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Soil Carbon Changes Influenced by Soil Management and Calculation Method

Open Journal of Soil Science 2013年第2期3卷 123-131页

作者： maysoon M. Mikha Joseph G. Benjamin Ardell D. Halvorson David C. Nielsen US Department of Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Central Great Research Station Akron USA US Department of Agricultural Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Soil Plant Nutrient Research Fort Collins USA

Throughout the years, many studies have evaluated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) mass on a fixed-depth (FD) basis without considering changes in soil mass caused by changing bulk density (ρb). This study evaluates the temporal changes in SOC caused by two factors: 1) changing SOC concentration;and 2) changing equivalent soil mass (ESM) in comparison with FD. In addition, this study evaluates calculating changes in SOC stock over time using a minimum equivalent soil mass (ESMmin) basis from a single sampling event compared with the FD scenario. A tillage [no-tillage (NT) and chisel plow (CP)]-crop rotation (multiple crop and continuous corn), and irrigation (full and delayed)) study was initiated in 2001 on Weld silt loam soil. After seven years, SOC concentration in the 0 - 30 cm depth was 19.7% greater in 2008 compared with 2001. Standardizing the soil mass of 2001 to the ESM of 2008 for each individual treatment showed an average gain in SOC of 5.8 Mg C·ha-1 in 2008 compared with 2001. However, the increase in SOC using ESM was twice the SOC gained with the FD calculation, where some treatments lost SOC after seven years of management. Estimating SOC levels using the ESMmin and, thereby, eliminating the confounding effect of soil ρb indicated that SOC stock was influenced by crop species and their interaction with irrigation, but not by tillage practices. Over all, the ESM calculation appears to be more effective in evaluating SOC stock than the FD calculation.

关键词： Soil Organic Carbon Stock Equivalent Soil Mass Minimum Equivalent Soil Mass Fixed-Depth Management Practices

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Finding the fragments:community-based epidemic surveillance in Sudan

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Global Health Research and Policy 2023年第1期8卷 339-342页

作者： Mona Ibrahim Nada Abdelmagid Rahaf AbuKoura Alhadi Khogali Tasnime Osama Aljaile Ahmed Israa Zain Alabdeen Salma A.E.Ahmed maysoon Dahab Department of Social Policy and Intervention University of OxfordOxfordUK Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK Julius Global Health University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands National Ribat University KhartoumSudan Department of Primary Care&Public Health Imperial College LondonLondonUK Sudan COVID-19 Research Group KhartoumSudan University of Khartoum KhartoumSudan Freelance Public Health Researcher SydneyAustralia Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene&Tropical MedicineLondonUK

Sudan faces inter-sectional health risks posed by escalating violent conflict,natural hazards and *** are frequent and overlapping,particularly resurgent seasonal outbreaks of diseases such as malaria,*** improve response,the Sudanese Ministry of Health manages multiple disease surveillance systems,however,these systems are fragmented,under resourced,and disconnected from epidemic response ***,civic and informal community-led systems have often organically led outbreak responses,despite having limited access to data and resources from formal outbreak detection and response *** a communal sense of moral obligation,such informal epidemic responses can play an important role in reaching affected *** effective,localised,and organised—they cannot currently access national surveillance data,or formal outbreak prevention and response technical and financial *** paper calls for urgent and coordinated recognition and support of community-led outbreak responses,to strengthen,diversify,and scale up epidemic surveillance for both national epidemic preparedness and regional health security.

关键词： Global health security Epidemic surveillance Health policy Low-income country Community-led surveillance

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