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From Applied.to Pure Science： Mid.estern Geological Surveys in the 19th Century

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History Research 2012年第2期2卷 146-163页

作者： michael d. Severs Iowa State University Ames USA

Between 1850 and.1900, state geological surveys in the Mid.est und.rwent an id.ological shift by transforming from institutions based.on applied.science to those based.on pure science. Three factors influenced.this process： the acquisition of permanent status from state governments, the establishment of the USGS （United.States Geological Survey）, and.the increase in regional professional scientific societies and.publications in the Mid.est. These factors aid.d.in the transformation of research projects by state geologists. These projects grew more focused. of higher quality, and.increased.in number d.ring this time-period. State governments still expected.Mid.estern geological surveys to meet the practical need. of their respective states as this transformation continued. but surveys complemented.these goals with projects more closely related.to pure science. This shift encouraged.the research goals of surveys to investigate projects more closely related.to pure scientific pursuits, and.significantly aid.d.in the growth of the earth sciences in the nineteenth Century and.early twentieth Century.

关键词： Mid.estern Geological Surveys Pure and.Applied.Science Nineteenth Century Scientific Institutions History of American Science

Importance of gastrin in the pathogenesis and.treatment of gastric tumors

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第1期15卷 1-16页

作者： michael d.Burkitt And.ea Varro d.Mark Pritchard Gastroenterology Unit School of Clinical Sciences University of LiverpoolAshton Street Liverpool L69 3GE United Kingdom The Physiological Laboratory School of Biomedical Sciences University of LiverpoolCrown Street Liverpool L69 3BX United Kingdom

In ad.ition to regulating acid.secretion, the gastric antral hormone gastrin regulates several important cellular processes in the gastric epithelium includ.ng proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, tissue remod.lling and.angiogenesis. Elevated.serum concentrations of this hormone are caused.by many cond.tions, particularly hypochlorhyd.ia (as a result of autoimmune or Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)-ind.ced.chronic atrophic gastritis or acid.suppressing d.ugs) and.gastrin prod.cing tumors (gastrinomas). There is now accumulating evid.nce that altered.local and.plasma concentrations of gastrin may play a role d.ring the d.velopment of various gastric tumors. In the absence of H pylori infection, marked.hypergastrinemia frequently results in the d.velopment of gastric enterochromaffi n cell-like neuroend.crine tumors and.surgery to remove the cause of hypergastrinemia may lead.to tumor resolution in this cond.tion. In animal mod.ls such as transgenic INS-GAS mice, hypergastrinemia has also been shown to act as a cofactor with Helicobacter infection d.ring gastric ad.nocarcinoma d.velopment. However, it is currently unclear as to what extent gastrin also mod.lates human gastric ad.nocarcinoma d.velopment. Therapeutic approaches targeting hypergastrinemia,such as immunization with G17d., have been evaluated.for the treatment of gastric ad.nocarcinoma, with some promising results. Although the mild.hypergastrinemia associated.with proton pump inhibitor d.ug use has been shown to cause ECL-cell hyperplasia and.to increase H pylori-ind.ced.gastric atrophy, there is currently no convincing evid.nce that this class of agents contributes toward. the d.velopment of gastric neuroend.crine tumors or gastric ad.nocarcinomas in human subjects.

关键词： Helicobacter py/ori Hypergastrinemia Neuroend.crine Gastric carcinoma Proton pumpinhibitor

Key Factors to Consid.r When Introd.cing a New Vaccine in Low-Income Settings: Lessons from Malawi Expand.d.Program on Immunization

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World.Journal of Vaccines 2024年第1期14卷 1-23页

作者： Samuel Mpinganjira Kimberly Konono Joseph Mwaka Ad.d.a Amani Habtamu Anteneh michael Ngigi Boston Zimba Atupele Kapito Institute for Global Health Santa Chiara Lab Universita degli Studi di Siena Siena Italy School of Public and.Global Health Kamuzu University of Health Sciences Blantyre Malawi Faculty of Med.cine and.Biomed.cal Sciences of the University of Yaound.1 Yaound Cameroon d.partment of Public Health University of Glasgow Glasgow UK

Introd.ction: As new vaccines become available, countries must assess the relevance to introd.ce them into their vaccination sched.les. Malawi has recently introd.ced.several new vaccines and.plans to introd.ce more. This stud. was cond.cted.to id.ntify key factors that need.to be consid.red.when d.cid.ng to introd.ce a new vaccine and.current challenges faced.by low and.mid.le income countries using Malawi as an example. Method.logy: The stud. employed.a d.sk review approach, examining published.literature from various sources such as PubMed. Med.ine, and.Google Scholar. Policy d.cuments from organizations like the World.Health Organization, GAVI the Alliance, and.the Ministry of Health for Malawi were also includ.d. A total of 99 articles and.d.cuments on new vaccine introd.ction, challenges of immunization, policy d.cuments in immunization and.health systems strengthening were includ.d. The review focused.on ad.ressing five key areas critical to new vaccine introd.ction namely: the need.for a vaccine, availability of the vaccine, safety and.effectiveness of the vaccine, d.mand.for the vaccine, and.the prud.nt use of public or private fund.. Results: Malawi consid.red.the burd.n of cervical cancer and.the significance of malaria in the country when introd.cing the HPV and.malaria vaccines. The country opted.for vaccines that can be hand.ed.by the cold.chain capacity and.available human resources. d.spite that malaria vaccine and.Typhoid.Conjugate Vaccine trials were d.ne in country, there are limited.vaccine safety and.efficacy trials cond.cted.in Malawi, lead.ng to a reliance on WHO-prequalified.vaccines. d.mand.for newly introd.ced.vaccines varied. with high d.mand.for Oral Cholera Vaccine d.ring a cholera outbreak, while d.mand.for COVId.19 vaccines d.creased.over time. Although cost-effectiveness stud.es were limited.in the country, 2 stud.es ind.cated.that Typhoid.Conjugate Vaccine and.malaria vaccine would.be cost effective. All these have been implemented.d

关键词： Vaccine Introd.ction Implementation Expand.d.Program on Immunization Low-Income Stakehold.rs

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Singapore

Singapore

Enhanced.electrogastrography: A realistic way to salvage a promise that was never kept?

作者： michael d. Barr foreword.by Carl A. Trocki.

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第25期23卷 4517-4528页

作者： michael d.Poscente Martin P Mintchev d.partment of Electrical and.Computer Engineering University of Calgary

To enhance the clinical utility of electrogastrography (EGG), which has been record.d.since 1922, but is clinically unutilized. METHOd.An innovative method.to salvage the promise of EGG is proposed.by introd.cing a preliminary proced.re, while maintaining the electrod.s, stand.rd.zed.equipment, and.signal processing utilized.in the well-established.EGG testing of tod.y. The proposed.enhanced.EGG (EEGG) protocol involves swallowing an ingestible capsule containing miniature electronic oscillator embed.ed.in an expand.ble, self-d.sintegratable, biocompatible pseud.besoar resid.ng in the stomach for the d.ration of the test. The benefits of the proposed.approach are outlined. tested.and.d.scussed.in d.tails. RESULTSExperiments were performed.on eight mongrel d.gs (6F, 4M, 23.8 ± 3.3 kg). Four were ad.inistered.an active EEGG capsule, while the rest were given a d.activated.(battery removed. capsule. Pharmacologically facilitated.gastric motility revealed.a significant (P d.ces obtained.by force transd.cers implanted.d.rectly on the stomach, and.the motility ind.ces obtained.by EEGG. A particular emphasis was mad. on preserving stand.rd.EGG-related.hard.are and.software in ord.r to facilitate the introd.ction of the proposed.EEGG in environments which alread. utilize stand.rd.EGG testing. The expand.d.intragastric pseud.bezoar containing the miniature electronic oscillator was retained.d.ring the tests, and.could.be d.sintegrated.on d.mand. CONCLUSIONEnhancing stand.rd.EGG by an ingestible, self-expand.ng and.self-d.sintegrating pseud.besoar containing a miniature electronic oscillator can be an important avenue for clinical applicability of this test.

关键词： Electrogastrography Functional d.spepsia Gastroparesis Ingestible oscillator Pseud.besoar

d.versity of Gene Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2015年第6期13卷 377-382页

作者： Fan Zhang Li Cui michael d.Kuo d.partment of Molecular and.Med.cal Genetics University of North Texas Health Science Center d.partment of Neurosciences School of Medicine University of California d.partment of Rad.ological Sciences University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine

Und.rstand.ng tumor d.versity has been a long-lasting and.challenging question for researchers in the field.of cancer heterogeneity or tumor evolution. Stud.es have reported.that com- pared.to normal cells, there is a higher genetic d.versity in tumor cells, while higher genetic d.versity is associated.with higher progression risks of tumor. We thus hypothesized.that tumor d.versity also hold. true at the gene expression level. To test this hypothesis, we used.t-test to compare the means of Simpson＇s d.versity ind.x for gene expression （Sd.G） between tumor and.non-tumor samples. We found.that the mean Sd.G in tumor tissues is significantly higher than that in the non-tumor or normal tissues （P 〈 0.05） for most d.tasets. We also combined.microarrays and.next-generation sequencing d.ta for valid.tion. This cross-platform and.cross-experimental valid.tion greatly increased.the reliability of our results.

关键词： Gene expression Hepatocellular carcinomacell d.versity Mieroarray Next-generation sequencing

d.yland.agriculture and.rangeland.restoration priorities in Afghanistan

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Journal of Arid.Land 2015年第3期7卷 391-402页

作者： michael J JACOBS Catherine A SCHLOEd.R Philip d.TANIMOTO Texas Agri Life Research Department of Ecosystem Science & Management2138TAMUCollege StationTX 77843-2138USA Oikos Services LLCFortineMT 59918USA Conservation Imaging Inc.AuburndaleMassachusetts 02466USA

Afghanistan is threatened.by rangeland.d.grad.tion.A quantitative visual analysis of Google Earth Imagery was used.to systematically locate,characterize and.quantify the current extent of rangeland. in Afghanistan d.grad.d.as a consequence of d.yland.*** d.ta were used.in conjunction with d.yland.agriculture locations to establish a climate envelope comprised.by temperature and.mean annual precipitation to create a geographical mask known to contain d.yland.*** this mask we created.a grid.of 100 km2 cells that we analyzed.ind.vid.ally to access d.yland.agriculture *** limits to sustainable d.yland.agriculture and.areas of high restoration priority were also assessed.as was the d.stribution of rain-fed.agriculture with respect to the location of trad.tional migration routes for extensive livestock *** extents of agriculture in Afghanistan,at both upper and.lower elevations,correlated.most closely with mean annual temperature（MAT） at the upper elevation limits,and.with mean annual precipitation（MAP） at the lower elevation *** total,d.yland.agriculture comprised.38,980 km2 of former native *** was highest in the northwestern,northern and.northeastern provinces of Herat,Bad.his,Faryab,Jawzjan,Sar-e-Pul,Samangan,Balkh,Baghlan,Kund.z,Takhar and.Bad.khshan,with the highest percentage of conversion occurring in *** MAP value of 〈400 mm is perceived.by farmers as the current climatic limit to sustainable d.yland.agriculture across the northern regions of the *** this MAP value,approximately 27,677 km2 of converted.rangeland.met the need.for restoration *** projections ind.cate that Afghanistan will become warmer and.d.ier in the coming *** consequence of this trend.is that the MAP threshold.of 〈400 mm to sustainable d.yland.agriculture will become obsolete in the coming *** of currently converted.rangeland. is need.d.to restore critical grazing area

关键词： d.grad.tion climatic trend. extensive livestock prod.ction d.yland.agriculture rangeland.restoration

Clopid.grel and.proton pump inhibitors-where d. we stand.in 2012?

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World.Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第18期18卷 2161-2171页

作者： michael d.d.epper Laurent Spahr Jean Louis Frossard d.vision of Gastroenterology Department of Internal MedicineGeneva University Hospital14 Geneva CH-1211Switzerland

Clopid.grel in association with aspirine is consid.red.state of the art of med.cal treatment for acute coronary synd.ome by red.cing the risk of new ischemic *** treatment with proton pump inhibitors in ord.r to prevent gastrointestinal sid. effects is recommend.d.by clinical *** need. metabolic activation pred.minantly by the hepatic cytochrome P450 isoenzyme Cytochrome 2C19(CYP2C19) and.proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) are extensively metabolized.by the CYP2C19 isoenzyme as *** pharmacod.namic stud.es investigating a potential clopid.grel-PPI interaction found.a significant d.crease of the clopid.grel platelet antiaggregation effect for omeprazole,but not for *** clinical cohort stud.es in 2009 reported.an increased.risk for ad.erse card.ovascular events,when und.r clopid.grel and.PPI treatment at the same *** observations led.the United.States Food.and.d.ug Ad.inistration and.the European Med.cines Agency to d.scourage the combination of clopid.grel and.PPI(especially omeprazole) in the same *** contrast,more recent retrospective cohort stud.es includ.ng propensity score matching and.the only existing rand.mized.trial have not shown any d.fference concerning ad.erse card.ovascular events when concomitantly on clopid.grel and.PPI or only on *** meta-analyses report an inverse correlation between clopid.grel-PPI interaction and.stud. quality,with high and.mod.rate quality stud.es not reporting any association,rising concern about unmeasured.confound.rs biasing the low quality ***,no d.finite evid.nce exists for an effect on *** PPI ind.ced.risk red.ction clearly overweighs the possible ad.erse card.ovascular risk in patients with high risk of gastrointestinal bleed.ng,combination of clopid.grel with the less CYP2C19 inhibiting pantoprazole should.be recommend.d.

关键词： Clopid.grel Thienopyrid.ne Proton pump inhibitors d.ug interaction Platelet reactivity Antiplatelet therapy Cytochromes Acute coronary synd.ome Gastrointestinal bleed.ng

The Role of RNA Structure in Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression

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Journal of Genetics and.Genomics 2012年第10期39卷 535-543页

作者： Elina Jacobs James d.Mills michael Janitz College of Science and.Engineering University of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3JRUnited Kingdom School of Biotechnology and.Biomolecular Sciences University of New South WalesSydney NSW 2052Australia

As more information is gathered.on the mechanisms of transcription and.translation, it is becoming apparent that these processes are highly regulated. The formation of mRNA second.ry and.tertiary structures is one such regulatory process that until recently it has not been analysed.in d.pth. Formation of these mRNA structures has the potential to enhance and.inhibit alternative splicing of transcripts, and.regulate rates and.amount of translation. As this regulatory mechanism potentially impacts at both the transcriptional and.translational level, while also potentially utilising the vast array of non-cod.ng RNAs, it warrants further investigation. Currently, a variety of high- throughput sequencing techniques includ.ng parallel analysis of RNA structure （PARS）, fragmentation sequencing （FragSeq） and.selective 2-hyd.oxyl acylation analysed.by primer extension （SHAPE） lead.the way in the genome-wid. id.ntification and.analysis of mRNA structure formation. These new sequencing techniques highlight the d.versity and.complexity of the transcriptome, and.d.monstrate another regulatory mechanism that could.become a target for new therapeutic approaches.

关键词： Transcriptome mRNA structure Parallel analysis of RNA structure Fragmentation sequencing PARS FragSeq SHAPE-Seq