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The Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity and Related Comorbidities among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Patients Attending the Same Clinics in Gaborone, Botswana

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第3期14卷 523-540页

作者： Jose Gaby Tshikuka Matshwenyego Boitshwarelo Shimeles Genna Hamda Roy Tapera Ngoyi Kashiba Zacharie Bukonda marie esako onokoko Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Faculty of Medicine University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana Department of Nursing Science Faculty of Health Sciences National Pedagogical University Kinshasa I Congo Department of Public Health Faculty of Medicine University of Mbuji-Mayi Mbuji-Mayi Congo School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of Botswana Gaborone Botswana

Context: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) helps restore the health status of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Likewise, it increases the risk of overweight/obesity and related comorbidities among the recipients. In countries like Botswana where ±84% of PLHIV is on ART, the paucity of data comparing overweight/obesity between HIV-positive on ART and HIV-negative patients may impede clinical and policy decision-making. This study sought to estimate and compare: i) the prevalence of overweight/obesity between HIV-positive on ART and HIV-negative patients;ii) the prevalence of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM)/coronary heart disease (CHD) between HIV-positive patients on ART and HIV-negative patients attending same outpatient departments of general clinics in Gaborone, Botswana. Patients and Methods: Five hundred eighty-one (581) outpatients were recruited in four major clinics of Gaborone, Botswana, between June and July 2019;294 or 51% of them were HIV-negative and 287 or 49% were HIV-positive on ART. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and of HTN and DM/CHD were calculated and examined using stratified analysis. Subgroups were compared using Chi-square analysis with Yates correction or Fisher exact test and t-student test for continuous data. Results: Major findings after stratification of the study population by HIV status were: i) the prevalence of all categories of (BMI), including overweight/obesity, were comparable between HIV-negative-patients and HIV-positive. In fact, there were 24 (8.0%) cases of underweight among HIV-negative-Patients and 15(5%) cases among HIV-positive patients, p = 0.2;145 (49%) HIV-negative-patients and 128 (45%) HIV-positive, p = 0.07 cases of normal weight;72 (25%) HIV-negative-patients and 87 (30%) HIV-positive, p = 0.08, were overweight;53 (18%) HIV-negative-patients and 57 (20%) HIV-positive, p = 0.12, were obese;125 (43%) HIV-negative patients and 144 (50%) HIV-positive, p=0.06 were overweight/obese;ii) the prevalence of HTN a

关键词： Overweight/Obesity Related Comorbidities HIV-Positive HIV-Negative

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Heavy Metal Levels and Potential Ecological Risks Assessed at an Agroecosystem Site in Tropical Region

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第9期10卷 42-60页

作者： Luc Kalendele Lundemi Stéphanie Salumu Neema Emmanuel Kazinguvu Atibu Crispin Kyela Mulaji Thierry Tabou Tangou Camille Ipey Nsimanda Robert Bueya Suami marie onokoko esako Dieudonné Eyul’Anki Musibono Fernando Piedade Carvalho Department of Environment Faculty of Sciences University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Faculty of Oil Gas and Renewable Energy University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Department of Chemistry and Industry University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Université Pédagogique National Kinshasa République Démocratique du Congo Laboratório de Protecç ã o e Seguranç a Radiologica Instituto Superior Técnico/Campus Tecnológico Nuclear Universidade de Lisboa Bobadela Portugal

The concentrations and distribution of thirteen metals and metalloids were investigated in soils, sediments, and two biological matrices (the fish Clarias gariepisnis and the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus) from the CECOMAF agroecosystem, in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in order to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities. The results revealed high concentrations of heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg all above values recommended by sediment quality guidelines and their probable effect levels on biota. According to the calculated Enrichment Factor, soil and sediments ranked from moderately to heavily polluted by Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg. The Contamination Degree and other ecological risk indices indicated very high contamination and very high ecological risks posed by Cd and Hg, respectively. The Geoaccumulation Index indicated that current metal concentrations in the agroecosystem originated from anthropogenic activities, while the Spearman correlation matrix values indicated that Hg could originate from different sources and pathways than the other metals. It was concluded that metals from unchecked anthropogenic activities have negatively impacted agricultural activities and fish production at the CECOMAF agroecosystem. Action to reduce the contamination level and the ecological risks by remediating and preventing metal pollution in the CECOMAF agroecosystem site is recommended.

关键词： Agroecosystem Site Heavy Metals Soil Sediment Ecological Risk Clarias gariepisnis Pontoscolex corethrurus

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