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An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs

Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 494-510页

作者： maxime Seraphin Gnagne Mouhamadou Dosso Mamadou Diarra Souleymane Oumtanaga Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Research and Innovation Unit in Mathematics and Digital Sciences National Polytechnic Institute Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire

Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.

关键词： Object-Oriented Programming Structural Development Defect Detection Software Maintenance Pre-Trained Models Features Extraction Bagging Neural Network

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Multitarget Thiol-Activated Tetrapyridyl Gold(Ⅲ)Complexes for Hypoxic Cancer Therapy

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CCS Chemistry 2024年第3期6卷 783-797页

作者： Xue-Quan Zhou Selda Abyar Imma Carbo-Bague Lan Wang Sebastian Türck maxime ASiegler Uttara Basu Ingo Ott Rongfang Liu Adriaan PIJzerman Sylvestre Bonnet Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School(SIGS)Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055 Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University2333 CC Leiden Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish Columbia V5A 1S6 Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Technische Universität Braunschweig38106 Braunschweig Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland 21218 Division of Drug Discovery&Safety Leiden Academic Centre for Drug ResearchLeiden University2333 CC Leiden

Gold complexes have emerged as promising anticancer metallodrugs due to their efficient thioredoxin reductase(TrxR)inhibition,which disturbs the redox balance of cancer ***,in this model,the role of the ligand(s)coordinated to gold is often *** this work,we present a series of tetrapyridyl Au(Ⅲ)complexes that exhibit thiol-induced release of a Au(Ⅰ)ion and a tetrapyridyl *** formation of a free Au(Ⅰ)center is responsible for the expected TrxR ***,the released ligand,which was visible in cells due to its intense blue fluorescence,showed excellent binding properties to the hERG potassium ***,these ligands ended up in the lysosomes,resulting in significant lysosome ***,the Au(Ⅲ)complexes presented in this work showed broad-spectrum anticancer properties,both in hypoxic 2D monolayers and 3D tumor *** suggest that the interaction of the released Au(Ⅰ)center and the tetrapyridyl ligand with two different protein targets may combine into prodrugs that overcome hypoxia-induced drug deactivation.

关键词： anticancer Au(Ⅲ)complexes enzyme inhibtion potassium channel affinity lysosome damage cell imaging prodrug

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Characterization of Aquifers in Crystalline and Crystallophyll Basement Zones Using the Electrical Resistivity Method (Trails and Electrical Soundings) in the Gagnoa Region, (Central-Western Côte d’Ivoire)

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International Journal of Geosciences 2024年第6期15卷 511-523页

作者： Oscar Zahibo Onétié Assoué Kouakou Sylvestre Kouadio Kotchi Rodrigue Orou maxime Assa Abe Department of Geosciences Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University Korhogo Cte dIvoire Department of Agriculture and New Technologies University of San Pedro San Pedro Cte dIvoire

Introduction: Located in the central-western part of Côte d’Ivoire, the subsoil of the Gagnoa region is made up of sedimentary volcano formations and granitoids with developed fracturing. This complex Precambrian basement contains most of the region’s water resources. This is at the origin of the high failure rate during the various hydrogeological prospecting campaigns. Methodology: The database consists of resistivities from 42 holes and 51 trails drilled as part of the implementation of high-throughput drilling in the study area. The objective of this study is to deepen the knowledge of the fissured basement by interpreting profile curves and electrical soundings. It will be a question of classifying the different types of anomalies obtained on the profiles and their shapes. The orientation of the lineaments observed on the profiles was determined. Results: The interpretation of the geophysical data revealed various anomalies, the main ones being of the CC (Conductor Compartment) and CEDP (Contact between two bearings) types. These types of anomalies are mainly expressed in various forms: the “V”, “W” and “U” shapes. From these anomalies and the appearance of the electrical profiles, lineaments and their orientations were identified with N90-100, N130-140, N170-180 as major orientations. Conclusion: These results could contribute to a better understanding of the fractured environment of the Gagnoa region.

关键词： Basement Electrical Profiles Sounding Curves Resistivities

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Indirect Electroanalysis of 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol in Water Using Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Modified with Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Complex

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2024年第2期15卷 25-35页

作者： Yibor Fabrice Roland Bako Serge Foukmeniok Mbokou Boukaré Kaboré Issa Tapsoba maxime Pontié Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Environnementale et Bio-organique (LCAEBiO) Département de Chimie Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut des Sciences et de Technologie Ecole Normale Supérieure Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Group of analysis and Processes Analysis (GA&P) Département de Chimie Université d’Angers Angers France Laboratoire de Sciences et Technologies (LaST) Université Thomas SANKARA Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Electrochemical detection of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (MNP) in direct phenol oxidation occurs at high potentials and generally leads to progressive passivation of the electrochemical sensor. This study describes the use of a carbon fiber microelectrode modified with a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine complex for the detection of MNP at a lower potential than that of direct phenol oxidation. The MNP voltammogram showed the presence of an anodic peak at -0.11 V vs SCE, corresponding to the oxidation of the hydroxylamine group generated after the reduction of the nitro group. The effect of buffer pH on the peak current and SWV parameters such as frequency, scan increment, and pulse amplitude were studied and optimized to have better electrochemical response of the proposed sensor. With these optimal parameters, the calibration curve shows that the peak current varied linearly as a function of MNP concentration, leading to a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.1 μg/L. These results show an appreciable sensitivity of the sensor for detecting the MNP at relatively low potentials, making it possible to avoid passivation phenomena.

关键词： 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol Carbon Fiber Microelectrode Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Indirect Electroanalysis Square Wave Voltammetry

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Systematic Analysis of Factors Associated with Late Breast Cancer Screening in Women in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2014 to 2020

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2024年第3期14卷 480-492页

作者： Akossito Hermine Tognon Ahmed Kabore Nayi Zongo Nestor Bationo Francis Tognon Tchegnonsi Ludmila Akoyi Abdoul Halim Bague maxime Koine Drabo Department of Public Health University Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Yalgado Ouédraogo University Hospital Center Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institute of Training in Nursing and Obstetrics Parakou Benin National Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRT) Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Research background: Breast cancer remains a major public health problem, with a high number of new cases and deaths each year. However, despite advances in research to improve this disease, there is a high rate of late detection, leading to diagnosis at an advanced stage and a reduced chance of survival. Objective: The aim of this study is to identify the factors associated with late detection of breast cancer in women in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2014 to ***: This systematic review focuses on sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: We searched for articles in four databases (PubMed, Embase, Global-Health and CINAHL) between 2014 and 2020 and performed a narrative synthesis to organize and group the different factors associated with late breast cancer detection. Result: After reviewing 583 publications, 6 studies were selected, highlighting factors such as lack of awareness, knowledge gaps, difficulties in accessing health services and financial constraints associated with late breast cancer screening. The participants, who ranged in number from 20 to 1776, were mainly aged between 18 and 25, with a mean age of 25 years and 6 months. Conclusion: The analysis enabled us to identify various factors associated with late breast cancer screening. Collaboration between health professionals, community organizations and policy-makers is essential to foster an environment conducive to the prevention and early detection of breast cancer.

关键词： Associated Factors Late Screening Breast Cancer Women Sub-Saharan Africa

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Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Different Altitudes Affect Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Abundance and Colonization in Cacao Plantations of Cameroon

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第2期15卷 57-82页

作者： Franklin Tounkam Ketchiemo Beaulys Fotso Astride Stéphanie Mouafi Djabou Victor Jos Eyamo Evina Japhet Youri Essambita Franck maxime Ewane Tang Nicolas Niemenak Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Department of Biological Sciences Higher Teacher Training College University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences Bafia Annex University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Applied Biotechnology Engineering Laboratory Department of Agriculture and Agropastoral Higher Teacher Training College University of Ebolowa Ebolowa Cameroon Plant Physiology Improvement Unit Laboratory of Biotechnology and Environment Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon

This study aims to investigate the abundance of AMF according to soil properties and altitudes in different cacao plantations of Cameroon. Physico-chemical analyses were made on soil samples collected from three agro-ecological zones. Soil samples were also used to evaluate directly the AMF abundance following the various altitudes and after trapping by sorghum plant. The results showed that soil properties, AMF spore abundances and colonization fluctuated significantly at different altitudes. The most represented texture was sandy loam. The bimodal zone presented a homogeneous texture (sandy loam) in all its localities. Cacao soil chemical characteristics showed that, the highest nitrogen rate (0.47%;p 0.05, Scott-Knott test) was recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone while Tonga in the Western highlands displayed the lowest rate (0.13%). Soil P concentration was significantly high in monomodal zones (Mbanga and Melong). Soil pH level indicated that the soil from Tonga in the Western highlands was neutral (pH = 6.67), and soils of other localities under study were acidic with the lowest (4.75) pH level recorded at Melong in a monomodal zone. In soil samples, the highest spore density (1.03 spores/g soil) was observed at Ntui in Bimodal zone, while the lowest spore density (0.26 spores/g soil) was observed at Bafang in the Western highlands. Root colonization showed that the sample from Bokito in a bimodal zone displayed the best frequency of mycorrhization (86.11%) while the sample from Bafang in the Western highlands recorded the lowest (27.11%). The PCA analysis highlighted that available phosphorus, pH and altitude all strongly correlated with AMF root colonization ability and can be used as a predictor of AMF colonization ability in cacao rhizosphere.

关键词： Agroecological Zone Altitude Variations Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Soil Properties Theobroma cacao

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家以外的家萨格奈实验学校

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室内设计与装修 2024年第7期 82-85页

作者：无 maxime Brouillet(摄影) Étienne Bernier(摄影) 西溪(编译) Agence Spatiale Appareil Architecture BGLA architecture 不详

由Agence Spatiale公司、Appareil建筑公司和BGLA建筑公司联合设计的实验学校坐落在Joachim公园的中心地带,这是一个牢牢扎根于当地环境的建筑典范。设计旨在解构学校这一传统的建筑类型,力图打造一个友好、无障碍并亲近儿童的环境。

关键词：实验学校无障碍中心地带

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Cervical Meningocele about 2 Operated Cases

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Open Journal of Modern Neurosurgery 2024年第1期14卷 1-7页

作者： Mohamed El Hassimi Cissé Mamadou Salia Diarra N’Famara Sylla Abdoulaye Diop Izoudine Blaise Koumaré Théodore Habib maxime Coulibaly Oumar Diallo Drissa Kanikomo Neurosurgery Department of CHU Mère-Enfant “Le Luxembourg” Bamako Mali Neurosurgery Unit of Army Medico-Surgical Center of Bamako Bamako Mali Neurosurgery Department of CHNU de Fann Dakar Sénégal Neurosurgery Department of CHU Hospital du Mali Bamako Mali Neurosurgery Department of CHU Gabriel Touré Bamako Mali

Cervical meningoceles are the least common forms of spina bifida, representing between 4% to 8% of all spinal dysraphisms. They are not accompanied by neurological deficit in childhood but attached cord syndrome can occur with growth. Surgical treatment, in addition to avoiding rupture and correcting the aesthetic damage, will preserve neurological functions. We report 2 cases that we took care of. They are a 5-month-old infant and a 3-year-old girl. The first presented a 7 cm rounded meningocele pedunculated through the C1 lamina defect. The second presented an 8.6 cm polylobed meningocele pedunculated through the C2 lamina defect. They both underwent surgery with good progress.

关键词： Cervical Meningocele Spinal Dysraphism Spina Bifida

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Analysis of Factors Associated with the Abandonment of Nutritional Recovery among Parents of Severely Malnourished Children Aged 6 to 59 Months in the Health District of Titao, Burkina Faso

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Open Journal of Nursing 2024年第9期14卷 477-490页

作者： Aminata Gansore Patrice Ngangue Birama Apho Ly Ludovic K. N’Tcha Douglas Mbang Massom Gbètogo maxime Kiki Josiane Seu Nestor Bationo Noufou Gustave Nana Fla Koueta Institute for Interdisciplinary Training and Research in Health and Education Sciences Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Faculty of Nursing Laval University Quebec Canada Faculty of Medicine and Odonto Stomatology University of Sciences Techniques and Technology of Bamako Bamako Mali Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou Cotonou Benin Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Douala Douala Cameroon Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilittaion and Social Integration (CIRRIS) Laval University Quebec Canada Faculty of Health Sciences Joseph Ki-Zerbo University Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Introduction: In Burkina Faso, undernutrition is a public health problem associated with more than 40% of infant and child mortality. Undernutrition management is complex, and there is often a risk of treatment abandonment. Studies on this topic have not explored the influence of environmental and therapeutic factors on parental compliance. This study proposes an analysis of factors influencing the abandonment of nutritional recovery by parents of malnourished children aged 6 to 59 months in ambulatory care. Methods: This was a descriptive and exploratory qualitative study. Data collection took place in February 2020. Data were collected from seventeen (17) participants via in-depth interviews (IDI) and direct observation. The IDIs were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed using Nvivo software. Results: The results revealed that factors related to the physical environment, such as geographical inaccessibility, pastoral occupation, displacement at auriferous sites, and insecurity, are important causes of nutritional recovery abandonment. They also prove that factors related to the social environment, such as lack of family and social support, feelings of shame, stigmatization, occupation of the mother, and social events, lead to this abandonment. In addition, therapeutic factors such as interruptions of supplies of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), feeling of improvement or worsening of the state of health, recourse to traditional medicine, and ignorance of undernutrition are also associated with this issue. Conclusion: This study highlighted barriers to the abandonment of nutritional recovery among parents of severely malnourished children aged 6 to 59 months in the health district of Titao, Burkina Faso. It is more important to consider these different factors when evaluating care protocols so that policies to reduce child undernutrition can considerably impact the targets.

关键词： Nutritional Recovery Severe Acute Malnutrition Environmental Factors Therapeutic Factors Abandonment Burkina Faso

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Protein-S-100-beta is increased in patients with decompensated cirrhosis admitted to ICU

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Journal of Intensive Medicine 2024年第2期4卷 222-230页

作者： Nicolas Weiss Simona Tripon maxime Mallet Françoise Imbert-Bismut Mehdi Sakka Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot Philippe Sultanik Sarah Mouri Marika Rudler Dominique Thabut Sorbonne Université AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéHôpital de la Pitié-SalpêtrièreDépartement de NeurologieUnitéde Médecine Intensive RéanimationàOrientation NeurologiqueParisFrance Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière(BLIPS)Study Group INSERM UMR_S 938Centre de recherche Saint-AntoineMaladies métaboliquesBiliaires et Fibro-Inflammatoire du FoieInstitute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition(ICAN)ParisFrance Groupe de Recherche Clinique en REanimation et Soins intensifs du Patient en Insuffisance Respiratoire aiguE(GRC-RESPIRE)Sorbonne Université ParisFrance Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéHôpital de la Pitié-SalpêtrièreService d'hépato-GastroentérologieUnitéde Soins Intensifs d'HépatologieParisFrance Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP.Sorbonne UniversitéService de Biochimie MétaboliqueHôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles FoixDMU BioGeMParis F-75013France UniversitéParis Cité UFR de PharmacieCNRSInsermUTCBSParisFrance

Background Hepatic encephalopathy(HE)is highly prevalent in patients with liver *** pathophysiology of HE is centered on the synergic role of hyperammonemia and systemic ***,some data suggest altered functioning of the blood–brain barrier(BBB).Assessing BBB function is challenging in clinical practice and at the ***-S-100 Beta(PS100-Beta)could be a useful peripheral marker of BBB permeability in *** study aimed to assess plasmatic PS100-Beta levels in a prospective cohort of patients admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU)with decompensated cirrhosis with and without overt *** We retrospectively evaluated a prospective cohort of cirrhotic patients admitted to the ICU from October 2013 to September 2015 that had an available plasmatic PS100-Beta *** with previous neurological impairment or limitation of intensive or resuscitative measures were *** HE was defined as West-Haven grades 2 to *** patients were compared to a control cohort of outpatient clinic cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients explored for isolated elevation of liver *** ICU discharge,the patients were followed for at least 3 months for the occurrence of overt *** outcomes(liver transplantation or death)were *** ability of PS100-Beta–in combination with other factors–to predict overt HE was evaluated in a multivariate analysis using logistic *** ratios were used to determine the effects and calculate odds ratios(OR).Survival analysis was performed by using the Kaplan–Meier method and survival between groups was compared using a Log-rank *** A total of 194 ICU patients and 207 outpatients were included in the *** levels of plasmatic PS100-Beta were detected in the ICU decompensated cirrhotic patients compared with the outpatients([0.15±0.01]mg/L vs.[0.08±0]mg/L,P<0.001).ICU patients with overt HE had higher levels of PS100-Beta([0.19±0.03]mg/L)compared with the

关键词： Cirrhosis Hepatic encephalopathy Blood-brain barrier PS100-Beta Liver disease

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