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Many ways to repress!jAZ’s agony of choices

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Molecular Plant 2021年第5期14卷 714-716页

作者： mark Zander Waksman Institute of Microbiology Department of Plant BiologySchool of Environmental and Biological SciencesRutgersThe State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJ 08554USA

The major plant hormone jasmonic acid(jA)controls a wide range of important biological processes;in particular stress responses and male reproductive development(Wasternack and Song,2017).Local de novo biosynthesis as well aslong-distance transport of jA and subsequent perception of its conjugate jasmonoyl-isoleucine(jA-lle)leads to the activation of a large transcriptional regulatory network with thousands of genes transcriptionally reprogrammed(Wasternack and Song,2017;Aerts et al.,2021).Key regulators of this jA-initiated transcriptional network are the jAZ(jASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN)proteins that directly repress the master transcription factors(TFs)MYC2 to MYC5 and other TFs(Wasternack and Song,2017).

关键词： network initiated conjugate

Pillar design and coal burst experience in Utah Book Cliffs longwall operations

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International journal of Mining Science and Technology 2021年第1期31卷 33-41页

作者： Christopher mark Michael Gauna Mine Safety and Health Administration Technical Support PittsburghPA 15236USA

Longwall mining has existed in Utah for more than half a *** of this mining occurred at depths of cover that significantly exceed those encountered by most other US longwall *** cover causes high ground stress,which can combine with geology to create a coal burst *** every longwall mine operating within the Utah’s Book Cliffs coalfield has been affected by coal *** design has been a key component in the burst control strategies employed by mines in the Book ***,most longwall mines employed double-use two-entry yield pillar ***-use signifies that the gate system serves first as the headgate,and then later serves as the tailgate for the adjacent *** the 1996 burst fatality at the Aberdeen Mine,the inter-panel barrier design was *** this layout,a wide barrier pillar protects each longwall panel from the previously mined panel,and each gate system is used just *** paper documents the deep cover longwall mining conducted with each type of pillar design,together with the associated coal burst *** of the six longwall mining complexes in the Book Cliffs having a coal burst history is described on a panel-by-panel *** analysis shows that where the mining depth exceeded 450 m,each design has been employed for about 38000 total m of longwall panel *** double-use yield pillar design has been used primarily at depths less than 600 m,however,while the inter-panel barrier design has been used mainly at depths exceeding 600 *** its greater depth of use,the inter-panel barrier gate design has been associated with about one-third as much face region burst activity as the double-use yield pillar design.

关键词： Longwall Ground control Coal burst Pillar design Yield pillar

The Chapman-Richards Distribution and its Relationship to the Generalized Beta

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Forest Ecosystems 2019年第3期6卷 219-235页

作者： jeffrey H.Gove Thomas B.Lynch mark j.Ducey USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station271 Mast Road Durham 03824NHUSA Professor Emeritus Department of Natural Resource Ecology and ManagementOklahoma State UniversityAg Hall Room 008CStillwater 74078OKUSA Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire114 James Hall Durham 03824NHUSA

Background: The Chapman-Richards distribution is developed as a special case of the equilibrium solution to the McKendrick-Von Foerster equation. The Chapman-Richards distribution incorporates the vital rate assumptions of the Chapman-Richards growth function, constant mortality and recruitment into the mathematical form of the distribution. Therefore, unlike 'assumed' distribution models, it is intrinsically linked with the underlying vital rates for the forest area under consideration. Methods: It is shown that the Chapman-Richards distribution can be recast as a subset of the generalized beta distribution of the first kind, a rich family of assumed probability distribution models with known properties. These known properties for the generalized beta are then immediately available for the Chapman-Richards distribution, such as the form of the compatible basal area-size distribution. A simple two-stage procedure is proposed for the estimation of the model parameters and simulation experiments are conducted to validate the procedure for four different possible distribution shapes. Results: The simulations explore the efficacy of the two-stage estimation procedure;these cover the estimation of the growth equation and mortality-recruitment derives from the equilibrium assumption. The parameter estimates are shown to depend on both the sample size and the amount of noise imparted to the synthetic measurements. The results vary somewhat by distribution shape, with the smaller, noisier samples providing less reliable estimates of the vital rates and final distribution forms. Conclusions: The Chapman-Richards distribution in its original form, or recast as a generalized beta form, presents a potentially useful model integrating vital rates and stand diameters into a flexible family of resultant distributions shapes. The data requirements are modest, and parameter estimation is straightforward provided the minimal recommended sample sizes are obtained.

关键词： Diameter distributions Chapman-Richards growth Generalized beta distribution of the first kind Maximum likelihood McKendrick-Von Foerster equation Physiologically structured population model Size-structured distributions

Mobility of charge carriers in mineral oil and ester fluids

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High Voltage 2021年第6期6卷 1040-1050页

作者： Qingjiang Xue Igor Timoshkin mark PWilson Martin Given Scott j.MacGregor Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK

New,more stringent environmental requirements for electrical insulation liquids have led to the development of novel,more environment‐friendly liquid *** fluids,introduced several decades ago,provide a viable alternative to traditional mineral insu-lating *** order to expand the practical applications of these novel dielectric fluids,their dielectric and electrical parameters should be *** of the critical pa-rameters that affects and governs the development of pre‐breakdown processes in insulating liquids is the mobility of charge *** the present paper,the mobility of charge carriers in commercially available synthetic and natural insulating ester fluids and in a mineral insulating oil were obtained using two methods,the time of flight and the space charge saturation current *** mobility was obtained for a wide range of electrical field *** was found that the mobility of charge carriers is greater in the mineral oil than in both,the natural and synthetic,ester *** was also established that the mobility is higher for higher applied electric *** results of this work will help in characterizing liquid dielectrics and in optimizing high‐voltage systems in which liquid dielectrics,including natural and synthetic ester fluids,are used.

关键词： field. charge liquids

Evolution of interventional endoscopic ultrasound

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Gastroenterology Report 2023年第1期11卷 131-139页

作者： mark j.Radlinski Daniel S.Strand Vanessa M.Shami Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA

Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)has become an indispensable modality for the assessment of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent structures since its origin in the *** the development of the linear echoendoscope,EUS has evolved from a purely diagnostic modality to a sophisticated tool for intervention,with numerous luminal,pancreaticobiliary,and hepatic ***,these applications may be subdivided into three categories:transluminal drainage or access procedures,injection therapy,and EUS-guided liver *** drainage or access procedures include management of pancreatic fluid collection,EUS-guided biliary drainage,EUS-guided bile duct drainage,EUS-guided pancreatic duct drainage,and enteral anastomosis *** therapies include therapeutic EUS-guided injections for management of malignancies accessible by ***-guided liver applications include EUS-guided liver biopsy,EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement,and EUS-guided vascular *** this review,we discuss the origins of each of these EUS applications,evolution of techniques leading to the current status,and future directions of EUS-guided interventional therapy.

关键词： endoscopic ultrasound interventional endoscopic ultrasound biliary drainage gastrojejunostomy pancreatic pseudocyst drainage

Utilising the scientific method to demonstrate that slender beam/column behaviour is the dominant behavioural mechanism leading to roof/rib failure

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International journal of Mining Science and Technology 2021年第5期31卷 867-887页

作者： mark Colwell Russell Frith Colwell Geotechnical Services CaloundraQLD 4551Australia Mine Advice Pty Ltd BeresfieldNSW 2322Australia

As per most other earth science engineering problems,the underground coal geotechnical environment and the way in which roof and rib support interacts with the rock mass are complex *** is therefore generally recognised that without prudent simplification,the complexity of the problem will overwhelm all current geotechnical methods of modelling,not least for the reason that a rock mass can never be characterised to a level that allows a"non-simplified"*** fact that numerical models,which are commonly purported to be a"simulation"tool and the so-called epitome of advanced geotechnical engineering,always need to be"calibrated"to a known reality is taken to be conclusive proof of this *** the problem should not be oversimplified(*** dominant failure mechanisms or critical data input parameters should not be ignored),without question judicious simplification is at the heart of all engineering design,to the point that it has a well-established name–"reductionism".The hypothesis addressed in this paper,is that horizontal and vertical stress-driven slender beam and column behaviour(which includes unstable Euler Buckling)are respectively the dominant(but not only)roadway roof and ribline behavioural mechanism that(if not controlled)can lead to excessive deformation,failure and eventual *** a part of the Scientific Method,a hypothesis can only be tested via real-world observations,measurements and analyses in establishing it is a credible *** the Scientific Method,this paper demonstrates that slender beam/column behaviour is the dominant instability mechanism within a coal mine roof/rib subject to elevated horizontal/vertical stress conditions and therefore,must be representatively accounted for in any credible empirical,analytical,or numerical approach to coal mine roof/rib stability assessment and associated ground support design.

关键词： Prudent simplification Behavioural mechanisms Support design Delamination Axial stress Buckling

Endogenous Glucocorticoids and Bone

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Bone Research 2013年第2期1卷 107-119页

作者： Hong Zhou mark S. Cooper markus j. Seibel Bone Research Program ANZAC Research Institute Concord Clinical School The University of Sydney Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism Concord Hospital

While the adverse effects of glucocorticoids on bone are well described, positive effects of glucocorticoids on the differentiation of osteoblasts are also observed. These paradoxical effects of glucocorticoids are dose dependent. At both physiologicaland supraphysiological levels of glucocorticoids, osteoblasts and osteocytes are the major glucocorticoid target cells. However, the response of the osteoblasts to each of these is quite distinct. At physiology levels, glucocorticoids direct mesenchymal progenitor cells to differentiate towards osteoblasts and thus increase bone formation in a positive way. In contrast with ageing, the excess production of glucocorticoids, at both systemic and intracellular levels, appear to impact on osteoblast and osteocytes in a negative way in a similar fashion to that seen with therapeutic glucocorticoids. This review will focus on therole of glucocorticoids in normal bone physiology, with particular emphasis on the mechanism by which endogenous glucocorticoids impact on bone and its constituent cells.

关键词： glucocorticoids mechanisms of action bone osteoblasts skeletal development Wnt signaling

Effect of Cooling Rate on the Room Temperature Microstructure Following the Intercritical Deformation of Steel S460

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journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S1期18卷 500-505页

作者： Hinton john S Palmiere Eric j Rainforth W.mark IMMPETUS Dept.Of Materials Science and EngineeringThe University of SheffieldMappin StSheffieldSouth YorkshireS1 3JDUK

The effect of final hot rolling in the intercritical (α+γ) region on microstructure and properties is very specific to the individual processing conditions and the chemical composition of a steel.S460 is a plate steel processed in this *** reproduce at the laboratory scale,a multi-stage simulation was developed which included a high temperature austenite deformation and an isothermal *** effect of the applied cooling rate following intercritical deformation was *** 1K/s (typical industrial cooling) the microstructure was similar to the reference sample,but included an intragranular ferrite *** was due to differences in processing history,and considered to be linked to a larger prior austenite grain *** an accelerated cooling rate (15K/s),acicular ferrite formed on shear bands within the strained austenite *** scans have been completed to provide further information about the microstructures,with band contrast able to identify the pearlite phase at the slowest cooling *** is a starting point from which to focus on the ferrite morphologies.

关键词： intercritical deformation cooling rate laboratory simulation plate steel acicular ferrite

Breeding wheat for drought tolerance： Progress and technologies

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journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第5期15卷 935-943页

作者： Learnmore Mwadzingeni Hussein Shimelis Ernest Dube mark D Laing Toi j Tsilo College of Agriculture Engineering and Science University of KwaZulu-Natal/African Centre for Crop Improvement Scottsville 3209 South Africa Agricultural Research Council-Small Grain Institute (ARC-SGI) Bethlehem 9700 South Africa

Recurrent drought associated with climate change is among the principal constraints to global productivity of wheat（Triticum aestivum（L.） and T. turgidum（L.））. Numerous efforts to mitigate drought through breeding resilient varieties are underway across the world. Progress is, however, hampered because drought tolerance is a complex trait that is controlled by many genes and its full expression is affected by the environment. Furthermore, wheat has a structurally intricate and large genome. Consequently, breeding for drought tolerance requires the integration of various knowledge systems and methodologies from multiple disciplines in plant sciences. This review summarizes the progress made in dry land wheat improvement, advances in knowledge, complementary methodologies, and perspectives towards breeding for drought tolerance in the crop to create a coherent overview. Phenotypic, biochemical and genomics-assisted selection methodologies are discussed as leading research components used to exploit genetic variation. Advances in phenomic and genomic technologies are highlighted as options to circumvent existing bottlenecks in phenotypic and genomic selection, and gene transfer. The prospects of further integration of these technologies with other omics technologies are also provided.

关键词： drought tolerance genomic selection genotyping phenotyping wheat