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Review point on neural stem cells and neurogenic areas of the central nervous system

Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2013年第3期3卷 242-247页

作者： Erika Toledo da Fonseca Ana Carolina Furlanetto Mancanares Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio maria a.gélica.miglino Department of Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceUniversity of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil Department of Basic Sciences of the School of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil

The potential applications of neural stem cells (NSC) in the therapy of degenerative and traumatic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) have aroused great scientific interest. NSCs can be recovered from specific areas of the CNS from fetuses, embryos and from adult brain as well, and under appropriate culture conditions, may be induced to differentiate into the three major neural cell types, neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The main neurogenic areas of mammals are the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (Dg) of the hippocampus, yet other areas of neurogenic potential have been identified, including frontal and parietal cortices, hippocampus and lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. Neural stem cells and differentiated neural cells are usually identified by expression of specific markers, proteins that are expressed by different cell types and/or at different stages of differentiation. The main cell markers are nestin and Sox-2 for undifferentiated NSCs, beta-III tubulin (B-III tubulin) for neurons, galactocerebroside (galC) for oligodendrocytes and glial fibrillary acid protein (gFAP) for astrocytes. In general, the main neurogenic areas, the neurogenic potential of NSC and the morphological and biological characteristics of differentiated neural cells are strikingly similar among species, yet some differences have been reported. This article presents a brief review of NSCs, neurogenic areas and techniques used for their identification and characterization in humans and experimental animals.

关键词： Neurogenesis Neural Stem Cells Subventricular Zone Hippocampus

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Immunoglobulin Transport during gestation in Domestic Animals and Humans—A Review

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 323-336页

作者： Jéssica Borghesi Lara Carolina Mario Marcio Nogueira Rodrigues Phelipe Oliveira Favaron maria a.gelica.miglino Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo S&#227o Paulo Brasil

Maternal immunity is the main early defense against infectious agents in newborns. Immunoglobulin g (Igg) is indispensable for immune defense against infectious agents. Igg is transported through either the colostrum or the placenta. Immunoglobulins are antibodies, and the five different classes of these antibodies are Igg, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE. Through their biological function of binding antigens, antibodies facilitate the removal of antigens from the body. The placenta is a temporary maternal-fetal organ, whose principal function is to allow the controlled excha.ge of metabolites between mother and embryo/fetus during gestation. The placenta types in different species are classified by the number of membranes separating the maternal and fetal blood circulation. Humans, lagomorphs and rodents have hemochorial placentas, which require a receptor for Igg transfer. In other animals, such as horse and pig (epitheliochorial placenta), ruminants (synepitheliochorial placenta) and carnivores (endotheliochorial placenta), antibodies are transferred via the colostrum and absorbed by passive diffusion. This review covers immunoglobulin transport in several types of placentas.

关键词： Colostrum Immunoglobulin Mammalian Fetal Membranes Placenta

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Role of natural killer (NK) cells during pregnancy: A review

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2013年第2期3卷 138-144页

作者： Marcio Nogueira Rodrigues Phelipe Oliveira Favaron Jamille gregório Dombrowski Rodrigo Medeiros de Souza maria a.gelica.miglino Federal University of Acre Cruzeiro do Sul Brazil Institute of Biomedical Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

The homeostasis is maintained by the immune system which is constituted a network of organs, cells and molecules that act to combating the assaults affecting the body. The immune function has been conceptually divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity. Among the effector cells of innate immunity are the natural killer cells (NK), they play an important role in the reproductive immunology in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy and fetus. The study of the biological mechanisms involved in the maintenance of pregnancy contributes to increase knowledge about immune tolerance. The way in which the immune system is modulated, and the study of the recognition systems maternal innate and adaptive occurring during pregnancy, allow to understand the survival of the fetus. The aim of this review was to present the main functions of NK cells and describe their role in the process of trophoblastic invasion in the deployment process, in the maternal-fetal interaction and development of the fetus. The knowledge of the precise role of NK cells is necessary, because these cells may be responsible for reactions which lead to embryonic and fetal loss during the organogenesis process.

关键词： Reproduction Natural Killer Pregnancy Imunne System

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Placental tissues as sources of stem cells—Review

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2012年第3期2卷 166-173页

作者： Renata Avancini Fernandes Carolina Costola-Souza Carlos Alberto Palmeira Sarmento Leandro goncalves Phelipe Oliveira Favaron maria a.gelica.miglino Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao PauloSao PauloBrazil

Recently the fetal membranes are regarded to be abundant, ethically acceptable and easily accessible sources of mesenchymal stem cells, which cause only minor immunogenic troubles. In addition, these membranes have been studied as an alternative to adult and embryonic stem cells. The chorion develops firstly as a layer of simple avascular epithelium (trophoblast). The amnion, as the chorion is also an avascular membrane. It is derived from the ectoderm, and forms a very thin membrane which surrounded the embryo in development. The hypoblast and exocoelomic membrane together originates the yolk sac which late will give rise to the allantois. The study of the origin and development of these tissues is of vital importance for obtaining stem cells. Different cell lineages can be obtained from the fetal placental tissues: the hematopoietic lineage is found in the chorion, allantois and, yolk sac, and the mesenchymal lineage is found in the chorion and amnion. The properties and potential for differentiation of fetal stem cells isolated from placental tissues must be characterized in order for them to be used in the treatment of several diseases. The chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and amnion contain heterogeneous cell populations. However, few studies have focused on characterizing these alternative stem cells sources. The amnion has a significant advantage over the other fetal membranes, mainly due to its easily accessibility for collection in humans and rodents and also because it contains populations of pluripotent and multipotent cells. In some other species (dogs, ruminants, horses, cats, and swine) the allantoic fluid is more easily accessible, but there is little information regarding the characterization of the cell population. This review will address advances in the isolation of stem cells from fetal placental tissues and describe their characterization and possible use in cell therapy, as well as their origin and development.

关键词： Amnion Allantois Yolk Sac Chorion Stem Cells

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Mechanisms of calcium transport across the placenta: Review

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2013年第1期3卷 13-20页

作者： Catarina Tivane Marcio Nogueira Rodrigues Phelipe Oliveira Favaron Antonio Chaves de Assis Neto Eduardo Harry Birgel Júnior maria a.gelica.miglino Faculty of Food Engineering and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Studies of calcium transfer across the placenta have been reviewed because of the physiological and nutritional importance of this mineral during pregnancy, especially in order to better understand its contribution to development of the fetal skeleton. The placental transfer of maternal calcium to the fetus represents a vital mechanism for fetal development and breast-milk production, yet little meaningful information is currently available regarding the biochemical mechanisms involved in this process. Once again, the use of different animal models as rodents, rabbit, sheep and bovine have demonstrate different mechanisms of calcium transport across the placenta and contribute to better understand its effects in both fetus and mother during the gestation. In relation to the transfer of calcium from the mother to fetus data suggest it occur via an active mechanism;thus calcium concentration is higher in fetus than in maternal blood. Despite conflicting reports, several investigators agreed that calcium concentration in the fetal blood is mainly regulated by fetal parathyroid hormone and plasma concentration of vitamin D3, a metabolite that plays a key role in calcium transport through the syncytial cells.

关键词： Calcium Transplacental Homeostasis Transport Placenta

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Accessory Placental Structures—A Review

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 305-312页

作者： Rennan Lopes Olio Luis Miguel Lobo Márcio Aparecido Pereira Amilton Cesar Santos Diego Carvalho Viana Phelipe Oliveira Favaron maria a.gelica.miglino Department of Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Many studies have reported on the different types of placenta in different species, but accessory or paraplacental structures are mentioned only in species that have such a nutrient-excha.ging mechanism. Hystricomorph rodents possess a subplacenta, swine and equines have the placental areola, equines have the chorionic girdle, and carnivores have hemophagous organs that are equivalent to the placental hematoma in ruminants. These accessory structures are specialized tissues for specific nutrient excha.ges in different species, and they are adaptive modifications exhibited by domestic and wild species to remedy the nutritional deficiencies that are related to permeability of the main placenta to important nutrients for the growth and development of the fetus during the gestation.

关键词： Placental Areola Chorionic girdle Placental Hematoma Hemophagous Organs Subplacenta

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Morphology of the Digestive Apparatus in <i>Oligoryzomys nigripes</i>(Rodentia, Sigmodontinae)

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2015年第2期5卷 132-141页

作者： Jéssica Borghesi Lara C. Mario Rafael C. Carvalho Marcio N. Rodrigues Phelipe O. Favaron maria A. miglino Department of Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Although the genus Oryzomys is widely distributed in the Americas, there are very few published data on the morphology of this rodent group. Notably, in relation to the digestive apparatus, the data are sparse and fragmented. In addition, because rodents are important animal models, this information may be useful in recent and promising areas for applied studies, such as clinical, therapeutic, and surgical models. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics of the digestive system in Oligoryzomys nigripes using gross morphology and light and scanning electron microscopy. In total, five specimens were used. After an incision from the oral to pelvic cavities, all organs of the digestive system were exposed and dissected. Next, all structures from the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas were processed and evaluated by microscopy. The results revealed that the digestive system of O. nigripes consisted of an oral cavity, in which the tongue, minor and major salivary glands, and dental arch were predominant. Behind the oral cavity, the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas were identified and presented typical morphological characteristics of rodents. In conclusion, our results suggest that the morphology of the O. nigripes digestive system differs from the previously described data for other rodent species, mainly due to the absence of the molar teeth and gallbladder in this species.

关键词： Cricetidae Microscopy Macroscopic Rodents

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