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Determination of the Structural Constant of the Atom

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2014年第3期2卷 11-21页

作者： milan perkovac The First Technical School TESLA Zagreb Croatia

The equations for energy, momentum, frequency, wavelength and also Schr?dinger equation of the electromagnetic wave in the atom are derived using the model of atom by analogy with the transmission line. The action constant A0 = (μ0/ε0)1/2s02e2 is a key term in the above mentioned equations. Besides the other well-known quantities, the only one unknown quantity in the last expression is a structural constant s0. Therefore, this article is dedicated to the calculation of the structural constant of the atoms on the basis of the above mentioned model. The structural constant of the atoms s0 = 8.277 56 shows up as a link between macroscopic and atomic world. After calculating this constant we get the theory of atoms based on Maxwell’s and Lorentz equations only. This theory does not require Planck constant h, which once was introduced empirically. Replacement for h is the action constant A0, which is here theoretically derived, while the replacement for fine structure constant α is 1/(2s02). In this way, the structural constant s0 replaces both constants, h and α. This paper also defines the stationary states of atoms and shows that the maximal atomic number is equal to 2s02 = 137.036, i.e., as integer should be Zmax=137. The presented model of the atoms covers three of the four fundamental interactions, namely the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.

关键词： Action Constant Fine Structure Constant Lecher’s Line Phase Velocity Planck’s Constant Stability of Atoms Stationary States Structural Coefficient Structural Constant Transmission Line

Planck’s <i>h</i>and Structural Constant s<sub>0</sub>

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Journal of Modern Physics 2017年第3期8卷 425-438页

作者： milan perkovac University of Applied Sciences Zagreb Croatia

Application of Maxwell’s equations and the theory of relativity on the processes in atoms with real oscillator leads to the structural constant of atoms s0 = 8.278692517. Measurements show that the ratio of energy of the photon and its frequency is not constant which means that Planck’s h is not constant. The theory which is consistent with these measurements, has been found. This theory covers processes in electron configuration and also at the core of atoms. Based on the structural constant s0 the maximum possible atomic number Z is determined. In order to encompass all atoms and all nuclides a new measurement unit has been proposed. That is the measurement unit for the order of substance. The introduction of structural constant s0 makes 11 fundamental constants redundant, including Planck’s h. The structural constant of atoms s0 stands up as the most stable constant in a very wide range of measurement, so it may replace variable Planck’s h well. Continuity of the bremsstrahlung is explained.

关键词： Boscovich Bremsstrahlung Hyperon Neutron Order of Substance Planck Redundant Constants Soddy Structural Constant

Maxwell’s Equations as the Basis for Model of Atoms

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2014年第5期2卷 235-251页

作者： milan perkovac The First Technical School TESLA Klaiceva 7 Zagreb Croatia

A century ago the classical physics couldn’t explain many atomic physical phenomena. Now the situation has changed. It’s because within the framework of classical physics with the help of Maxwell’s equations we can derive Schrödinger’s equation, which is the foundation of quantum physics. The equations for energy, momentum, frequency and wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in the atom are derived using the model of atom by analogy with the transmission line. The action constant A0 = (μ0/ε0)1/2s02e2 is a key term in the above mentioned equations. Besides the other well-known constants, the only unknown constant in the last expression is a structural constant of the atom s0. We have found that the value of this constant is 8.277 56 and that it shows up as a link between macroscopic and atomic world. After calculating this constant we get the theory of atoms based on Maxwell’s and Lorentz equations only. This theory does not require knowledge of Planck’s constant h, which is replaced with theoretically derived action constant A0, while the replacement for the fine structure constant α-1 is theoretically derived expression 2s02 = 137.036. So, the structural constant s0 replaces both constants h and α. This paper also defines the stationary states of atoms and shows that the maximal atomic number is equal to Zmax = 137. The presented model of the atoms covers three of the four fundamental interactions, namely the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions.

关键词： Action Constant Fine Structure Constant Lecher’s Line Maxwell’s Equations New Elements Phase Velocity Planck’s Constant Stability of Atoms Standing Waves Stationary States Synchronized States System of the Elements Structural Coefficient Structural Constant Transmission Line Undiscovered Elements

Model of an Atom by Analogy with the Transmission Line

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Journal of Modern Physics 2013年第7期4卷 899-903页

作者： milan perkovac The First Technical School Tesla Zagreb Croatia

Model of an atom by analogy with the transmission line is derived using Maxwell’s equations and Lorentz’ theory of electrons. To be realistic such a model requires that the product of the structural coefficient of Lecher’s transmission lines σ and atomic number Z is constant. It was calculated that this electromechanical constant is 8.27756, and we call it structural constant. This constant builds the fine-structure constant 1/α = 137.036, and with permeability μ, permittivity ε and elementary charge e builds Plank’s constant h. This suggests the electromagnetic character of Planck’s constant. The relations of energy, frequency, wavelength and momentum of electromagnetic wave in an atom are also derived. Finally, an equation, similar to Schrodinger’s equation, was derived, with a clear meaning of the wave function, which represents the electric or magnetic field strength of the observed electromagnetic wave.

关键词： Lecher Transmission Line Lorentz’ Theory of Electrons Maxwell’s Equations Model of Atom Planck Constant Structural Constant Transverse Mass Wave Equation