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Assessment of Some Secondary Metabolites, Minerals and Alcohol Content of Noni Juice Obtained by Fermentation of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruit from Senegal

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第7期15卷 577-588页

作者： Ndèye Adiara Ndiaye Mame Ndew mbaye Lahat Niang modou Dieng Nicolas Cyrille Ayessou Ndeye Coumba Kane Touré Laboratory of Microbiology Graduate School Polytechnique (ESP)-UCAD Dakar Senegal Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Biology Graduate School Polytechnique (ESP)-UCAD Dakar Senegal Water Energy Environment and Industrial Processes Laboratory (LE3PI) Graduate School Polytechnique (ESP)-UCAD Dakar Senegal University Sine Saloum El Hadj Ibrahima Niass (USSEIN) Kaolack Senegal

The fruit of Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as noni, has an extensive history of use as a food and traditional medicine around the world. Adding value to Morinda citrifolia L. products, particularly the fruit, could be one way of building resilience in vulnerable farming households. The aim of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite and mineral composition of noni juice obtained by fermenting the fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. Fruits were collected in August 2022 from the local field in Thiès region, West of Senegal. Extraction yields were determined and the secondary metabolites were determined using conventional analytical methods. Calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium and potassium were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with a CCD detector. The results show that an average fruit mass (503.2 ± 110.96 g) consists of 171.44 ± 50.01 g pulp and 34.06 ± 10.35 g seeds. The traditional extraction yield of noni juice is 16.46% after three weeks of fermentation. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins obtained in noni are 608.97 ± 4.53 mg EAG/100mL, 7.78 ± 0.01 mg EQ/100mL and 0.191 ± 0.01 mg EC/100mL respectively. The ethanol content of noni varies from 3.57 to 5.23 mL/100mL during extraction. Noni has a high calcium content with a concentration of 383.79 ± 33.23 mg/L. This is followed by a good concentration of magnesium, potassium and sodium, at 278.47 ± 26.30, 187.43 ± 10.7 and 155.95 ± 28.66 mg/L respectively. Noni also has an iron content of 202.15 ± 0.05 mg/L.

关键词： Morinda citrifolia L. Juice Alcohol Total Phenols Flavonoids Tannins Minerals

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Preventive Effect of an Extract of Terminalia avicennioides on Acetylcholine-Induced Tracheoconstriction in Wistar Strain Rats

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Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases 2024年第2期14卷 60-68页

作者： Awa Ba-Diop Ndèye Absa Diaw Ibrahima Diouf mbaye Sène Ouafae Kechaba Mamadou Sarr modou Oumy Kane Physiology Laboratory Department of Medicine Alioune Diop University of Bambey Bambey Senegal IRL3189 Environment Health Societies CNRS-UCAD Dakar Senegal Department of Physiology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar Dakar Senegal Department of Physiology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine UFR Sante Assane SECK University of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Senegal

Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory pathologies worldwide. The cost of its treatment, particularly for populations in developing countries like Senegal, requires an alternative which consists of developing research into new therapeutic approaches with the use of plants from traditional pharmacopoeia. The objective of this study was to determine whether the hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia avicennioides leaves has a preventive effect on the constriction of tracheal smooth muscle induced by Acetylcholine in Wistar strain rats. Methods: The species used in our experiments were male Wistar rats aged between 12 and 14 weeks. Rings of rat trachea were suspended in isolated organ chambers connected to tension sensors. Two pharmacological agents were used: acetylcholine, for its constrictor effect and adrenaline, for its dilating effect on the pulmonary trachea. Our plant material consisted of a hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia avicennioides leaves. The experimental protocol was that of the preventive model which consisted of impregnating these rings with the extract at a defined concentration then testing its contractility in the presence of Acetylcholine which was the contractile agonist used in this study. The preventive effect of the extract was studied with an Acetylcholine contraction range on rings pre-incubated with Terminalia avicennioides extract. Results: The results showed that Acetylcholine contracts the trachea and the increase in its contractility was dependent on the dose of Ach added cumulatively (10−5 to 4 × 10−5 mol/l). The administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of Terminalia avicennioides leaves led to a modification of the contractile response to Acetylcholine. Indeed, this extract induced a significant attenuation of the contractile responses of the treated tracheal rings compared to those untreated. Conclusion: Terminalia avicennioides had a relaxing effect on tracheal smooth muscle and this effect

关键词： Bronchial Hyperreactivity Extract Hydroalcoholic of Terminalia Avicennioides Asthma

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Contribution of Sentinel-2/Landsat-8 OLI Images to Extracting Vegetation Cover and Wetlands Area in Urban Zones: Case of the Dakar Region (Senegal)

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2021年第4期13卷 523-537页

作者： Dome Tine Gayane Faye Omar Marico modou mbaye Landing Biaye Mbagnick Faye Guilgane Faye Département de Géographie Chercheur Associé au Laboratoire de Télédétection Appliquée (LTA) Institut des Sciences de la Terre (IST) Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar Dakar Sénégal Laboratoire de Télédétection Appliquée (LTA) Institut des Sciences de la Terre (IST) Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar Dakar Sénégal Département de Géographie Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar Dakar Sénégal

Urban areas house vegetation cover in several forms, fulfilling several ecological functions like thermal regulator, biodiversity, air quality, etc. However, their extent is often not very well known, especially in African cities, making it sometimes difficult to assess their real impact on the urban ecosystem functioning. This work aims to analyse the capacity of satellite sensors for mapping vegetation and wetlands in urban areas. The data produced by the MSI sensors of Sentinel 2 and OLI of Landsat-8 are used to identify and map the vegetation cover in the Dakar region through a supervised classification with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The results show that it is sometimes not very easy to analyse urban vegetation with high spatial resolution images (HRS) resulting from the configuration of the vegetation in an urban environment, sometimes characterized by isolated trees or small green spaces. This explains why Sentinel-2 data which spatial resolution of 10 meters gives a better result compared to Landsat-8 data which is 30 meters. However, a good rendering is noted for the vegetation around the wetlands area for the two sensors resulting from the high density and the size of the vegetated perimeters in this part of the capital. Overall, there is an underestimation of urban vegetation cover, particularly for Landsat-8. The use of very high spatial resolution images could be necessary to better assess the potential of satellite data for monitoring urban vegetation in Sahelian context.

关键词： Remote Sensing Urban Area Vegetation Wetland Area Dakar

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Complementarity of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Data for Mapping Agricultural Areas in Senegal

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Advances in Remote Sensing 2020年第3期9卷 101-115页

作者： Gayane Faye Fama Mbengue Lacina Coulibaly Mamadou Adama Sarr modou mbaye Amath Tall Dome Tine Omar Marigo Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacke Ndour Laboratoire de Télédétection Appliquée Institut des Sciences de la Terre Cheikh Anta DIOP University of Dakar (LTA/IST/UCAD) Dakar Senegal Laboratoire de Géomatique Environnementale école de Foresterie Université de Moncton Nouveau-Brunswick Canada Centre de Suivi Ecologique (CSE) of Dakar Dakar Senegal Laboratoire d’études et de Recherche en Statistique et Développement UFR de Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie Département de Mathématiques Appliquées Université Gaston BERGER of Saint-Louis Dakar Senegal Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agriculture (ENSA) Thies University Thies Senegal UFR Science de l’Ingenieur Thies University Thies Senegal

The small size of agricultural plots is the main difficulty for crops mapping with remote sensing data in the Sahelian region of Africa. The study aims to combine Sentinel-1 (radar) and Sentinel-2 (Optic) data to discriminate millet, maize and peanut crops. Training plots were used in order to analyse temporal variation of the three crops’ signals. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was able to differentiate crops only at the end of the rainy season (October). The optical data as well as the radar ones could not easily discriminate the three crops during the growing season, because in that period vegetation cover is low, and soil contribution to the signals (due to roughness and moisture) was more important than that of real vegetation. However, the ratio of VH/VV (VH: incident signal in vertical polarization and reflected signal in horizontal polarization;VV: incident signal in vertical polarization and reflected signal in horizontal polarization) gave a difference between millet and the two other crops at the beginning cultural season (July 11). Difference appears from the second third of September when the harvest of cereals crops (millet and maize) began. From middle of October, the peanut signal dropped sharply thus facilitating the differentiation of peanut from the two other crops. This analysis led to the identification of data that have could be used to discriminate these crops (useful data). Classification of the combined useful data gave an overall high accuracy of 82%, with 96%, 61% and 65% for peanut, maize and millet, respectively. The non-agricultural areas (water, natural vegetation, habit, bare soil) were well classified with an accuracy greater than 90%.

关键词： Agricultural Areas Remote Sensing Sentinel-1 Sentinel-2 Senegal

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Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of Water Lilies Seeds, Neglected and Underused Species in the Delta and Lower Valley of the Senegal River

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2022年第6期13卷 756-765页

作者： Fatou Kine Gueye Lahat Niang Birane Dieng modou Fall Gueye Nicolas Cyrilles Ayessou Mame Samba mbaye Kandioura Noba Laboratory of Botany-Biodiversity (L.B.B.) Department of Plant Biology University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénéga Laboratory of Botany-Biodiversity (L.B.B.) Department of Plant Biology University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Sénégal Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Membrane Processes (LEPM) Dakar Sénégal Center for Studies on Food Safety and Functional Molecules (CESAM-RESCIF) ESP-UCAD Dakar Sénégal

Studies carried out in the delta and the lower valley have demonstrated, through ethnobotanical surveys, the importance of the species Nymphaea lotus L. and Nymphaea micrantha Guill. et Perr in the diet. The seeds are used in food and pharmacopoeia with a good appreciation by the indigenous population, especially in the diet of diabetics. However, studies on their biochemical aspects are still very rare in the literature. It is for this reason that this study was conducted to gather useful scientific information to allow a better appreciation of the pharmacological potentialities of these seeds. To do so, seeds were collected in ponds, tributaries of the Senegal River, dried in the shade, and divided into three different batches: a batch of red seeds of N. lotus, a batch of black seeds of N. lotus, and a batch of seeds of N. micrantha. Chemical screening, tannin, flavonoid, and polyphenol assays as well as antioxidant power of the seeds were carried out according to official standard methods. The results obtained in the qualitative analysis showed the presence of a high quantity of tannins, total phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, as well as a lower quantity of cardiac glycosides and the absence of anthracene compounds and saponosides in the seeds. The assay showed that Tannins are the highest (38.118 ± 0.021 to 118.132 ± 0.034 mg EAT/g DM) followed by flavonoids (24.057 ± 0.113 to 31.970 ± 0.087 mg EC/g DM) and polyphenols which are the lowest (0.544 ± 0.054 to 1.955 ± 0.120 mg EAG/g DM). In addition, these seeds have a high antioxidant power with high inhibition percentages, ranging from 83.92% ± 1.40% to 87.67% ± 0.16%. The promotion of their consumption could thus have a positive impact on the health of the populations of the Senegal River valley.

关键词： Water Lilies Women of the Senegal River Valley Food Security Neglected and Underused Species (NUS)

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Congenital Heart Disease in Rural Senegal: A Retrospective Study of 79 Patients

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2023年第1期13卷 43-49页

作者： Babacar Niang Aminata mbaye Djibril Boiro Aliou Abdoulaye Ndongo Mame Diarra Thiam Aliou Thiongane modou Guéye Amadou Lamine Fall Ousmane Ndiaye Albert Royer Children’s Hospital Dakar Sénégal Abass Ndao Hospital Dakar Sénégal

Introduction: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a malformation of the heart present at birth and resulting from a developmental defect during embryonic life. The aim was to assess CHD in rural areas. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 2 years in rural Senegal. Results: During the study period, we collected 79 patients with CHD, representing a hospital prevalence of 2.6%. The mean age at diagnosis was 17.05 months and the sex ratio was 1.19. The mean birth weight was 2826 g. The main comorbidities were anaemia (54.43%) and respiratory infections 38 cases (48.10%). Respiratory distress was the most common sign with 98.73%. Radiological cardiomegaly was noted in 86.7%. The most frequent CHD were interventricular septal defect (IVD) 21.51% and atrial septal defect (ASD) 8.86%. No patient was able to receive surgical treatment. Seven children died (8.86%) and 21 children were lost to follow-up (26.58%). On Doppler echocardiography, 16.45% of the patients had pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Conclusion: In light of this work, emphasis should be placed on the quality of antenatal consultations, the quality of management and the regular availability of echocardiography and a cardio-paediatrician in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.

关键词： Heart Disease Congenital Children Senegal

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Assessment of Insulin Therapy in 281 Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Senegal

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2022年第1期12卷 283-292页

作者： Djibril Boiro Amadou Sow Aliou Abdoulaye Ndongo Idrissa Basse Lamine Thiam Ndiogou Seck Cheha Fatoumia Babacar Niang modou Guéye Maïmouna Ndour mbaye Ousmane Ndiaye Abass Ndao Hospital Dakar Senegal Aristide Le Dantec Hospital Dakar Senegal Diamniadio Children’s Hospital Dakar Senegal Ziguinchor Peace Hospital Dakar Senegal Saint Louis Regional Hospital Dakar Senegal Albert Royer Children’s Hospital Dakar Senegal

Introduction: In Senegal, with the CDIC “Changing Diabetes In children” project, insulin has been made free. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accessibility and modalities of insulin therapy in the management of type 1 diabetes. Methodology: This was a retrospective study including patients followed for type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in hospital between April 2018 and December 2020. Results: 281 patients were included. The mean age was 14.22 years. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.28 years. Ketoacidosis was the main mode of discovery of diabetes at 51.6%. Premix and rapid insulins were most commonly used at 84.7% and 82.9% respectively, most often in combination. The most commonly used treatment regimen was three injections/day in 82.5% of cases. The average daily insulin dose was 0.62 IU/Kg/dr. Of the patients, 219 (78%) were self-monitoring of blood glucose. The average number of blood glucose checks was 1.78 per day. 76 patients (27%) went days without an insulin injection and up to 7 days in 51% of cases. The main reasons were forgetfulness, therapeutic errors and stock-outs. Hypoglycaemia was observed in 14.2%. The average glycated haemoglobin was 10%. Conclusion: Despite the efforts made, there are still challenges to improve access to insulin. The reinforcement of therapeutic education on insulin therapy is essential for a better quality of life of diabetic children and adolescents.

关键词： Diabetes Children Insulin Therapy Senegal

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Neonatal Mortality in Rural Area in Senegal

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2022年第2期12卷 325-331页

作者： Aliou Mar Coundoul Amadou Sow modou Gueye Djibril Boiro Fatou Ndiaye Guilaye Diagne Aminata mbaye Awa Kane Mohameth Mbodj Khadim Bop Serigne Tawa Ndiaye Papa Souleye Sow Ndeye Fatou Sow Mame Aita Seck Mohamed Fattah Papa Moctar Faye Amadou Lamine Fall Ousmane Ndiaye Albert Royer National Hospital Center Dakar Senegal Abass Ndao Hospital Center Dakar Senegal

Most newborn deaths occur in two regions of the world, South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In Senegal, much progress has been made over the past two decades with a reduction in overall infant mortality by 38%. However, the decline in neonatal mortality has been slower during the same period. The objective of this study is to assess neonatal mortality, to determine the different causes and to make recommendations for improving care in rural areas. This is a retrospective study with a descriptive and analytical aim carried out in the pediatrics department of the Diourbel regional hospital, 130 km from Dakar, the Senegalese capital, over a 12-month period from January 1 to January 31, December 2018. All newborns hospitalized in the pediatric ward during the study period were included. Overall mortality was 30.6%, newborns between 0 and 7 days accounted for 90.6% of deaths, INBORNs accounted for 62.3% of deaths. Newborns whose mother’s age was between 20 and 35 years of age accounted for 69.3% of deaths. Newborns of first-time mothers accounted for 40.2% of deaths and those of multiparous mothers 31%. Newborns who did not reach term accounted for 58.9% of deaths. Newborns admitted for respiratory distress represented the majority of deaths 45.5% (n = 93) followed by those with low birth weight 32.5 (n = 65) followed by those with neurological manifestations 30.5 (n = 62). Conclusion: Neonatal mortality is very high in the Diourbel region and the main cause is the lack of human resources and a very insufficient technical platform. The fight against this mortality involves improving the technical platform and recruiting sufficient and well-trained staff.

关键词： Mortality Neonatal Rural Area Senegal

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Improving Postpartum Haemorrhage Management Using Simulation in Senegal: Midterm Results

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017年第13期7卷 1292-1299页

作者： Mamour Gueye Moussa Diallo Mame Diarra Ndiaye Gueye Omar Gasama Abdoul Aziz Diouf Mouhamadou Mansour Niang Mohamed Diadhiou Astou Coly Niassy Serigne modou Kane Gueye Marie Edouard Faye Dieme Magatte mbaye Philippe Marc Moreira Alassane Diouf Jean Charles Moreau Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic Aristide Le Dantec Teaching Hospital Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal

Objective: To assess a training approach in Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (EmONC) to strengthen skills of healthcare providers and reduce maternal mortality. Materials and methods: The approach was based on the skills training using the so-called “humanist” method and “life saving skills”. Simulated practice took place in the classroom through thirteen clinical stations summarizing the clinical skills on EmONC. The evaluation was done in all phases and the results were recorded in a database to document the progress of each learner. Results: We trained 432 providers in 10 months. The increase in technical achievements of each participant was documented through a database. The combination of training based on the model “learning by doing” has ensured learning and mastering all EmONC skills particularly postpartum haemorrhage management and reduced missed learning opportunities. Conclusion: The impact of training on postpartum haemorrhage management and maternal mortality is a major challenge in terms of prospects.

关键词： Emergency Obstetric Care Postpartum Haemorrhage Training Simulation

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Profile of Bone Mass and Its Determining Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: Case-Control Study

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2021年第4期11卷 143-158页

作者： Maïmouna Touré Cheikh A. B. Mané mbaye Sène Abdou K. Sow Ibrahima Diouf Mame S. Coly Awa Ba-Diop Mor Diaw Salimata D. Houndjo Arame Mbengue Fatou Bintou Sar modou O. Kane Mamadou Sarr Abdoulaye Ba Lamine Gueye Abdoulaye Samb Laboratory of Physiology and Functional Explorations Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Odontology Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physiology Faculty of Medicine Pharmacy and Odontology Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal Physiology Laboratory Faculty of Health Sciences Thies Senegal Faculty of Health and Sustainable Development University Alioune Diop Bambey Senegal IRL 3189 “EHS: Environment Health Societies” CNRS CNRST Bamoko Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, beyond its well-known cardiovascular and neurological complications, is now increasingly recognized as having deleterious effects on bone tissue. It’s thus presented as an independent risk factor for bone fragility with a considerable fracture risk relating to many more or less intricate parameters. The general objective of our study is to assess bone mass during type 2 diabetes in Senegalese women. Methodology: We had carried out a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected on the basis of a questionnaire. Then each of the subjects had undergone a complete clinical examination followed by a blood sample for a biological assessment of certain cardiovascular risk factors. Bone mass was measured using a bio-impedancemeter. Results: We recruited 88 women with type 2 diabetes and 83 healthy control women. The mean age of diabetic subjects was 52.7 years ± 6.8 (with extremes of 39 and 74 years). In control, the mean age was 51.0 ± 8.5 years (with extremes of 35 and 72 years). Among the diabetic subjects, 22 subjects or 25% practiced a regular walk against 27 (32.5%) in the control. Forty-three among the diabetic subjects (48.8%) were known hypertensive and followed. According to the body mass index, 71 patients (80.7%) were overweight compared to 59 (71.1%) controls. According to the waist size, 80 (90.9%) diabetic subjects had an elevated waist size compared to 69 control women (83.1%). Among diabetic subjects, 41 patients (46.5%) were hyperglycemic imbalance according to fasting blood glucose and 59 patients (67%) according to glycated hemoglobin level. Thirty-seven diabetics (42%), had both high fasting blood glucose and elevated glycated hemoglobin. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.68 ± 7.18 years. We found significantly higher bone mass in type 2 diabetic subjects (p = 0.03). Among diabetics, 27.3% had low bone mass compared to 36.

关键词： Bone Mass Bone Mineral Density Type 2 Diabetes Senegalese Women

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