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Adaptive Cell Zooming Strategy Toward Next-Generation Cellular Networks with.Joint Transmission

Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第10期69卷 81-98页

作者： Abu Jah.d mohammed h.alsharif Raju Kannadasan Mah.oud A.Albreem Peerapong Uth.nsakul Jamel Nebh.n Ayman A.Aly Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of OttawaOttawaK1N 6N5ONCanada Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringSriperumbudur602117India Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering A’Sharqiyah UniversityIbra400Oman Sch.ol of Telecommunication Engineering Suranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University College of Computer Engineering and SciencesAlkharj11942Saudi Arabia Department of Mech.nical Engineering College of EngineeringTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia

Th. Internet subscribers are expected to increase up to 69.7%(6 billion)from 45.3%and 25 billion Internet-of-th.ngs connections by ***,th. ubiquitous availability of data-h.ngry smart multimedia devices urges research.attention to reduce th. energy consumption in th. fifth.eneration cloud radio access network to meet th. future traffic demand of h.gh.data *** propose a new cell zooming paradigm based on joint transmission(JT)coordinated multipoint to optimize user connection by controlling th. cell coverage in th. downlink communications with.a h.brid power *** endeavoring cell zooming tech.ique adjusts th. coverage area in a given cluster based on five different JT sch.mes,wh.ch.will h.lp in reducing th. overall power consumption with.minimum inter-cell *** provide h.uristic solutions to assess wireless network performances in terms of aggregate th.ough.ut,energy efficiency index(EEI),and energy consumption gain under a different scale of network *** suggested algorith. allows efficient allocation of resource block and increases energy and spectral efficiency over th. conventional location-centric cell zooming *** system-level simulations sh.w th.t th. proposed framework reduces energy consumption yielding up to 17.5%and increases EEI by 14%.Subsequently,a th.rough.comparison among different JT-based load sh.fting sch.mes is pledged for furth.r validation of varying system bandwidth..

关键词： Wireless networks green communications C-RAN coordinated multipoint energy efficiency

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MIMO-Terah.rtz in 6G Nano-Communications:Ch.nnel Modeling and Analysis

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第1期66卷 263-274页

作者： Sh.h.d Bash.r mohammed h.alsharif Imran Kh.n Mah.oud A.Albreem Aduwati Sali Borh.nuddin Moh. Ali Wonjong Noh Business Studies Department Namal InstituteMianwali42250Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006South Korea Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology PeshawarPeshawar814Pakistan Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering College of EngineeringA’Sharqiyah UniversityIbraOman Wireless and Ph.tonics Networks Research.Centre of Excellence Department of Computer and Communication Systems EngineeringUnversiti Putra MalaysiaSelangor43400Malaysia Sch.ol of Software Hallym UniversityHallymdaehak-gilChunchoen-si24252South Korea

With.th. development of wireless mobile communication tech.ology,th. demand for wireless communication rate and frequency increases year by *** wireless mobile communication frequency tends to be saturated,wh.ch.demands for new ***(Th.)communication h.s great potential for th. future mobile communications(Beyond 5G),and is also an important tech.ique for th. h.gh.data rate transmission in spatial information *** communication h.s great application prospects in military-civilian integration and coordinated *** Ch.na,important breakth.ough. h.ve been ach.eved for th. key tech.iques of Th. h.gh.data rate communications,wh.ch.is practically keeping up with.th. most advanced tech.ological level in th. ***,furth.r intensifying efforts on th. development of Th. communication h.ve th. strategic importance for Ch.na in leading th. development of future wireless communication tech.iques and th. standardization process of Beyond *** paper analyzes th. performance of th. MIMO ch.nnel in th. Terah.rtz(Th.)band and a discrete math.matical meth.d is used to propose a novel ch.nnel ***,a ch.nnel capacity model is proposed by th. combination of path.loss and molecular absorption in th. Th. band based on th. CSI at th. *** results sh.w th.t th. integration of MIMO in th. Th. band gives better data rate and ch.nnel capacity as compared with.a single ch.nnel.

关键词： Wireless communication 6G mobile communication terah.rtz communication MIMO ch.nnel modeling

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Design of a Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring System Using Arduino and Th.ngSpeak

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第1期70卷 151-169页

作者： Anabi h.lary Kelech. mohammed h.alsharif Ch.dumebi Agbaetuo Osich.naka UbadikeAlex Aligbe Peerapong Uth.nsakul Raju Kannadasan Ayman A.Aly Department of Aerospace Engineering College of EngineeringAirForce Institute of TechnologyKadunaNigeria Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Engineering College of EngineeringCovenant UniversityCanaanlandOtaP.M.B 1023OgunNigeria Sch.ol of Telecommunication Engineering Suranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringChennai602117India Department of Mech.nical Engineering College of EngineeringTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia

Th. impact of daily emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants of mach.nes and industries on h.man h.alth.and th. environment h.s attracted increasing *** impact h.s significantly led to a notable increase in mortality in th. h.gh.y industrialized ***,monitoring air quality and creating public awareness are important for a safer future,wh.ch.led th. governments globally to investmulti-billion in policymaking and solution stratification to address th. *** study aims to design a realtime Internet of Th.ngs low-cost air quality monitoring *** system utilizes air quality and carbon monoxide sensors for monitoring gaseous ***,th. system utilizes an Arduino Nano development board equipped with.a WiFi module to effectively send readings to a Th.ngSpeak online ch.nnel platformfor instantaneous and real-time display of air *** Th.ngSpeak uses h.TP protocols to send emails in raising awareness of poor air *** level of concentration is monitored graph.cally th.ough.ch.nnels with.th. h.lp of Th.ngSpeak to aid remote *** value is ***,wh.n pollutants h.ve become unh.alth. and h.rmful,th. system trips off an alarm,and e-mail notifications are sent to th. *** results h.ve sh.wn th.t th. work was successfully implemented a design of a low-cost air quality monitoring system using Arduino and Th.ngSpeak,sh.wing th.t an air quality system can be implemented using a low-cost tech.ology,Arduino and Th.ngSpeak.

关键词： IoT air quality MQ 135 sensor MQ-7 sensor air pollution

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Milestones of Wireless Communication Networks and Tech.ology Prospect of Next Generation(6G)

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第6期71卷 4803-4818页

作者： mohammed h.alsharif Md.Sanwar h.ssain Abu Jah.d Muh.mmad Asgh.r Kh.n Bong Jun Ch.i Samih.M.Mostafa Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong University209 Neungdong-roGwangjin-guSeoul05006Korea Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Bangladesh University of Business and TechnologyDhaka1216Bangladesh Department of Electrical&Computer Engineering University of OttawaOttawaON K1N 6N5Canada Department of Electrical Engineering Hamdard University KarachiIslamabad CampusIslamabad44000Pakistan Sch.ol of Computer Science and Engineering&Sch.ol of Electronic Engineering Soongsil UniversitySeoulKorea Faculty of Computers and Information South Valley UniversityQena83523Egypt Academy of Scientific Research.and Tech.ology Cairo11516Egypt

Since around 1980,a new generation of wireless tech.ology h.s arisen approximately every 10 ***-generation(1G)and secondgeneration(2G)began with.voice and eventually introduced more and more data in th.rd-generation(3G)and became h.gh.y popular in th. fourth.eneration(4G).To increase th. data rate along with.low latency and mass connectivity th. fifth.generation(5G)networks are being installed from ***,th. 5G tech.ology will not be able to fulfill th. data demand at th. end of th.s ***,it is expected th.t 6G communication networks will rise,providing better services th.ough.th. implementation of new enabling tech.ologies and allowing users to connect everywh.re.6G tech.ology would not be confined to cellular communications networks,but would also comply with.non-terrestrial communication system requirements,such.as satellite *** ultimate objectives of th.s work are to address th. major ch.llenges of th. evolution of cellular communication networks and to discourse th. recent growth.of th. industry based on th. key scopes of application and *** main areas of research.topics are summarized into(i)major 6G wireless networkmilestones;(ii)key performance indicators;(iii)future new applications;and(iv)potential fields of research.ch.llenges,and open issues.

关键词： Wireless networks beyond 5G 6G communications terah.rtz frequency terah.rtz communications h.lograph.c calls

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Powering Mobile Networks with.Optimal Green Energy for Sustainable Development

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第10期69卷 661-677页

作者： mohammed h.alsharif Mah.oud A.Albreem Abu Jah.d Kannadasan Raju Peerapong Uth.nsakul Jamel Nebh.n Venkatesan Ch.ndrasekaran Ayman A.Aly Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong UniversityGwangjin-guSeoul05006Korea Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering A’Sharqiyah UniversityIbra400Oman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of OttawaOttawaK1N 6N5ONCanada Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringSriperumbudurChennai602117India Sch.ol of Telecommunication Engineering Suranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University College of Computer Engineering and SciencesAlkharj11942Saudi Arabia Department of Mech.nical Engineering College of EngineeringTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia

Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies,especially academia and industry,in ligh. of economic and ecological *** wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enh.nce sustainability due to th. adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmosph.ric ***,th. specific power supply requirements for a base station(BS),such.as cost effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing tech.ological advances in renewable *** drivers and motivators are involved in th. deployment of renewable energy tech.ologies and th. transition toward green *** energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations th.ough.ut th. *** th.s work,a sustainable optimal stand-alone solarpowered model envisioning green cellular BSs for urban locations in Oman is *** model can extend 24 h.uninterrupted power supply support to a cellular BS th.t fully utilizes an integrated storage *** system analysis is conducted using a h.brid optimization model for electric renewables(h.MER)based on actual prevailing conditions of th. regions and th.ir tech.ical *** results sh.wed can be ach.eved operational expenditure savings up to 16%.Th.se outcomes provide a h.ge benefit to th. cellular operators of Oman economically,tech.ically,and ecologically.

关键词： Wireless networks green wireless networks green communications sustainability OPEX

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Microbial,immune and antioxidant responses of Nile tilapia with.dietary nano-curcumin supplements under ch.onic low temperatures

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Aquaculture and Fish.ries 2024年第1期9卷 57-65页

作者： mohammed F.El Basuini Moh.med A.A.Zaki Abdelaziz M.El-h.is Moh.med G.Elh.nafy Emad h.El-Bilawy Amr I.Zaineldin Moh.med F.A.Abdel-Aziz Ibrah.m A.Abouelsaad Ibrah.m TEl-Ratel Kumbukani Mzengereza Ronick S.Sh.drack Islam I.Teiba Faculty of Agriculture Tanta UniversityTanta31527Egypt King Salman International University South Sinai46618Egypt Faculty of Agriculture Alexandria UniversityAlexandria21526Egypt Animal h.alth.Research.Institute(Ah.I-DOKI) Agriculture Research CenterGiza12619Egypt Fish.Rearing Lab. Aquaculture DivisionNational Institute of Oceanography and FisheriesAlexandria21556Egypt h.rticulture Department Faculty of AgricultureDamanhour UniversityDamanhur22511Egypt Department of Poultry Production Faculty of AgricultureDamietta UniversityDamietta34517Egypt Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition Faculty of FisheriesKagoshima UniversityKagoshima890-0065Japan Department of Aquatic and Fish.ries Science Mzuzu UniversityMzuzuPrivate Bag 201Malawi Faculty of Aquaculture and Marine Fish.ries Arish UniversityArish45516Egypt

A 56-day feeding period was performed to investigate th. possible impacts of dietary nano curcumin(0,50,100,150,and 200 ppm)on th. growth.nutrient utilization,non-specific immune parameters,antioxidants in Nile tilapia under ch.onic low temperature(21.02±0.11◦C).Fish.s(n=225;Initial weigh.=4.39±0.08 g/fish.were randomly stocked at 15 fish.tank for five experimental groups in *** low-temperature circumstances,dietary curcumin in nano form sh.wed no notable alteration in growth.variable,nutrient efficiency,digestive enzymes efficiency,biometric indices,survival rates,and h.matological ***,th. serum of fish.s with.nano curcumin diets under low-temperature stress displayed h.gh.r total protein as well as lower glucose,cortisol,and total ch.lesterol compared with.th. control ***,fish.fed nano curcumin diets displayed h.gh.r lysozyme and bactericidal activities compared to th. control group and th. best performance was found at dietary nano curcumin level of≥100 ***,groups fed th. basal diet demonstrated th. poorest antioxidant capacity,and th. best superoxide dismutase(SOD)and glutath.one peroxidase(GPx)existed in fish.with.nano curcumin diets wh.le th. best catalase(CAT)efficiency occurred at h.gh.r nano curcumin levels≥100 *** addition,h.gh.r counts of intestinal microbiota in terms of total bacterial count(TBC),total yeast and molds count(TYMC),and coliform were noticed in fish.consumed th. basal diet compared to groups fed on nano curcumin *** conclusion,incorporating nano curcumin at a level of≥100 mg/kg diet(particularly at 150 mg/kg)improved a non-specific immune response,antioxidant,and h.alth.er gastrointestinal microbiota in Nile tilapia under ch.onic low-temperature stress.

关键词： Nano curcumin Gastrointestinal microbiota Antioxidants Non-specific immune responses Temperature stress

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Nitrosamines crisis in ph.rmaceuticals-Insigh.s on toxicological implications,root causes and risk assessment:A systematic review

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Journal of Ph.rmaceutical Analysis 2024年第5期14卷 639-652页

作者： h.manth.P.R.Vikram Tegginamath.Pramod Kumar Gunjan Kumar Narasimh. M.Beeraka Rajash.ee Deka Sh.ik mohammed Suh.il Sandeep Jat Namith. Bannimath.Gayatiri Padmanabh.n Ravandur S.Ch.ndan Pramod Kumar Bannimath.Gurupadayya Department of Ph.rmaceutical Ch.mistry JSS College of Pharmacy MysuruJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research(JSSAHER)Mysuru570015India Xenone h.alth.are Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi110076India Department of Ph.rmaceutics JSS College of Pharmacy MysuruJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research(JSSAHER)Mysuru570015India Department of h.man Anatomy I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University(Sechenov University)Moscow119991Russian Federation Department of Ph.rmacology Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(RIPER)Ananthapuramu515721India h.rman B.Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of PediatricsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIN46202USA Animal Ph.siology and Bioch.mistry Laboratory Department of ZoologyGauhati UniversityGuwahati781014India Department of Ph.rmacology JSS College of Pharmacy MysuruJSS Academy of Higher Education and Research(JSSAHER)Mysuru570015India Department of Ph.rmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(NIPER)-GuwahatiChangsari781101India Department of Ph.rmacology University of GalwayGalwayH91 TK33Ireland

Th. presence of N-nitroso compounds,particularly N-nitrosamines,in ph.rmaceutical products h.s raised global safety concerns due to th.ir significant genotoxic and mutagenic *** systematic review investigates th.ir toxicity in active ph.rmaceutical ingredients(APIs),drug products,and ph.rmaceutical excipients,along with.novel analytical strategies for detection,root cause analysis,reformulation strategies,and regulatory guidelines for *** review emph.sizes th. molecular toxicity of N-nitroso compounds,focusing on genotoxic,mutagenic,carcinogenic,and oth.r ph.siological ***,it addresses th. ongoing nitrosamine crisis,th. development of nitrosamine-free products,and th. importance of sensitive detection meth.ds and precise risk *** compreh.nsive overview will aid molecular biologists,analytical scientists,formulation scientists in research.and development sector,and research.rs involved in management of nitrosamine-induced toxicity and promoting safer ph.rmaceutical products.

关键词： Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity Mutagenicity Molecular toxicity Nitrosamine impurities Nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities

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Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Portable Water Quality Monitoring System

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第11期69卷 2405-2424页

作者： Anabi h.lary Kelech. mohammed h.alsharif Anya Ch.kwudi-eke Anya Math.as *** Samson Aiyudubie Uyi Peerapong Uth.nsakul Jamel Nebh.n Ayman A.Aly Department of Aerospace Engineering College of EngineeringAirForce Institute of TechnologyKadunaNigeria Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong UniversityGwangjin-guSeoul05006Korea Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Engineering College of EngineeringCovenant UniversityCanaanlandOtaP.M.B 1023OgunNigeria Sch.ol of Telecommunication Engineering Suranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University College of Computer Engineering and SciencesAlkharj11942Saudi Arabia Department of Mech.nical Engineering College of EngineeringTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia

Water is one of th. needs with.remarkable significance to man and oth.r living *** quality management is a concept based on th. continuous monitoring of water *** monitoring sch.me aims to accumulate data to make decisions on water resource descriptions,identify real and emergent issues involving water pollution,formulate priorities,and plan for water quality *** regularly considered parameters wh.n conducting water quality monitoring are turbidity,ph.temperature,conductivity,dissolved oxygen,ch.mical oxygen demand,bioch.mical oxygen demand,ammonia,and metal *** usual meth.d employed in capturing th.se water parameters is th. manual collection and sending of samples to a laboratory for detection and ***,th.s meth.d is impractical in th. long run because it is laborious and consumes a considerable amount of h.man *** integrated into a mobile ph.ne application interface can address th.s *** paper aims to design and implement an Internet of Th.ngs-based system comprising ph.temperature,and turbidity sensors,wh.ch.are all integrated into a mobile ph.ne application interface for a water monitoring *** project utilizes th. Bluetooth.Standard(IEEE 802.15.1)for communication/transfer of data,wh.le th. water quality monitoring system relies on th. ph.turbidity,and temperature of th. test water.

关键词： Temperature sensor ph.sensor turbidity IoT water monitoring

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Power Domain Multiplexing Waveform for 5G Wireless Networks

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第1期70卷 2083-2095页

作者： Korh.n Cengiz Imran Baig Sumit Ch.kravarty Arun Kumar Mah.oud A.Albreem mohammed h.alsharif Peerapong Uth.nsakul Jamel Nebh.n Ayman A.Aly Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering Trakya University22030EdirneTurkey Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of EngineeringDhofar UniversitySalalah 211Sultanate of Oman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Kennesaw State UniversityGAUSA Department of ECE JECRC UniversityJaipur303905India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering A’Sharqiyah UniversityIbra400Oman Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Sch.ol of Telecommunication Engineering Suranaree University of TechnologyNakhonRatchasimaThailand Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University College of Computer Engineering and SciencesAlkharj11942Saudi Arabia Department of Mech.nical Engineering College of EngineeringTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia

Power domain non-orth.gonal multiple access combined with.a universal filtered multi-carrier(NOMA-UFMC)h.s th. potential to cope with.fifth.generation(5G)unprecedented *** employs powerdomainmultiplexing to support several users,wh.reasUFMC is robust to timing and frequency ***,NOMA-UFMC waveform h.s a h.gh.peak-to-average power(PAPR)issue th.t creates a negative affect due to multicarrier modulations,rendering it is inefficient for th. impending 5G mobile and wireless ***,th.s article seeks to presents a discrete h.rtley transform(Dh.)pre-coding-based NOMA enabled universal filter multicarrier(UFMC)(Dh.-NOMA-UFMC)waveform design for lowering th. h.gh.***,Dh. precoding also takes frequency advantage variations in th. multipath.wireless ch.nnel to get significant bit error rate(BER)*** th. recommended arrangement,th. th.ough.ut of th. systemis improved by multiplexing th. users in th. power domain and permitting th. users with.good and bad ch.nnel conditions to concurrently access th. apportioned *** simulation outcomes divulge th.t th. projected algorith. accomplish.d a gain of 5.8 dB as related to th. conventional ***,it is establish.d th.t th. proposed Dh.-NOMA-UFMC outperforms th. existing NOMA-UFMC *** key benefit of th. proposed meth.d over th. oth.r waveforms proposed for 5G is content gain due to th. power domain multiplexing at th. transmitting ***,a h.ge count of mobile devices could be supported under specific ***-UFMC can be regarded as th. most effective applications for 5G Mobile andWireless ***,th. main drawback of th. proposed meth.d is th.t th. Fourier peak and ph.se signal is not easily estimated.

关键词： NOMA-UFMC 5G PAPR BER Dh.-NOMA-UFMC

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Optimization Analysis of Sustainable Solar Power System for Mobile Communication Systems

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第5期71卷 3243-3255页

作者： mohammed h.alsharif Raju Kannadasan Amir Y.h.ssan Wael Z.Tawfik Mun-Kyeom Kim Muh.mmad Asgh.r Kh.n Ah.ad A.A.Solyman Department of Electrical Engineering College of Electronics and Information EngineeringSejong University209 Neungdong-roGwangjin-guSeoul05006Korea Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Sri Venkateswara College of EngineeringSriprumbudurChennai602117India Department of Power Electronics and Energy Conversion Electronics Research InstituteGiza12622Egypt Department of Ph.sics Faculty of ScienceBeni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef62511Egypt Department of Energy System Engineering Chung-Ang University84 Heukseok-roDongjak-guSeoul156-756Korea Department of Electrical Engineering Hamdard University Islamabad44000Pakistan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Istanbul Gelisim UniversityAvcılar34310Turkey

Cellular mobile tech.ology h.s witnessed tremendous growth.in recent *** of th. ch.llenges facing th. operators to extend th. coverage of th. networks to meet th. rising demand for cellular mobile services is th. power sources used to supply cellular towers with.energy,especially in ***,switch.from th. conventional sources of energy to a greener and sustainable power model became a target of th. academic and industrial sectors in many fields;one of th.se important fields is th. telecommunication ***,th.s study aims to find th. optimum sizing and tech.oeconomic investigation of a solar ph.tovoltaic sch.me to deploy cellular mobile tech.ology infrastructure cleanly and *** optimal solarpowered system is designed by employing th. energy-balance procedures of th. h.MER software *** problem objective is considered in terms of cost,but th. energy system is constrained to meet th. power demand *** simulations were performed to determine th. optimum sizing,performance and monetary cost of th. power system,using long-term meteorological datasets for a case study site with.defined longitude(31◦25E)and latitude(30◦06N).From th. observed results,th. total net present cost(NPC)of th. proposed system is$28,***,th.se outcomes can provide profound economic,tech.ical,and ecological benefits to cellular *** also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenh.use gas th.t supports sustainable green wireless network(WN)deployment in remote areas.

关键词： Wireless networks green wireless networks green communications sustainability OPEX

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