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Design and thermodynamic analysis of a pathway enabling anaerobic production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in Escherichia coli

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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2023年第4期8卷 629-639页

作者： Karel Olavarria marco V.Becker Diana Z.Sousa mark c.m.van loosdrecht S.Aljoscha Wahl Laboratory of microbiology Wageningen University and ResearchStippenenweg 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands centre for Living Technologies Eindhoven-Wageningen-Utrecht AlliancePrincetonlaan 63584 CBUtrechtThe Netherlands Department of Biotechnology Applied Sciences FacultyDelft University of Technologyvan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik Friedrich-Alexander-Universit¨atPaul-Gordan-Strasse 391052ErlangenGermany

Utilizing anaerobic metabolisms for the production of biotechnologically relevant products presents potential advantages,such as increased yields and reduced energy ***,lower energy dissipation may indicate that certain reactions are operating closer to their thermodynamic *** stoichiometric analyses and genetic modifications are frequently employed in metabolic engineering,the use of thermodynamic tools to evaluate the feasibility of planned interventions is less *** this study,we propose a novel metabolic engineering strategy to achieve an efficient anaerobic production of poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)in the model organism Escherichia *** approach involves re-routing of two-thirds of the glycolytic flux through non-oxidative glycolysis and coupling PHB synthesis with NADH *** complemented our stoichiometric analysis with various thermodynamic approaches to assess the feasibility and the bottlenecks in the proposed engineered *** to our calculations,the main thermodynamic bottleneck are the reactions catalyzed by the acetoacetyl-coAβ-ketothiolase(Ec 2.***.1.9)and the acetoacetyl-coA reductase(Ec 1.***.1.36).Furthermore,we calculated thermodynamically consistent sets of kinetic parameters to determine the enzyme amounts required for sustaining the conversion *** the case of the engineered conversion route,the protein pool necessary to sustain the desired fluxes could account for 20%of the whole cell dry weight.

关键词： Pathway feasibility analysis Protein cost Anaerobic metabolism Engineered pathways metabolite concentrations

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新型水循环之海水冲厕的可持续应用

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Engineering 2016年第4期2卷 159-178页

作者：柳晓明戴吉吴镝江峰陈光浩徐浩光 mark c.m.van loosdrecht Department of civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Water Technology center The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology chinese National Engineering Research center for control and Treatment of Heavy metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) The Hong Kong University of cience and Technology School of chemistry and Environment South China Normal University Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology

水安全日益严重地威胁着全人类的健康和福祉。因此,寻找可持续替代的水资源已成为一个亟待解决的问题。尽管海水淡化和污水回用在一定程度上可以缓解城市的用水紧张,但是这两项技术的高能耗和高费用阻碍了它们的广泛应用。其实,城市用水... 详细信息

水安全日益严重地威胁着全人类的健康和福祉。因此,寻找可持续替代的水资源已成为一个亟待解决的问题。尽管海水淡化和污水回用在一定程度上可以缓解城市的用水紧张,但是这两项技术的高能耗和高费用阻碍了它们的广泛应用。其实,城市用水中20%30%是用于冲洗厕所,经过简单处理后的海水完全可以达到冲厕用水的水质要求。当然海水冲厕和再生水冲厕一样需要配备单独的管道系统。本文通过生命周期评估和敏感性分析方法,在与常规淡水系统进行比较的基础上,系统地研究了海水冲厕、海水淡化以及污水回用这三种替代水资源的方法,在城市水系统中的相对节约淡水的潜力、对环境的影响以及广泛应用的前景。结果表明,海水冲厕具有环境可持续性,其应用主要取决于城市的有效人口密度和距海岸的距离。在有效人口密度超过3000人·km–2及距海岸30 km以内的沿海城市,海水冲厕所带来的总环境影响明显低于其他两个替代水资源。如进一步结合应用适合含盐污水处理的硫酸盐还原、自养反硝化和综合硝化(sulfate reduction,autotrophic denitrification,and nitrification integrated,SANI)处理技术,海水冲厕的潜在应用范围可以扩大到距海岸60 km的沿海城市。对于符合这些要求的沿海城市,建议将海水冲厕纳入城市水系统,从而促进城市水循环的可持续发展。

关键词：可替代水资源海水冲厕 SANI 城市水系统生命周期评估

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metabolic syndrome and the urinary microbiome of patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy

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Asian Journal of Urology 2024年第2期11卷 316-323页

作者： Ryan A.Dornbier chirag P.Doshi Shalin c.Desai Petar Bajic michelle van Kuiken mark Khemmani Ahmer V.Farooq Larissa Bresler Thomas m.T.Turk Alan J.Wolfe Kristin G.Baldea Loyola University medical center Department of UrologyMaywoodILUSA Loyola University chicago Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMaywoodILUSA

Objective:To identify possible stone-promoting microbes,we compared the profiles of microbes grown from stones of patients with and without metabolic syndrome(metS).The association between metS and urinary stone disease is well established,but the exact pathophysiologic relationship remains *** evidence suggests urinary tract dysbiosis may lead to increased nephrolithiasis ***:At the time of percutaneous nephrolithotomy,bladder urine and stone fragments were collected from patients with and without *** sample types were subjected to expanded quantitative urine culture(EQUc)and 16 S ribosomal RNA gene ***:Fifty-seven patients included 12 controls(21.1%)and 45 metS patients(78.9%).Both cohorts were similar with respect to demographics and non-metS *** controls had uric acid stone *** EQUc,bacteria were detected more frequently in metS stones(42.2%)compared to controls(8.3%)(p=0.041).Bacteria also were more abundant in stones of metS patients compared to *** validate our EQUc results,we performed 16 S ribosomal RNA gene *** 12/16(75.0%)sequence-positive stones,EQUc reliably isolated at least one species of the sequenced *** were detected in both“infectious”and“non-infectious”stone ***:Bacteria are more common and more abundant in metS stones than control *** findings support a role for bacteria in urinary stone disease for patients with metS regardless of stone composition.

关键词： Nephrolithiasis Urolithiasis metabolic syndrome Urinary microbiome Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

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Old-growth mixed dipterocarp forests show variable losses and gains in aboveground biomass and standing carbon over forty years

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 14-23页

作者： Sisira Ediriweera champika Bandara Tithira Lakkana Shanika Jayasinghe David Woodbury Arun Dayanandan B.m.P.Singhakumara Xiangcheng mi I.A.U.N.Gunatilleke c.V.S.Gunatilleke mark SAshton Department of Science and Technology Uva Wellassa UniversityBadullaSri Lanka The Forest School Yale School of the EnvironmentYale UniversityNew HavenCT06511USA Department of Forestry and Environmental Science University of Sri JayewardenepuraNugegodaSri Lanka State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China Botany Department University of PeradeniyaPeradeniyaSri Lanka

Background:No studies have documented long-term trends in aboveground biomass(AGB)for mixed-dipterocarp forests(mDF),the dominant rain forest type in tropical wet equatorial *** our study,we sought to document such trends over forty years across three sites representing lowland to lower montane ***:To do this,we established fifty 100 m×25 m plots in 1978 across three sites sampled along an elevation gradient,identified as mature old-growth *** measured trees for diameter at breast height that we identified to species and *** took wood samples to calculate species wood-specific *** re-measured plots in 1998 and again in ***:We show standing AGB for all sites combined to be 517.52 mg·ha^(-1)in 1978,but this declined by 17%over 40 years to 430.11 mg·ha^(-1).No differences exist among sites in AGB primarily because of considerable within site variation;but interactions of time with site show declines across sites were not uniform,one remained about the *** few species represented a high proportion of the AGB with the top five species comprising between 34%and 65%,depending upon site and year *** species,mesua nagassarium,represented a disproportionately large amount of AGB and decline over time,particularly at the low elevation ***:Our results are directly relevant to estimating AGB and standing carbon sequestered in *** study is the first to demonstrate varying but overall,declining trends in amounts of AGB among forests making predictions of biomass and standing carbon in mDF difficult over wide regions.

关键词： Western ghats Shorea spp. Southeast Asia Sri Lanka Tropical rain forest Wood specific gravity

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Rationale and design of Tenecteplase Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Ischaemic cerebrovascular Events III (TRAcE III): a randomised, phase III, open- label, controlled trial

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2024年第1期9卷 82-89页

作者： Yunyun Xiong Bruce c V campbell marc Fisher Lee H Schwamm mark Parsons Hao Li Yuesong Pan Xia meng Xingquan Zhao Yongjun Wang Neurology Beijing Tiantan HospitalBeijingChina china National clinical Research center for Neurological Diseases BeijingChina Department of medicine and Neurology The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia Neurology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA Department of Neurology and comprehensive Stroke center Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA Department of Neurology University of New South Wales South Western Sydney Clinical SchoolLiverpoolNew South WalesAustralia

Background and purpose Recombinant human TNK tissue-type plasminogen activator(rhTNK-tPA)was not inferior to alteplase for ischaemic stroke within *** study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of rhTNK-tPA in patients who had an ischaemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion(LVO)of anterior circulation beyond *** and design Tenecteplase Reperfusion Therapy in Acute Ischaemic cerebrovascular Events-III(TRAcE III)is a multicentre,prospective,randomised,open-label,blind endpoint,controlled clinical *** who had an ischaemic stroke due to anterior circulation LVO(internal carotid artery,middle cerebral artery m1 and m2 segments)within 4.5–24hours from last known well(including wake-up stroke and no witness stroke)and with salvageable tissue(ischaemic core volumemL,mismatch ratio≥1.8 and mismatch volume≥15mL)based on cT perfusion or mRI perfusion-weighted imaging(PWI)were included and randomised to rhTNK-tPA 0.25mg/kg(single bolus)to a maximum of 25mg or standard medical ***,we will exclude patients who are intended for direct *** will be followed up for 90 *** outcomes Primary efficacy outcome is modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score≤1 at 90 *** efficacy outcomes include ordinal distribution of mRS at 90 days,major neurological improvement defined by a decrease≥8 points compared with the initial deficit or a score≤1 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)at 72 hours,mRS score≤2 at 90 days,the rate of improvement on Tmax>6s at 24 hours and NIHSS score change from baseline at *** outcomes are symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage within 36 hours and mortality at 90 *** TRAcE III will provide evidence for the efficacy and safety of rhTNK-tPA in patients who had an ischaemic strokes due to anterior circulation LVO beyond *** registration number NcT05141305.

关键词： Therapy random Rational

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Global prevalence and gender inequalities in at least 60 min of self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity 1 or more days per week:An analysis with 707,616 adolescents

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第5期13卷 709-716页

作者： Raphael H.O.Araujo AndrúO.Werneck clarice L.martins Luciana L.Barboza Rafael m.Tassitano Nicolas Aguilar-Farias Gilmar m.Jesus Robinson Ramírez-Véelez Riki Tesler Adewale L.Oyeyemi Ellen c.m.Silva Robert G.Weaver mark S.Tremblay Javier Brazo-Sayavera Grégore I.mielke Danilo R.P.Silva Graduation Program in Health Sciences Londrina State University(UEL)Londrina 86057-970Brazil center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health Department of NutritionSchool of Public HealthUniversidade de Sao Paulo(USP)Sao Paulo 01246-904Brazil Department of Physical Education Federal University of ParaıbaParaıba 58051-900Brazil Research centre of Physical Activity Health and LeisureFaculty of SportsLaboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health(ITR)University of PortoPorto 4500Portugal Postgraduate Program in Physical Education University of BrasıliaBrasılia 70910-900Brazil Department of Kinesiology and community Health University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignChampaignIL 61801-3841USA Department of Physical Education Sports and RecreationUniversidad de La FronteraTemuco 4680000Chile Department of Health State University of Feira de SantanaFeira de Santana 44036-900Brazil Navarrabiomed Hospital Universitario de Navarra(HUN)Navarra Institute for Health Research(IdiSNA)Universidad Publica de Navarra(UPNA)Pamplona 31006Spain Facultad de ciencias de la Educacion Unidad Central del Valle del Cauca(UCEVA)TuluaValle del Cauca 763022Colombia Health management Department Faculty of Heath sciencesAriel UniversityAriel 40700Israel college of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85004USA Arnold School of Public Health University of South CarolinaColumbiaSC 29208USA Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research InstituteOttawaON K1H 8L1Canada Department of Pediatrics University of OttawaOttawaON K1H 8L1Canada Department of Health Sciences Carleton UniversityOttawaON K1S 5B6Canada Department of Sports and computer Science Universidad Pablo de Olavide(UPO)Seville 41013Spain centro Universitario Regional Noreste Universidad de la RepublicaRivera 40000Uruguay School of Public Health The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD 4006Australia Department of Physical Education

Background:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(mVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important *** instance,from a population-level point of view,increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate ***,including a more sensitive cut-point of≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity ***,the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of≥60 min of mVPA≥1 days per week among adolescents globally,and to describe any relevant gender ***:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and *** was *** were grouped into younger(≤14 years old)and older(>14 years old)*** Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in≥60 min of mVPA≥1 days per week between boys and girls,and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled *** were stratified by country and ***:Approximately 80%of both younger and older adolescents reported≥60 min of mVPA≥1 days per *** prevalence was≥94%in Europe and central Asia and North America,while the estimates for the other regions werece of≥60 min of mVPA≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls,with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents(Prevalence ratio_(≤14y)=1.04(95%confidence interval(95%cI)):1.03-1.04)*** ratio_(>14y)=1.09(95%cI:1.08-1.10)).conclusion:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating≥60 min of mVPA≥1 days per week,with notable differences between *** differences were observed in several countries,especially among the oldest *** fo

关键词： Global School-based Student Health Survey Health Behaviour Among School-aged children survey Inequality Surveillance Youth

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Prehospital transdermal glyceryl trinitrate for ultra- acute ischaemic stroke: data from the RIGHT- 2 randomised sham- controlled ambulance trial

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2024年第1期9卷 38-49,I0035-I0046页

作者： Jason Philip Appleton Lisa J Woodhouse craig S Anderson Sandeep Ankolekar Lesley cala mark Dixon Timothy J England Kailash Krishnan Grant mair Keith W muir John Potter christopher I Price marc Randall Thompson G Robinson christine Roffe Else c Sandset Jeffrey L Saver Angela Shone Aloysius Niroshan Siriwardena Joanna m Wardlaw Nikola Sprigg Philip m Bath Stroke University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK Institute of Applied HealthResearch University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental SciencesBirminghamUK Stroke Trials Unit Mental Health and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK Faculty of medicine The George Institute for Global HealthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia The George Institute china at Peking University Health Science center BeijingChina Neurology Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydney Health PartnersSydneyNew South WalesAustralia Department of Neurology King's College Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK Faculty of Health and medical Sciences University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia East midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust NottinghamUK Stroke Queen's Medical CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustNottinghamUK centre for clinical Brain Sciences Dementia Research InstituteUniveristy of EdinburghEdinburghUK Institute of Neurology and Psychology University of GlasgowGlasgowUK Bob champion Research and Education Building University of East AngliaNorwichUK Institute of Neuroscience Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK Department of Neurology Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUK Department of cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research centre University of LeicesterLeicesterUK Stroke Research in Stoke Institute for Science and Technology in MedicineKeele UniversityStoke-on TrentUK Department of Neurology Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway Research and Development Norwegian Air Ambulance FoundationOsloNorway Department of Neurology and comprehensive Stroke center David Geffen School of MedicineUCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA Research and Graduate Services University of NottinghamNottinghamUK community and Health Research Unit University of LincolnLincolnUK

Background The effect of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate(GTN,a nitrovasodilator)on clinical outcome when administered before hospital admission in suspected stroke patients is ***,we assess the safety and efficacy of GTN in the prespecified subgroup of patients who had an ischaemic stroke within the Rapid Intervention with Glyceryl trinitrate in Hypertensive stroke Trial-2(RIGHT-2).methods RIGHT-2 was an ambulance-based multicentre sham-controlled blinded-endpoint study with patients randomised within 4hours of *** primary outcome was a shift in scores on the modified Rankin scale(mRS)at day *** outcomes included death;a global analysis(Wei-Lachin test)containing Barthel Index,EuroQol-5D,mRS,telephone interview for cognitive status-modified and Zung depression scale;and neuroimaging-determined‘brain frailty’*** were reported as n(%),mean(SD),median[IQR],adjusted common OR(acOR),mean difference or mann-Whitney difference(mWD)with 95%*** 597 of 1149(52%)patients had a final diagnosis of ischaemic stroke;age 75(12)years,premorbid mRS>2107(18%),Glasgow coma Scale 14(2)and time from onset to randomisation 67[45,108]***‘brain frailty’was common:median score 2[2,3](range 0–3).At day 90,GTN did not influence the primary outcome(acOR for increased disability 1.15,95%cI 0.85 to 1.54),death or global analysis(mWD 0.00,95%cI-0.10 to 0.09).In subgroup analyses,there were non-significant interactions suggesting GTN may be associated with more death and dependency in participants randomised within 1hour of symptom onset and in those with more severe *** In patients who had an ischaemic stroke,ultra-acute administration of transdermal GTN in the ambulance did not improve clinical outcomes in a population with more clinical and radiological frailty than seen in previous in-hospital *** IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIc⇒Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate(GTN)was associat-ed with less death and dependency in those w

关键词： Glasgow nitrate random

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Exercise training improves long-term memory in obese mice

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Life metabolism 2024年第1期3卷 37-50页

作者： Oliver K.Fuller casey L.Egan Tina L.Robinson Nimna Perera Heidy K.Latchman Lauren V.Terry Emma D.mcLennan carolina chavez Emma L.Burrows John W.Scott Robyn m.murphy Henriette van Praag martin Whitham mark A.Febbraio monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoria3052Australia La Trobe Institute for molecular Science La Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia Florey Institute of Neuroscience and mental Health University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3052Australia Department of Biomedical Sciences Charles E.Schmidt College of Medicineand Stiles-Nicholson Brain InstituteFlorida Atlantic UniversityJupiterFL 33458United States college of Life and Environmental Sciences University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUnited Kingdom

Obesity has been linked to a range of pathologies,including *** contrast,regular physical activity is associated with the prevention or reduced progression of ***,physical activity can improve memory and spatial cognition,reduce age-related cognitive decline,and preserve brain volume,but the mechanisms are not fully ***,we investigated whether any detrimental effects of high-fat diet(HFD)-induced obesity on cognition,motor behavior,adult hippocampal neurogenesis,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)could be mitigated by voluntary exercise training in male c57Bl/6 ***-induced impairment of motor function was not reversed by ***,voluntary wheel running improved long-term memory and increased hippocampal neurogenesis,suggesting that regular physical activity may prevent cognitive decline in obesity.

关键词： obesity exercise cognition

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Sustainable Application of a Novel Water cycle Using Seawater for Toilet Flushing

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Engineering 2016年第4期2卷 460-469页

作者： Xiaoming Liu Ji Dai Di Wu Feng Jiang Guanghao chen Ho-Kwong chui mark c. m. van loosdrecht Department of civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China Water Technology center The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong China chinese National Engineering Research center for control and Treatment of Heavy metal Pollution (Hong Kong Branch) The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology l-long Kong China School of chemistry and Environment South China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 China Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Delft2629 HZ the Netherlands

Global water security is a severe issue that threatens human health and well-being. Finding sustainable alternative water resources has become a matter of great urgency. For coastal urban areas, desalinated seawater could serve as a freshwater supply. However, since 20%-30% of the water supply is used for flushing waste from the city, seawater with simple treatment could also partly replace the use of freshwater. In this work, the freshwater saving potential and environmental impacts of the urban water system （water-wastewater closed loop） adopting seawater desalination, seawater for toilet flushing （SWTF）, or reclaimed water for toilet flushing （RWTF） are compared with those of a conventional freshwater system, through a life-cycle assessment and sensitivity analysis. The potential applications of these processes are also assessed. The results support the environmental sustainability of the SWTF approach, but its potential application depends on the coastal distance and effective population density of a city. Developed coastal cities with an effective population density exceeding 3000 ***-2 and located less than 30 km from the seashore （for the main pipe supplying seawater to the city） would benefit from applying SWTF, regardless of other impact parameters. By further applying the sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, and nitrification integrated （SANI） process for wastewater treatment, the maximum distance from the seashore can be extended to 60 km. considering that most modern urbanized cities fulfill these criteria, the next generation of water supply systems could consist of a freshwater supply coupled with a seawater supply for sustainable urban development.

关键词： Alternative water resources Seawater toilet flushing SANIUrban water system Life-cycle assessment

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collaborative Efforts and Strategies for cholera Outbreak control in Garissa county, Kenya: Implementation of Water Quality monitoring Interventions

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第2期16卷 123-139页

作者： michael Habtu mark Nanyingi Ali A. Hassan Abdiwahid m. Noor Joel mutyandia muli Alan mwika Julius Wekesa Ahmed Fidhow Diba Dulacha Landry Kabego Ishata Nannie conteh Andre Arsene Bita Fouda Sonia chene Aden H. Ibrahim Ahmed Nadhir Omar martins c. Livinus Abdourahmane Diallo World Health Organization Nairobi Kenya Department of Health Garissa County Government Garissa Kenya Water Resources Authority Garissa Kenya World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Regional Agency for Health Dijon France

A multi-faceted case Area Targeted Intervention (cATI) approach emphasizing the integration of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) interventions and Oral cholera Vaccine (OcV) campaign was employed to respond to the outbreak of cholera in Garissa county. Drinking water sources in areas heavily impacted by cholera were systematically mapped and tested for microbiological quality. The quality assessment was carried out in April 2023 during an ongoing cholera outbreak in the county. A total of 109 samples were collected and tested for thermotolerant coliforms and other in situ parameters. The finding revealed that more than 87% of the samples did not meet the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for thermotolerant coliforms;and 30% had turbidity values above the recommended threshold values. None of the 109 samples had any traceable residual chlorine. Following these findings, the county government implemented the targeted interventions which resulted in a positive impact in the fight against cholera. The WHO supported key interventions which included capacity building in water quality monitoring and prepositioning of critical WASH commodities to the cholera affected areas.

关键词： cholera Drinking Water Household Water Treatment Kenya

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