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Human biomonitoring of novel brominated flame retardants:A review on invasive and non-invasive biomarkers

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Emerging Contaminants 2024年第3期10卷 374-385页

作者： Oluwatoyin M.Olagoke Temilola O.Oluseyi Kelechi L.Njoku Stuart Harrad mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Faculty of ScienceUniversity of LagosAkokaLagos101017Nigeria Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceUniversity of LagosAkokaLagos101017Nigeria School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUnited Kingdom

Novel brominated flame retardants(NBFRs)are a group of chemicals applied mainly as alternatives to the phased-out polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs).However,toxicological studies show that NBFRs may pose health risks similar to *** present study reviews available information on the biomonitoring of NBFRs and their metabolites in humans through invasive and non-invasive biomarkers,as well as the toxicological effects of these chemicals both in vivo and in *** general,higher concentrations of NBFRs were reported in tissues of occupationally exposed adults from NBFR production facilities,e-waste recycling facilities and inhabitants living close to these areas,compared to the general *** is worth noting that NBFR human biomonitoring data are limited to few countries located in North America,Europe and Asia,while data from developing countries are *** from in vivo and in vitro toxicity studies show that several NBFRs can cause adverse health effects through various modes of action,mainly:hormone disruption,genotoxicity,endocrine disruption,and behavioural *** few studies have investigated the biotransformation of NBFRs in humans,evidence suggests that the toxicity of some NBFRs may be augmented through their metabolites,as in the case of 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid(TBBA),which may exhibit higher toxicity than its parent compound 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate(EH-TBB).More research is required to assess toxicity thresholds,toxic endpoints,and tolerable intakes for various NBFRs,and their metabolites in *** epidemiological studies are highly recommended to further understand the risk arising from human exposure to different NBFRs,particularly in occupational settings.

关键词： NBFRs Human biomonitoring Human exposure Biomarkers Metabolites

The utility of X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry as a tool for monitoring compliance with limits on concentrations of halogenated flame retardants in waste polymers:A critical review

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Emerging Contaminants 2022年第1期8卷 9-20页

作者： Misbah Alghamdi mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Stuart Harrad School of Geography Earthand Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK

This study reviews current knowledge about the presence of brominated and chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants(BFRs and Cl-OPFRs)in plastic consumer articles,with particular reference to the potential as a result of recycling,for such chemicals to unintentionally contaminate articles in which flame retardants are not *** minimize such unintentional contamination,jurisdictions such as the EU(European Union)have introduced limits on concentrations of some BFRs in waste plastics,with articles exceeding such limits prevented from being *** technical and economic constraints associated with the conventional methods for determining compliance with such limit values exist,leading to less specific,but simpler,more rapid,and less expensive methods such as portable X-ray fluorescence(XRF)spectrometry being identified as possible *** paper thus examines the evidence that XRF offers a viable method for checking compliance with existing and possible future limits on BFRs and Cl-OPFRs in waste plastics and identifies future research priorities.

关键词： Waste plastics Low POP concentration limits PBDEs HBCDD Chlorinated organophosphate esters XRF screening

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment

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Emerging Contaminants 2017年第1期3卷 1-16页

作者： Anekwe Jennifer Ebele mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Stuart Harrad School of Geography Earthand Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUnited Kingdom Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of PharmacyAssiut University71526 AssiutEgypt

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low *** increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and ***,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic *** environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity *** literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five ***,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.

关键词： Pharmaceuticals and personal care products Aquatic environment WWTPs Sediment Persistence Biaccumulation Fate and behaviour

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor dust from France, Kazakhstan and Nigeria: Implications for human exposure

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Emerging Contaminants 2016年第2期2卷 73-79页

作者： mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Michael Bressi Temilola Oluseyi Stuart Harrad Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of GeographyEarthand Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUnited Kingdom Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of PharmacyAssiut University71526AssiutEgypt Department of Chemistry University of LagosAkokaLagosNigeria European Commission Joint Research CentreInstitute for Environment and SustainabilityIspra(VA)Italy

Concentrations of hexabromocyclododecane isomers(α-,β-and γ-HBCDs)and tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBP-A)were measured-for the first time-in indoor dust from homes,offices and cars from France,Kazakhstan and Nigeria.∑HBCDs in French and Kazakhstani house dust(median=1351 and 280 ng g^-1,respectively)were consistent with previous reports from the UK and Romania,*** of ∑HBCDs in Nigerian domestic dust(median=394 ng g^-1)were substantially higher than those reported from Egyptian *** general,concentrations of ∑HBCDs in the studied microenvironments were higher than those of TBBP-A,which may be attributed to the major application of TBBP-A as a reactive flame retardant;rendering its release to dust more *** analysis revealed significantly lower ∑HBCDs in French houses than those found in both offices and cars,while ∑HBCDs in cars from Kazakhstan were higher(P<0.05)than those in homes and ***,TBBP-A concentrations in car dust from Nigeria were lower than those found in homes and *** estimates revealed higher intake of HBCDs and TBBP-A by toddlers via indoor dust ingestion compared to *** with their low body weight,this can raise concerns over the potential adverse health effects of such high exposure in toddlers.

关键词： Hexabromocyclododecane Tetrabromobisphenol-A Dust France Kazakhstan Nigeria

Concentrations of organophosphate esters in drinking water from the United Kingdom:Implications for human exposure

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Emerging Contaminants 2023年第1期9卷 76-84页

作者： Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi Layla Salih Al-Omran mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Stuart Harrad School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences University of BirminghamBirminghamUK Department of Chemical Sciences Tai Solarin University of EducationIjebu-OdeOgun StateNigeria Department of Chemistry College of ScienceUniversity of BasrahBasrahIraq

Data on the presence of organophosphate esters(OPEs)in drinking water and its significance as a pathway of exposure are *** this study,we measure for the first time,concentrations of eight OPEs in 50 UK drinking water *** mean concentrations of ∑8OPEs were:6.4 and 11 ng/L in bottled(n=25)and tap water samples(n=25),*** of ∑8OPEs in tap water(mean:11 ng/L)exceed significantly those in bottled water(mean:6.4 ng/L)(p˂0.01).Moreover,UK tap water is more contaminated with chlorinated,aryl-,and alkyl-OPEs than bottled *** predominant OPEs detected were:tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate(TBOEP),tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP),and tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP)with arithmetic mean concentrations in the two water sample types ranging between(3.5e3.8 ng/L),(0.60-3.0 ng/L),and(1.02-2.9 ng/L),*** daily intakes(EDIs)(mean and high-end exposure)via drinking water for different sectors of the UK population were:infants(0.93 and 6.4 ng/kg bw/day)˃toddlers(0.46 and 3.1 ng/kg bw/day)˃children(0.35 and 2.3 ng/kg bw/day)˃adults(0.28 and 2.1 ng/kg bw/day).Based on these data,exposure to ∑8OPEs via drinking water is much lower than via:food,indoor dust ingestion,inhalation,and dermal uptake for adults and ***,our EDIs were lower than relevant reference dose(RfD)***,combining our drinking water ingestion data with exposure via other pathways revealed overall exposure to 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP)and TCIPP to approach health-based limit values for UK toddlers under a high-end exposure scenario.

关键词： Daily intakes Tap water Reference dose and high-end exposure scenario

Temporal trends in concentrations of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in house dust from Birmingham in the United Kingdom

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 323-329页

作者： Daniel Simon Drage Sonthinee Waiyarat Stuart Harrad mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Suwanna Kitpati Boontanon School of Geography Earth&Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of EngineeringMahidol UniversityNakhon PathomThailand

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD),tetrabromobisphenol-A(TBBPA)and two potential replacements decabromodiphenylethane(DBDPE)and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane(BTBPE)were measured in dust samples collected from 14 homes across Birmingham(UK).Concentrations were compared with those from the same city in previous studies to ascertain any temporal changes and to assess the effects of legislative *** average PHBCDDs concentration(46,000 ng/g;median=280 ng/g)included the highest dust concentration recorded globally(570,000 ng/g).This is despite the listing of HBCDD under the Stockholm Convention in 2013,demonstrating that decreases in indoor contamination will likely be slow as existing sources are gradually *** contrast,concentrations of BDE-47(mean=5.7 ng/g;median=0.93 ng/g)and BDE-99(mean=11 ng/g;median=2.9 ng/g)were significantly lower than in all previous(p<0.01)studies in the same city since 2006,suggesting restrictions on the Penta-BDE formulation have been *** average BDE-209 concentration(4800 ng/g;median=1600 ng/g)is lower than the peak average concentration,which was observed in 2007(280,000 ng/g),however this is not a significant decline,probably due to the later imposition of Deca-BDE restrictions compared to those on *** in PBDE concentrations have coincided with a significant(p<0.01)increase in DBDPE concentrations(average=1500 ng/g;median=660 ng/g)since 2014,suggesting its use as a replacement flame retardant for *** no significant change was detected for BTBPE(average 11 ng/g;median=0.84 ng/g in this study);concentrations of TBBPA(average=34 ng/g;median=35 ng/g)were significantly lower(p<0.05)than in 2007(average 62 ng/g).The decreases observed in PBDE concentrations,demonstrates that legislation has been effective in reducing the commercial use of PBDEs,however this has coincided with increases of alternative flame retardants such as DBDPE.

关键词： Brominated Flame Retardants(BFRs) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) Hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD) Decabromodiphenyl ethane(DBDPE) Stockholm convention Tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA) BTBPE

Occurrence,seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water,groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State,Nigeria

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 124-132页

作者： Anekwe Jennifer Ebele Temilola Oluseyi Daniel S.Drage Stuart Harrad mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management School of GeographyEarthand Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Chemistry Department University of LagosLagosNigeria Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of PharmacyAssiut University71526AssiutEgypt

The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,*** most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,*** is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial *** frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local *** concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian *** revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,*** there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.

关键词： Pharmaceuticals and personal care products PPCPs Freshwater Ground water Drinking water Seasonal variation Human exposure Nigeria

Status of brominated flame retardants,polychlorinated biphenyls,and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and indoor dust in AFRICA:A review

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Emerging Contaminants 2020年第1期6卷 405-420页

作者： Olumide Emmanuel Akinrinade William Stubbings mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Olusegun Ayejuyo Rose Alani Stuart Harrad School of Geography Earthand Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Chemistry University of LagosLagosNigeria

While many African countries are signatories of the United Nations’Environment Programme(UNEP)Stockholm Convention aimed at eradication or reduction of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in the environment,many such countries have limited financial and technical capacities to either combat the effects of POPs or effect their removal from the *** those chemicals listed as POPs under the Stockholm Convention are polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),and hexabromocyclododecane(HBCDD).Also of concern are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH),which are listed under the UN Economic Commission for Europe(UN-ECE)’s protocol on long range transboundary air pollution(LRTAP).This review examines the state of knowledge pertaining to concentration levels and trends of these contaminants in air(both indoor and outdoor)and indoor dust in *** there being no known manufacture of PBDEs or HBCDD in Africa,concentrations in air of these contaminants in Africa are comparable to those in continents where the chemicals were initially produced and known to be widely *** data were available to discern any temporal trend in concentrations of the target ***,the evidence highlights sources of PCBs,PBDEs,and HBCDD in Africa to include obsolete electrical and electronic equipment and informal handling and treatment of electronic *** concentrations of PAHs in air and in indoor dust are *** of PAHs in indoor dust can be significantly influenced by outdoor sources,particularly vehicular emissions leading to higher concentrations in urban *** the current and projected increase in African urbanisation and demand for consumer goods,there is substantial potential for concentrations of PBDEs,HBCDD,PCBs,and PAHs to rise in the near *** is therefore a need for long-term monitoring of concentrations of these chemicals in air and indoor dust at a range of locations acros

关键词： POPs PBDEs HBCDD PCBs PAHs

Organophosphate esters in indoor and outdoor dust from Iraq:Implications for human exposure

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Emerging Contaminants 2021年第1期7卷 204-212页

作者： Layla Salih Al-Omran Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi William A.Stubbings Daniel S.Drage mohamed abou-elwafa abdallah Stuart Harrad Department of Chemistry College of ScienceUniversity of BasrahBasrahIraq School of Geography Earthand Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUnited Kingdom

Concentrations of 6 organophosphate esters(OPEs)were determined in 60 indoor(ID)and outdoor(OD)dust samples collected from 20 homes from Basrah,*** each home,two ID samples were collected,one from elevated surfaces(ESD)and one from the floor(FD)of the living room;while the OD samples were collected from the front yard of the same *** S6OPEs concentrations in dust samples ranged between 681 and 17900 ng/g with median concentrations of 5950,3590 and 1550 ng/g in ESD,FD and OD samples,*** OPEs were the most abundant compounds,contributing mean percentages of 88%,85%and 78%toΣ_(6)OPEs in ESD,FD and OD,respectively,with tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TCIPP)*** of our target OPEs in ESD significantly exceeded those in FD(p<0.05)for tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP)and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate(TDCIPP).Ratios of median concentrations of OPEs in ID:OD ranged from 1.5 for tri-n-butyl phosphate(TNBP)to 8.0 for TCEP,indicating the significance of indoor *** of chlorinated OPEs in ID were moderately correlated(R=0.522-0.591,P<0.05)with those in OD samples,suggesting interchange of OPEs between the two *** of OPEs in OD from houses with a contiguous front yard car porch exceeded those in OD from houses without a car porch and were significantly higher(P<0.05)for TCEP,TCIPP and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate(EHDPP).Emissions from parked cars and the associated home are likely sources of OPEs in the OD *** on the concentrations reported here,the estimated daily intake(EDI)for the Iraqi population through house dust ingestion are all well below the relevant reference dose(RfD)values.

关键词： OPEs Indoor dust Outdoor dust Human exposure