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Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Lower-Level Health Care Facilities of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania: Status towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Way Forward

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 279-295页

作者： Mariam Mahamudu Hussein mohamed Michael Habtu Dennis Rweyemamu Anyitike Mwakitalima Amour Seleman Erick Mgina Khalid Massa Grace Saguti Andre Arsene Bita fouda Zabulon Yoti Ministry of Health Dodoma Tanzania Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar es Salaam Tanzania Regional Office for Africa World Health Organization Brazzaville Republic of the Congo National Institute for Medical Research Dar es Salaam Tanzania

Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.

关键词： Dispensaries Low Level Health Care Facilities Service Levels Basic WASH Dar es Salaam

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid by cationic arylthiophenes as new eco-friendly inhibitors: Experimental and quantum chemical study

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2021年第12期34卷 197-217页

作者： Abd El-Aziz S.fouda mohamed A.Ismail Abdulraqeb A.Al-Khamri Ashraf S.Abousalem Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceEl-Mansoura UniversityEl-Mansoura 35516Egypt Department of Chemistry Faculty of EducationArts and SciencesUniversity of Saba RegionMaribYemen Quality Control Laboratory Operations DepartmentJotunEgypt

This study describes the adsorption behavior of three arylthiophene derivatives namely:2-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-5-[4-methoxy phenyl] thiophene dihydrochloride salt(MA-1217),2-(4-amidinophenyl)-5-[4-chlorophenyll thiophene dihydrochloride salt(MA-1316) and 2-(4-amidino-3-fluorophenyl)-5-[4-ch lorophenyllthiophene dihydrochloride salt(MA-1312) at C-steel in 1.0 mol·L^(-1) HCl interface using experimental and theoretical *** and mass loss measurements showed that the inhibition efficiency(IE) of the arylthiophene derivatives increases with increasing concentrations and exhibited maximum efficiency 89% at 21×10^(-6) mol·L^(-1)(MA-1217) by mass loss *** investigated arylthiophene derivatives obey the Langmuir adsorption *** polarization studies the arylthiophene derivatives act as mixed-type *** analysis were carried out and *** mode of orientation and adsorption of inhibitor molecules on C-steel surface was studied using molecular dynamics(MD) *** chemical parameters as well as the radial distribution function indices and binding energies confirm the experimental results.

关键词： Carbon steel Corrosion inhibition Adsorption Arylthiophene derivatives Polarization Electrochemical frequency modulation

Experimental and computational chemical studies on the cationic furanylnicotinamidines as novel corrosion inhibitors in aqueous solutions

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020年第2期28卷 477-491页

作者： Abdelaziz S.fouda mohamed A.Ismail Rabab M.Abou-shahba Walaa A.Husien Esraa S.EL-Habab Ashraf S.Abousalem Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceEl-Mansoura UniversityEl-Mansoura 35516Egypt Department of Chemistry Faculty of ScienceAl-Azhar UniversityEgypt Quality Control Laboratory Operation DepartmentJOTUNEgypt

The corrosion inhibition action of three newly synthesized furanylnicotinamidine derivatives namely: 6-[5-{4(dimethylamino)phenyl}furan-2-yl]nicotinamidine(MA-1256), 6-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)furan-2-yl]nicotinamidine(MA-1266), and 6-[5-{4-(dimethylamino)phenyl}furan-2-yl]nicotinonitrile(MA-1250) on carbon steel(C-steel) was investigated in 1.0 mol·L-1 HCl solution by weight loss(WL), potentiodynamic polarization(PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), and electrochemical frequency modulation(EFM)techniques. Morphological analysis was performed on the uninhibited and inhibited C-steel using atomic force microscope(AFM) and Infrared Spectroscopy(ATR-IR) methods. The effect of temperature was studied and discussed. Inspection of experimental results revealed that the inhibition efficiency(IE) increases with the incremental addition of inhibitors and with elevating the temperature of the acid media. The adsorption of furanylnicotinamidine derivatives on C-steel follows Temkin’s isotherm. PP studies indicated that the investigated compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors and showed that p-dimethylaminophenyl furanylnicotinamidine derivative(MA-1256) was the most efficient inhibitor among the other studied derivatives with IE reached(95%)at 21 × 10-6 mol·L-1. MA-1266 is highly soluble in aqueous solution and has non-toxicity profile with LC50 N 37 mg·L-1. Thus, MA-1266 can be a promising green corrosion inhibitor candidate with IE N 91% at 21× 10-6 mol·L-1. The experiments were coupled with computational chemical theories such as quantum chemical and molecular dynamic methods. The experimental results were in good agreement with the computational outputs.

关键词： Acid corrosion C-steel Furanylnicotinamidines Green inhibitor Computational chemical methods

Effect of Catharanthus roseus (Vince rosea) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2016年第10期7卷 654-671页

作者： Rabab mohamed Abou Shahba Abd El-Aziz El-Sayed fouda Azza El-Sayed El-Shenawy Amina Salah mohamed Osman Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science El-Azhar University Nasr city Egypt Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science El-Mansoura University El-Mansoura Egypt

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel by Catharanthus roseus (Vince rosea) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts as green inhibitors in 1 M HCl solutions has been investigated by using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), hydrogen evolution measurements and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Results obtained show that these investigated compounds are good inhibitors and act as mixed type inhibitors. The inhibition efficiencies increase with increasing inhibitor concentration. The SEM results show the formation of protective film on the mild steel surface in the presence of Catharanthus roseus and Turmeric extracts. The results obtained from different tested techniques are in good agreement.

关键词： Catharanthus roseus Extract Turmeric Extracts Mild Steel

取代的苯基-N苯氨基甲酸酯作为铁在盐酸中的缓蚀剂

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清洗世界 1991年第4期15卷 25-29页

作者： A. S. fouda S. S. Elkaabi A. K. mohamed

用恒电流极化测定方法研究了一些取代的苯基-N苯氨基甲酸酯对铁在2NHCl溶液中的缓蚀作用。用不同浓度的缓蚀剂进行研究表明这些化合物是作为混合型缓蚀剂起缓蚀作用的,研究结果表明添加剂(缓蚀剂)通过苯氧基中的氧原子和NH基中N原子的... 详细信息

用恒电流极化测定方法研究了一些取代的苯基-N苯氨基甲酸酯对铁在2NHCl溶液中的缓蚀作用。用不同浓度的缓蚀剂进行研究表明这些化合物是作为混合型缓蚀剂起缓蚀作用的,研究结果表明添加剂(缓蚀剂)通过苯氧基中的氧原子和NH基中N原子的吸附作用降低腐蚀率,这些化合物的缓蚀性能取决于浓度和它的化学组成。用电化学测定验证了电毛细测定的结果它们是一致的,计算监讨论了缓蚀剂吸附作用的热力学参数。

关键词：缓蚀作用缓蚀性能苯氨基甲酸酯苯氧基吸附作用缓蚀效率电化学测定腐蚀率恒电流测定方法研究

Criteria for Aggregating Sustainable Development Indicators as a Way of Modeling Through “Live and Work” City Index

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Journal of Architectural Research and Development 2018年第4期2卷 12-30页

作者： Yasser ElSayed fouda Deena mohamed Elkhazendar Department of Architectural Engineering Faculty of EngineeringTanta UniversityTantaEgypt College of Architectural Engineering and Digital Design Engineering Dar Al Uloom University Riyadh 11512Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Measuring and comparing sustainable development levels of cities,regions,and projects are an essential procedure in creating and maintaining sustainable urban *** a new urban sustainable development assessment model:The Live and Work(LaW)City *** an indicator-based sustainable development indexing model,it aims to assist planners and policy makers in their decisionmaking procedures and development of cities by providing an integrated assessment *** efforts were done to develop composite indicators,but it was concluded that most of them focused on environmental dimensions and neglected the overlapping of the other influential *** paper gives an overview of the nature and importance of composite indicators and how it can be structured and implemented precisely;overcoming its drawbacks,to gauge and rank the performance of cities across the demands of people,planet,and profit,as a way of achieving the LaW balance *** methodology of the model is developed by following a set of logical steps such as weighing,normalization,and aggregation of individual *** here,a functional form for aggregation was derived to compute the ***,the structure of the model was illustrated in the form of a pie/radar *** visualized LaW city index has the communicative advantage of being easy to convey comparative levels of different *** total values computed could be used to rank cities in a tabular format and gauge their comparable sustainable development performance *** model can also estimate the sustainable development outcomes of alternative development scenarios during different year’s *** can be achieved by stacking up different model scenarios;making it a relatively simple exercise for both the general public and decision makers to comprehend.

关键词： Sustainable development knowledge-based urban development urban assessment composite indicators indicator-based assessment

Rubber band ligation for 750 cases of symptomatic hemorrhoids out of 2200 cases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第42期14卷 6525-6530页

作者： Ayman M El Nakeeb Amir A Fikry Waleed H Omar Elyamani M fouda Tito A El Metwally Hosam E Ghazy Sabry A Badr Mohmed Y Abu Elkhar Salih M Elawady Hisham H Abd Elmoniam Waiel W Khafagy Mosaad M Morshed Ramadan E El Lithy mohamed E Farid Department of General Surgery Colorectal unit Mansoura University Hospital Mansoura 335111 Egypt

AIM: To study the results for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids using rubber band ligation (RBL) method. METHODS: A retrospective study for 750 patients who came to the colorectal unit from June, 1998 to September, 2006, data was retrieved from archived fi les. RBL was performed using the Mc Gown applicator on an outpatient basis. The patients were asked to return to out-patient clinic for follow up at 2 wk, 1 mo, 6 mo and through telephone call every 6 mo for 2 years). RESULTS: After RBL, 696 patients (92.8%) were cured with no difference in outcome for second or third degree hemorrhoids (P = 0.31). Symptomatic recurrence was detected in 11.04% after 2 years. A total of 52 patients (6.93%) had 77 complications from RBL which required no hospitalization. Complications were pain, rectal bleeding and vaso-vagal symptoms(4.13%, 4.13% and 1.33% of patients, respectively). At 1 mo there were a significant improvement in mean SF-36 scores over baseline in five items, while after 2 years there were improvement in all items over baseline, but not significant. No significant manometeric changes after band ligation. CONCLUSION: RBL is a simple, safe and effective method for treating symptomatic second and third degree hemorrhoids as an out patient procedure with signifi cant improvement in quality of life. RBL doesn't alter ano-rectal functions.

关键词：痔疮直肠出血痔切除术症状