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Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Glycerol from Cameroon Palm Kernel Seed Oil

Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2022年第2期12卷 28-40页

作者： michael bong alang Ndikontar Maurice Kor Peter T. Ndifon Department of Applied Chemistry National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences (ENSAI) University of Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré Cameroon Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon

Bio-glycerol was synthesized from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) through the transesterification procedure. Palm kernel oil extracted from palm kernel seeds using mechanical expression and solvent extraction was purified and characterized by physico-chemical methods and used in the transesterification process to give biodiesel and bio-glycerol. The biodiesel was purified and characterized as reported in previous articles. Our focus in this article is on glycerol, an important by-product of the transesterification process which has potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and engineering applications. The bio-glycerol was purified by acidification and the purified glycerol was subjected to physical and chemical characterization. The specific gravity of glycerol was obtained as 1.2 kg/L, viscosity at 40°C gave 1500 cSt and 500 cSt at 100°C;pH was 7.4;the flash point was 160°C, and the ASTM color was 2.0 before purification and zero after purification. The sulfur content was 0.016%w/v. This sulfur content is low thus posing no environment threat. The chemical composition of the synthesized bio-glycerol determined using IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the known chemical structure of glycerol. The purification and analysis of bio-glycerol is important as it can find applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries inter alia.

关键词： Palm Kernel Seed Oil Transesterification Biodiesel Bio-Glycerol Physico-Chemical Characterization Viscosity GC-MS Flash Point

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Synthesis and Characterisation of a Biolubricant from Cameroon Palm Kernel Seed Oil Using a Locally Produced Base Catalyst from Plantain Peelings

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2018年第3期8卷 275-287页

作者： michael bong alang Maurice Kor Ndikontar Yahaya Muhammad Sani Peter T. Ndifon Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Chemical Engineering Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria

Biolubricant was synthesized from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) by double transesterification, producing methyl esters in the first stage which were then transesterified with trimethylolpropane (TMP) to give the PKO biolubricant in the presence of a base catalyst obtained from plantain peelings (municipal waste). The yields from both catalysts were significantly similar (48% for the locally produced and 51% for the conventional) showing that the locally produced catalyst could be valorized. The synthesized biolubricant was characterized by measuring its physical and chemical properties. The specific gravity of 1.2, ASTM color of 1.5, cloud point of 0°C, pour point of -9°C, viscosities at 40°C of 509.80 cSt and at 100°C of 30.80 cSt, viscosity index of 120, flash point greater than 210°C and a fire point greater than 220°C were obtained. This synthesized biolubricant was found to be comparable to commercial T-46 petroleum lubricant sample produced industrially from mineral sources. We have therefore used local materials to produce a biolubricant using a cheap base catalyst produced from municipal waste.

关键词： Biolubricant Transesterification Palm Kernel Oil Locally Produced Base Catalyst Viscosity Index Acid Value Methyl Esters

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Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications

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Green and Sustainable Chemistry 2020年第3期10卷 57-71页

作者： alang michael bong Ndikontar Maurice Kor Peter T. Ndifon Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon Department of Chemical Engineering Catholic University of Cameroon (CATUC) Bamenda Cameroon

This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29

关键词： Field Survey Palm Kernel Oil Raw Material Energy Production Physical and Chemical Properties Fatty Acids Iodine Value GC-MS

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Self-Assembly and Photocatalysis of Mesoporous TiO2 Nanocrystal Clusters

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Nano Research 2011年第1期4卷 103-114页

作者： Qiao Zhang Ji-bong Joo Zhenda Lu michael Dahl Diana Q. L. Oliveira Miaomiao Ye Yadong Yin Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside California 92521 USA

Mesoporous nanocrystal clusters of anatase TiO2 with large surface area and enhanced photocatalytic activity have been successfully synthesized. The synthesis involves the self-assembly of hydrophobic TiO2 nanocrystals into submicron clusters, coating of these clusters with a silica layer, thermal treatment to remove organic ligands and improve the crystallinity of the clusters, and finally removing silica to expose the mesoporous catalysts. With the help of the silica coating, the clusters not only maintain their small grain size but also keep their mesoporous structure after calcination at high temperatures （with BET surface area as high as 277 m2/g）. The etching of SiO2 also results in the clusters having high dispersity in water. We have been able to identify the optimal calcination temperature to produce TiO2 nanocrystal clusters that possess both high crystallinity and large surface area, and therefore show excellent catalytic efficiency in the decomposition of organic molecules under illumination by UV light. Convenient doping with nitrogen converts these nanocrystal clusters into active photocatalysts in both visible light and natural sunlight. The strategy of forming well-defined mesoporous clusters using nanocrystals promises a versatile and useful method for designing photocatalysts with enhanced activity and stability.

关键词： Mesoporous titanium dioxide photocatalysis self-assembl~ nitrogen doping nanocrystals

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