions present in CHAL,three regions-Siwalik,Middle Mountain and High Mountain have suitable habitat for *** under current climatic *** mountainous region is likely to be affected more than the Siwalik region by further spread of *** in the future under low(R

关键词： Parthenium weed Ecological Niche Model MaxEnt Invasive species Habitat suitability

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