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Application of Water Quality Model QUAL2K to Model the Dispersion of Pollutants in River Ndarugu, Kenya

Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering 2014年第4期3卷 162-169页

作者： Letensie Tseggai Hadgu maurice omondi nyadawa John Kimani Mwangi Purity Muthoni Kibetu Beraki Bahre Mehari Department of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology Bondo Kenya

Ndarugu River, Kenya, during its course through the different agricultural and industrial areas of Gatundu, Gachororo and Juja farms, receives untreated industrial, domestic and agricultural waste of point source discharges from coffee and tea factories. During wet season the water is also polluted by non-point (diffuse) sources created by runoff carrying soil, fertilizer and pesticide residues from the catchment area. This study involved the calibration of water quality model QUAL2K to predict the water quality of this segment of the river. The model was calibrated and validated for flow discharge (Q), temperature (T°), flow velocity (V), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate (NO3-N), using data collected and analyzed during field and laboratory measurements done in July and November-December 2013. The model was then used in simulation and its performance was evaluated using statistical criteria based on correlation coefficient (R2) and standard errors (SE) between the observed and simulated data. The model reflected the field data quite well with minor exceptions. In spite of these minor differences between the measured and simulated data set at some points, the calibration and validation results are acceptable especially for developing countries where the financial resources for frequent monitoring works and higher accuracy data analysis are very limited. The water is being polluted by the human activities in the catchment. There is need for proper control of wastewater by various techniques, and preliminary treatment of waste discharges prior to effluent disposal. Management of the watershed is necessary so as to protect the river from the adverse impacts of agricultural activities and save it from further deterioration.

关键词： BOD5 DO QUAL2K River Pollution Water Quality Modeling

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农民主导的灌溉方式对小农户作物收入的影响：来自坦桑尼亚南部的证据

农民主导的灌溉方式对小农户作物收入的影响：来自坦桑尼亚南部的...

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作者： Osewe maurice omondi 南京农业大学

学位级别：硕士

撒哈拉以南的非洲的灌溉项目大多具有不可持续的特点,因为项目实施者或政府规划者缺少相关维护。相反,有证据表明,小农户正利用个体积极性自主实施并逐步扩大土地灌溉。农民主导灌溉是一种变革性的农业集约化灌溉方式,已经逐步落实。该... 详细信息

撒哈拉以南的非洲的灌溉项目大多具有不可持续的特点,因为项目实施者或政府规划者缺少相关维护。相反,有证据表明,小农户正利用个体积极性自主实施并逐步扩大土地灌溉。农民主导灌溉是一种变革性的农业集约化灌溉方式,已经逐步落实。该种方式足以显著改变小农的生活水平,但现有研究仍缺乏关于其对小农家庭收入改变影响的严谨评估。因此,本文通过探讨农民采用这一特殊灌溉方式的影响因素及该方式对农民人均作物净收入的影响来弥补现有研究不足。本文使用倾向评分匹配来估计采用该方式对人均作物净收入的影响,所采用样本包括坦桑尼亚南部的608个小农。结果表明,农民主导的灌溉实践方式的采用受农户干旱经历、用水群体组成、农民组织成员组成、政府推广以及户主的性别等影响。此外,该方式对农民人均作物净收入产生了正向且显著的影响,因此,有必要鼓励推行农民主导的灌溉方式,该方式可作为推动外部可持续粮食安全方面促进创新的补充。因此,我们建议政府应该通过改善道路、消除市场壁垒、积极帮助还没有采取主动个体主导灌溉等方式来提高农民的积极性。此外,政府应制定法规以确保农民主导的灌溉计划不会损害环境,如保护生活用水。最后,政府应该向农民提供负担得起的、适当的信贷工具等微观服务。并且,为获得有关农民主导的灌溉措施对家庭福利的确切影响,相关研究还需继续深入进行。

关键词：农民主导灌溉家庭福利人均作物收入小规模农业坦桑尼亚

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Secondary Data Analysis of Tuberculosis Deaths in Bulawayo Province, Zimbabwe, 2016-2019

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Open Journal of Epidemiology 2022年第1期12卷 57-67页

作者： Tshebukani Mzingaye Moyo Edwin Sibanda Notion Tafara Gombe Tsitsi Patience Juru Emmanuel Govha maurice omondi Addmore Chadambuka Mufuta Tshimanga Department of Primary Health Care Sciences Global and Public Health University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe Bulawayo City Council Department of Health Bulawayo Zimbabwe African Field Epidemiology Network Harare Zimbabwe African Field Epidemiology Network Nairobi Kenya

Background: Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death globally, and the third leading cause of death in Zimbabwe. Death from any cause following a diag-nosis of tuberculosis is classified as a tuberculosis death. Bulawayo Province reported high tuberculosis death rates from 15.3% in 2016 to 14.2% in 2019 against a threshold of 5%. We analyzed tuberculosis deaths for Bulawayo Province to characterize patients dying and to make recommendations for im-proving treatment outcomes for susceptible tuberculosis cases. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. We analyzed all (N = 469) records of tuberculosis deaths from 19/19 Bulawayo tuberculosis diagnosing centers from 01 January 2016 to 31 December 2019. Microsoft® Excel 2007 was used to generate graphs and Stata® version 17 was used to conduct chi-square tests for trends. Results: Males accounted for 278/469 (59.3%) of the deaths. The median age of death was 40 years (Q1 = 33: Q3 = 51). The proportion of TB deaths increased from 63/114 (55%) in 2016 to 57/90 (63%) in 2019 for males (p Conclusion: High death rates particularly in the intensive phase, could be attributed to sub-optimal clinical care. Tuberculosis programs should work towards adopting differentiated care models for tuberculosis patients and developing algorithms for patients at high risk of death.

关键词： Tuberculosis Death Secondary Data Analysis Bulawayo Province Zimbabwe

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An Evaluation of the Adverse Events Following Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Surveillance System in Zvimba District, Zimbabwe, 2020

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World Journal of AIDS 2022年第1期12卷 1-19页

作者： Tendai Hlabangana Owen Mugurungi Emmanuel Govha Tsitsi P. Juru Notion T. Gombe Addmore Chadambuka maurice omondi Mufuta Tshimanga Department of Family Medicine Global and Public Health Unit University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe AIDS and TB Programmes Directorate Harare Zimbabwe African Field Epidemiology Network Harare Zimbabwe African Field Epidemiology Network Nairobi Kenya

Background: The Adverse Events following Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Surveillance System (VMMC AESS) serves to identify adverse events (AEs) for safe provision of VMMC. In 2019, Zvimba District reported two adverse events out of 542 circumcisions translating to a 0.4% AE rate against an acceptable threshold of 2% and this is suggestive of underreporting. We evaluated the system to verify existence of underreporting of AEs, assess the surveillance system attributes and evaluate data quality. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using the updated Center for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines for surveillance system evaluation. We proportionately sampled VMMC client intake records and purposively selected health workers involved in the VMMC programme into the study. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 14 - 30 December 2020 on knowledge of the VMMC AESS among health care workers and surveillance system attributes. We used a checklist to check for data quality. Data were analysed using Epi Info 7 statistical software. Results: Of the 31 health workers that participated in the study, 21 (68%) had fair knowledge of the surveillance system. Out of 384 records reviewed, 104 had missing data on AE monitoring days 7 and 42. Sixteen (52%) of participants regarded filling AE reporting forms as difficult and the process as time-consuming. The surveillance system was not representative as only two out of eight facilities were conducting outreaches in hard-to-reach areas. Conclusion: There was possible underreporting of adverse events as about a quarter of reviewed records had missing data on AE monitoring days and the system’s performance was threatened by poor data quality and unavailability of reporting forms. The system was rendered acceptable though unstable, not representative and not simple and the health workers were not making use of the surveillance system. We recommended retraining on the surveillance system

关键词： Surveillance Adverse Events System Circumcision Evaluation

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