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Giorgio Va.a.i’s Fine a.ts From the Vite of 1550:The Splendor of Crea.ivity a.d Design

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Journa. of Litera.ure a.d a.t Studies 2017年第2期7卷 140-178页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney SIELa. Universidad de CorunaSpain

Giorgio Va.a.i’s conception of a.tistic crea.ivity is rela.ed to his theory of pa.nting. He proposes two a.terna.ives in a.pa.nter’s development or a.hievement of a.tistic crea.ivity: imita.ion (imita.ione) a.d invention (invenzione).Imita.ion is the copying of a.t a. a.method of lea.ning, wherea. invention is independent of imita.ion a.d constitutes the mea.s for conceiving a.tistic idea.. Imita.ion serves to guide a.d tea.h the a.tist in composing a.d crea.ing perfection. Va.a.i ma.nta.ns tha. a.tists must study a.tiquity a.d the ma.ters, so tha. they ma. lea.n how others a.quired the experience of imita.ing na.ure. For Va.a.i, imita.ion dra.s upon three different sources: the first two a.e copying from na.ure (copia.da. vero) a.d the third one is selecting from one’s work (imita.e se stessi). He empha.izes tha. copying from na.ure is importa.t for the a.tist so tha. he ma. lea.n to crea.e forms tha. a.e a.ive a. visua.ized in the Fine a.ts.

关键词： bea.ty crea.ivity dra.ing imita.ion invention Fine a.ts Giorgio Va.a.i Ma.silio Ficino Neopla.onism Rena.ssa.ce a.d Ita.ia. Ma.nerism

Giorgio Va.a.i＇s Sa.nt Micha.l： a.Symbol of Neopla.onic Light

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2015年第3期3卷 152-166页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney University of Corufia Corufia Spain

This essa. includes a.brief expla.a.ion of who is Micha.l The a.cha.gel; discusses the ma.ifold depictions of Sa.nt Micha.l in Ita.ia. Rena.ssa.ce a.t, in pa.ticula. in Giorgio Va.a.i＇s ima.ery; a.d exa.ines the impa.t of Neopla.onism in the interpreta.ion of The a.cha.gel a.d Micha.l＇s symbolic role. The Rena.ssa.ce Neopla.onic philosopher Ma.silio Ficino expla.ned the significa.ion of the Pla.onic celestia. la.der a. a.spiritua. vehicle for the huma. soul to a.hieve the divine＇s love. One step of this la.der is the a.gelic Mind. The spa.kling light of the a.gelic Mind＇s rea.m revea.s the splendor a.d bea.ty of God＇s gra.e. This is the rea.m where Micha.l, a.Sera.him a.d a.messenger of God, resides, delivering God＇s messa.es of gra.e a.d love to huma.ity throughout the world. In the va.lt of the Pope Pius V Cha.el a. the Va.ica., once ca.led Sa.nt Micha.l＇s Cha.el, for exa.ple, Giorgio Va.a.i （1511-1574） meta.horica.ly visua.ized these divine messa.es. He pa.nted a. fresco Micha.l The a.cha.gel in comba. a.a.nst personifica.ions of vices a. demons who wa.t to prevent huma. beings from the obta.ning divine gra.e tha. will a.low their souls to a.cend towa.d divine love.

关键词： Sa.nt Micha.l, Giorgio Va.a.i, Neopla.onism, Light, a.d Symbolism

Giorgio Va.a.i’s Celestia. Utopia.of Whimsy a.d Joy:Constella.ions,Zodia. Signs,a.d Grotesques

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2019年第3期7卷 111-141页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney Universida. de Coruna Spain

This study ela.ora.es on the decora.ion of the ceiling in the refectory of the former Monteoliveto mona.tery in Na.les,toda. pa.t of the church of Sa.t’a.na.dei *** consists of three pa.ts:a. expla.a.ion of the ceiling design with its geometrica. configura.ions of circles,octa.ons,hexa.ons,ova.s,a.d squa.es;a. iconogra.hica. a.a.ysis solely focusing on the ceiling decora.ion,which consists of grotesques,constella.ions,a.d zodia. signs;a.d a.discussion of some of the litera.y a.d visua. sources employed in the *** Florentine Ma.nerist pa.nter Giorgio Va.a.i,a.ded by severa. a.sista.ts,renova.ed a.d pa.nted the ceilings between 1544 a.d *** Gia.ma.eo d’a.versa.the a.bot Genera. of the Monteoliveta. Order in Na.les,composed the iconogra.hica. progra. with the a.sista.ce of insightful suggestions from the Florentine Monteoliveta. prior Don Minia.o Pitti,who wa. Va.a.i’s pa.ron a.d friend a. *** oversight inspired Va.a.i to pa.nt a.celestia. utopia.of hila.ity a.d whimsica.ity on the Nea.olita. ceiling,thus lea.ening the other ima.ery,which combined both religious a.d secula. representa.ions of mora. virtues a.d divine la.s.

关键词： constella.ions zodia. signs grotesques Neopla.onism ha.mony of the spheres refectory geometrica. configura.ions celestia. utopia whimsica.ity a.d la.ghter

Hypa.ia.of a.exa.dria.a.Fiercely Intelligent Woma.

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2024年第8期12卷 475-487页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney University of Ma.sa.husetts LowellUSA

The novel Hypa.ia.Or New Foes With a. Old Fa.e by Cha.les Kingsley,published in 1853,provided va.ua.le insight into Hypa.ia.s a.hievements a.d the unfortuna.e circumsta.ces surrounding her untimely ***’s novel portra.ed a.fiercely intelligent woma.,Hypa.ia.who spa.ked the interest of ma.y a.tists,pa.ticula.ly *** were ea.er to ca.ture in their sta.ues the personifica.ion of this rema.ka.le a.cient ma.hema.icia.,philosopher,a.d scientist of a.cient Egypt,Hypa.ia.of a.exa.dria.355-415).This essa. ha. two *** first provides a.brief overview of Hypa.ia.s life a.d *** second pa.t focuses on four sculptures from the 19th century crea.ed by different a.tists:Hypa.ia.1873-1876)by the a.erica. Howa.d Roberts,Hypa.ia.1874)by the Ita.ia. Odoa.do Ta.a.chi,Hypa.ia.1890)by Fra.cis John Willia.son,a.d Hypa.ia.1894)by Richa.d Cla.de *** two la.ter works a.e by British sculptors.

关键词： Hypa.ia.of a.exa.dria Egyptia.-Greek woma. scientist victimiza.ion Neopla.onism Cha.les Kingsley 19th-century sculptures

Ba.ba.a.Longhi’s Sa.nt a.nes of Rome:Iconic Ima.es of Purity a.d Virtue

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2022年第3期10卷 115-136页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney University of Ma.sa.husetts Lowell LowellUSA

Ba.ba.a.Longhi of Ra.enna.1552-1638)enjoyed crea.ing sma.l devotiona. pa.ntings depicting holy sa.nts,in pa.ticula. Sa.nt a.nes(c.291-304).This sa.nt’s life a.d ma.tyrdom wa. recorded by the Bishop of Mila.,Sa.nt a.brose(339-397),a.Doctor of the Church a.d theologia.,in his book Concerning Virgins(374)a.d by Ja.obus de Vora.ine,the a.chbishop of Genoa.in his Golden Legend(Legenda.a.rea.1275).The sa.nt’s story continues to be ima.ed a.d recounted to the present da. beca.se she is a. icon of a.pure a.d virtuous a.olescent *** Longhi,a.ong with her fa.her,Luca.Longhi(1507-1580),pa.nted severa. versions of Sa.nt *** their ma.y depictions they composed two types of ima.es:a.single-solo-ima.e of the sa.nt;a.d her presence in a.group of sa.nts-a.theme known a. holy *** her pa.ntings of Sa.nt a.nes,however,Ba.ba.a.Longhi preferred to depict the solo ima.e of the sa.nt a. virgo,a.young ma.den of *** essa. is composed of two pa.ts:(1)a. a.count of the life a.d ma.tyrdom of Sa.nt a.nes;a.d(2)a. iconogra.hica. interpreta.ion of Ba.ba.a.Longhi’s Sa.nt a.nes of Rome.

关键词： Ba.ba.a.a.d Luca.Longhi Sa.nt a.nes virgo Christia. symbolism ma.nerism Counter-Reforma.ion Movement Pre-Ra.ha.lite Movement

Giorgio Va.a.i’s Fiery Putto:a.tistic a.moria.

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Journa. of Litera.ure a.d a.t Studies 2021年第11期11卷 911-936页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney University of Ma.sa.husetts Lowell LowellMAUSA

Giorgio Va.a.i(1511-74)a. a. a.tist a.d a.t historia. of Ita.ia. Ma.nerism viewed himself a. huomo buono et docto in buon letter(a.fine a.d lea.ned ma.).1 In choosing to pra.tice va.ious a.ts such a. writing trea.ises,collecting dra.ings,pa.nting decora.ive cycles,designing buildings,a.d decora.ing fa.a.es,Va.a.i wa. viewed by huma.ists a. a.*** Tusca. pa.nter,a.chitect,a.t collector,writer,a.d a.t historia. is best known for his Vite de’piùeccellenti a.chitetti,pittori e scultori ita.ia.i,da.Cima.ue insino a.tempi nostri(Lives of the Most Excellent a.chitects,Pa.nters a.d Sculptors of Ita.y,from Cima.ue to the present time),which wa. first published in 1550,followed by a. enla.ged edition illustra.ed with woodcuts of a.tists’portra.ts in 1568.2 In 1960,Eina. Rud(1892-1980),a.Da.ish biogra.her a.d a.schola. of Va.a.i,cha.a.terized him a. the first a.t historia..3 By virtue of Rud’s text,Va.a.i is known a.“the first a.t historia.”-in pa.ticula.,of Ita.ia. a.t-since Pliny the Elder wrote Book 35 on the History of a.t in a.cient times in the Na.ura. History,published posthumously in 79 CE.4 It is a.most impossible to ima.ine the history of Ita.ia. a.t without Va.a.i,so funda.enta. is his Vite(Lives).This sixteenth-century Ita.ia. work is the first rea. a.d a.tonomous history of a.t beca.se of its monumenta. encompa.sing of a.l of the following:(1)prea.bles for expla.a.ory da.a.on the function of the text;(2)integra.ion of individua. biogra.hies(with a.ecdota.,gossipy,a.d a.using commenta.ies);(3)theory of a.t with a.ticula.ions a.out a.tistic crea.ivity a.d intentiona.ity;a.d(4)inclusion of expla.a.ions of the function a.d types of a.tistic ma.eria.s a. well a. their a.plica.ions a.d techniques necessa.y for the productivity of a.t forms(tha. is,a.forma.ion of a. instruction ma.ua. for a.tists a.d the ma.ua.’s a.plica.ion to ma.eria. culture in the sixteenth century).In his coa. of a.ms,Va.a.i visua.ized these crea.ive a.tivities a.d honored his a.etine a.tis

关键词： Giorgio Va.a.i Ca.e Va.a.i coa. of a.ms a.etine hera.dry emblems iconogra.hy symbolism studiolo(study) Rena.ssa.ce visions a.d theories

Giorgio Va.a.i＇s La.t Supper： a.Tha.ksgiving Celebra.ion

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2016年第12期4卷 735-778页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney SIEa.E University of Coruna Spain

a.ong the numerous themes on the suppers cited in the Bible, the La.t Supper of Christ with His twelve a.ostles is the most poigna.t a.d rewa.ding for Christia.ity. Florentine Rena.ssa.ce depictions of the theme a.e numerous a.d va.ied, tra.itiona.ly represented a. a.predella.（step） pa.el a.d a. a. a.ta.piece in dining ha.ls or sa.risties of churches a.d convents. Va.a.i＇s La.t Supper for the Refectory ofLe Mura.e （The Wa.led） in Florence is a. unusua. depiction of Christ＇s tha.ksgiving. This imposing religious structure wa. pa.nted for a.poor Benedictine nunnery＇s cena.olo （refectory） in Florence. Va.a.i completed two dra.ings for the commission in 1546. The dra.ings a.d pa.nting revea. how Va.a.i drew upon the work of his predecessors to crea.e a. innova.ive expression of tha.ksgiving, betra.a., a.d depa.ture. This la.ge ma.terpiece wa. severely da.a.ed, a.most irrepa.a.ly, by severa. misha.s a.d floods in 1583 a.d 1718 a.d, more recently, by the ma.or Florentine a.luvione （flood） of 1966. In commemora.ion of the 50th yea. a.niversa.y of this la.t ca.a.trophic event, Va.a.i＇s Le Muta.e La.t Supper wa. ca.efully a.d ma.ica.ly restored by a.group of ma.terful technicia.s, a.tists, a.d scientists. Their colla.ora.ion a.d support from the priva.e sector demonstra.e the successful bond a.ong a.t, technology, science, a.d pa.rona.e.

关键词： cena.olo La.t Supper convent Christia. symbolism betra.a. tha.ksgiving Giorgio Va.a.i Florentine refectories Le Mura.e

Giorgio Va.a.i’s Cupola.of Sa.ta.Ma.ia.del Fiore:The Eye of God

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2021年第1期9卷 1-12页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney UMa.s Lowell LowellUnited States

In previous studies on the iconogra.hica. symbolism revea.ed in Giorgio Va.a.i’s fresco decora.ion for the Cupola.of Sa.ta.Ma.ia.del Fiore(a.so known a. the Dome of Florence,1572-1574),I discussed three points:(1)the impa.t of Da.te’s Divine Comedy,in pa.ticula. the Inferno;(2)the influence of Coppo di Ma.cova.do’s mosa.c decora.ion on the cupola.of the Florentine Ba.tistery(1300);a.d(3)the inspira.ion of Rena.ssa.ce Neopla.onism in Va.a.i’s pa.ntings.(a.pects of this study were published in cheney,2016,pp.488-519;cheney&Hendrix,2002,pp.177-188;cheney,1998,pp.35-55;cheney,1987,pp.1-8).In this essa.,I will focus on a.other iconogra.hica. representa.ion:the meta.hysica. a.d physica. symbolism of the eye(―l’occhio‖)in Va.a.i’s cupola.ima.ery(Figure 1).This a.proa.h will connect with Cosimo Ba.toli’s lecture on Da.te’s Divine Comedy a.d,in pa.ticula.,on Da.te’s Purga.orio(Ca.tos XXX a.d XXXI)a. well a. with Vincenzo Borghini’s progra. for the decora.ion of the Cupola.of Sa.ta.Ma.ia.del Fiore.

关键词： Da.te Divine Comedy illustra.ions Dome of Florence Giorgio Va.a.i Rena.ssa.ce Neopla.onism

Giuseppe a.cimboldo’s Grilli: Humor a.d Ma.ic in Genre Portra.ts

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Cultura. a.d Religious Studies 2019年第2期7卷 57-76页

作者： Lia.a.De Girola.i cheney Universida. de Coruna Spain

This essa. exa.ines one a.pect of Giuseppe a.cimboldo’s portra.ture: His genre depictions where he expa.ds the a.t of illusionism or ma.ic visua.iza.ion into grilli (intellectua. whims) a.d teste composte (composite hea.s). These ima.es of reversible portra.ts of genre scenes, ca.ica.ura. conceits, a.d visua. puns a.e seen in The Cook or The Chef reversed a. The Bowl of Mea.s of 1570 a. the Na.iona.museum, Stockholm;The Vegeta.le Ga.dener reversed a. The Bowl of Vegeta.les of 1590 a. the Museo Civico “a.a.Ponzone”, Cremona.a.d Il Fruta.o, The Fruit Vendor reversed a. The Ba.ket of Fruits of 1591, a. the French & Compa.y Ga.lery in New York. In his ima.ery, a.cimboldo focuses on the pa.a.oxica. mea.ing of objects,“wha. if?” a.ding a.sense of a.biguity a.d mystery to his a.t. Is a.cimboldo tea.ing the viewer with a.Ma.nerist fla.e, or is he composing or implying a.other type of intellectua. conceit? Ultima.ely, a.cimboldo invents a.new type of genre: the emblema.ic humorous portra.t.

关键词： composite hea.s grilli humor delight innuendo symbolism ma.nerism Mila. School of Pra.ue a.t theory grotesque