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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 59-69页

作者： Rodrigo Megia-Palma Dhanashree Paranjpe Robert D.cooper Pauline Blaimont Barry Sinervo Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Parasitology UnitUniversidad de Alcala(UAH)E-28805Alcala de HenaresSpain CIBio Centro de Investigagao em Biodiversidade e Recursos GeneticosInBIO Laboratorio AssociadoCampus de VairaoUniversidade do PortoP-4485-661 VairaoPortugal BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics Biodiversity and Land PlanningCIBIOCampus de VairaoP-4485-661 VairaoPortugal Rupa Rahul Bajaj Center for environment and Art Empress Botanical GardensKavade MalaPuneIndia Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA Department of Biology University of Houston Downtown1Main St.HoustonTX 77002USA Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of CaliforniaSanta CruzCA 95064USA

Male competition conforms to a cost-benefit model,because while aggression may increase reproductive prospects,it can also increase the risk of *** hypothesize that an additional cost in aggressive males would be an increase in parasite load associated with a high energy investment into sexual *** of these infections,in turn,may downmodulate the level of host aggression via energetic *** staged dyadic male contests in the lab to investigate the relationships of multiple parasites with the agonistic behavior of lizard hosts,Sceloporus *** also included both color and behavioral traits from opponents in the analyses because(1)color patches of lizards may serve as intraspecific signals used by conspecifics to assess the quality of opponents,and(2)contests between male lizards fit classical models of escalated aggression,where lizards increase aggression displays in response to an opponent's *** results conform to our hypothesis because male lizards displayed more pushups when they had more ***,some parasites may modulate the levels of aggression because lizards infected by hematic coccidians performed fewer ***,lizards also displayed fewer pushups when both the chroma and size of the opponent's blue patch were *** results thus also supported the role of the blue patch of *** as a sexual armament,because it contributed to the deterrence of aggression from opponent *** revealed that natural parasitic infections in lizard hosts can contribute to their agonistic *** encourage future studies to account for parasites in behavioral testswithlizards.

关键词： Ixodes pacificus Lankesterella sexual selection social interactions ticks

Intelligent transportation systems for smart cities:a progress review

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2012年第12期55卷 2908-2914页

作者： cooper Dave e State Key Laboratory of Software Development environment School of Computer Science and EngineeringBeihang University

To better meet the challenge of providing effective,low-cost,energy efficient transport services,the concept of intelligent transport systems(ITS) has been proposed and lauded as an innovative and promising solution for next generation transport *** this paper,the progress of ITS research around the world is briefly reviewed and current challenges are outlined,thereby offering further insight into ITS development for all researchers in this area.

关键词： intelligent transportation systems traffic information smart city

empirical studies of escape behavior find mixed support for the race for life model

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Current Zoology 2022年第3期68卷 305-313页

作者： Kwasi WReNSFORD Jahaziel GUTIeRReZ William e.cooperJR Daniel T.BLUMSTeIN Department of Integrative Biology Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested ButteCO 81224USA Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort WayneFort WayneIN 46805USA Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of California6121 Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA

escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance(FID;predator–prey distance when escape begins).Less explored is the relative orientation of an approaching predator,prey,and its eventual *** relationship between an approaching threat and its refuge can be expressed as an angle we call the“interpath angle”or“Φ,”which describes the angle between the paths of predator and prey to the prey’s refuge and thus expresses the degree to which prey must run toward an approaching *** general,we might expect that prey would escape at greater distances if they must flee toward a predator to reach its ***“race for life”model makes formal predictions about howΦshould affect *** evaluated the model by studying escape decisions in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer,a species which flees to *** found support for some of the model’s predictions,yet the relationship betweenΦand FID was less *** may not assessΦin a continuous fashion;but we found that binning angle into 445°bins explained a similar amount of variation as models that analyzed angle *** studies ofΦ,especially those that focus on how different species perceive relative orientation,will likely enhance our understanding of its importance in flight decisions.

关键词： antipredator behavior escape behavior escape theory escape trajectory race for life model

Near-Surface Soil Chemical Properties as Affected by Cover Crops Over Time in the Lower Mississippi River Valley

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第9期15卷 1035-1056页

作者： cooper Fanning Kristofor R. Brye Michael B. Daniels Trenton L. Roberts Samuel Fernandes Lisa S. Wood Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville USA

Typical row-crop agricultural practices can potentially be harmful to soil health and future sustainability. The use of cover crops (CC) as a mechanism to improve soil health on a wide scale remains underutilized. Soil health remains a major concern for the sustainability of agricultural productivity, therefore, research into CC implementation as a mean to preserve or improve soil health is warranted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CC on the soils in the eastern Arkansas portion of the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV) over time for various chemical soil parameters, including pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil elemental contents (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B), soil respiration, and a generalized soil health score index. Soil pH decreased over time under both CC and no-cover-crop (NCC) treatments, by −0.3 and −0.2, respectively. Soil OM decreased over time under NCC by −0.1%, but did not differ between CC treatments. Soil N availability decreased over time under NCC (−22.6 kg·ha−1), but did not change over time under CC. Soil respiration decreased over time under both CC and NCC, by −76.1 mg·L−1 and −77.3 mg·L−1, respectively, though there was no effect of CC treatment. The Haney soil health score index decreased under CC (−7.0) and NCC (−6.8) without an effect from CC treatment. Results of the study place emphasis on the temporal nature of soil health as influenced by cover crops and their potential to improve soil health.

关键词： Arkansas Cover Crops Soil Properties Soil Organic Matter Soil Health Score

Predator-prey distance and latency to flee from an immobile predator： functional relationship and importance

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Current Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 117-122页

作者： William e. cooper JR Jose MARTIN Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Departamento de ecologia evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Madrid Spain

When an immobile prey has detected an immobile predator nearby, predation risk is greater when the predator is closer. Consequently, prey flee with shorter latency as standing distance （predator-prey distance when both are still） decreases. Since it was first reported in 2009, this relationship has been confirmed in the few species studied. However, little is known about the functional relationship between standing distance and latency to flee （LF）. We hypothesized that LF increases as standing distance increases at short distances, but reaches a plateau at longer distances where prey can escape reliably if attacked. We simulated immobile predators by moving slowly into positions near striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus, stopping and then remaining immobile, and recording LF from the stopping time. LF increased from shorter to longer standing distances in a decelerating manner. The relationship was concave downward, and LF was indistinguishable among the longer standing distance groups. Latency to flee appears to reach a plateau or approach an asymptotic value as stand- ing distance increases. The effect size of standing distance was large, indicating that S. virgatus sensi- tively adjusts LF to the level of risk associated with standing distance. Relationships between risk assessment and theoretical zones associated with risk, its assessment by prey, and escape decisions are discussed. effect sizes of standing distance were substantial to large in all studies to date, indicating that standing distance is an important predation risk factor when both predator and prey are immobile.

关键词： antipredatory behavior escape behavior latency to flee squamata standing distance.

Optimal escape theory predicts escape behaviors beyond flight initiation distance:risk assessment and escape by striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus

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Current Zoology 2009年第2期55卷 123-131页

作者： William e. cooper Jr. Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne

escape theory predicts that flight initiation distance （FID = distance between predator and prey when escape begins） is longer when risk is greater and shorter when escape is more costly. A few tests suggest that escape theory applies to distance fled. escape models have not addressed stochastic variables, such as probability of fleeing and of entering refuge, but their economic logic might be applicable. experiments on several risk factors in the lizard Sceloporus virgatus confirmed all predictions for the above escape variables. FID was greater when approach was faster and more direct, for lizards on ground than on trees, for lizards rarely exposed to humans, for the second of two approaches, and when the predator turned toward lizards rather than away. Lizards fled further during rapid and second consecutive approaches. They were more likely to flee when approached directly, when a predator turned toward them, and during second approaches. They were more likely to enter refuge when approached rapidly. A novel finding is that perch height in trees was unrelated to FID because lizards escaped by moving out of sight, then moving up or down unpredictably. These findings add to a growing body of evidence supporting predictions of escape theory for FID and distance fled. They show that two probabilistic aspects of escape are predictable based on relative predation risk levels. Because individuals differ in boldness, the assessed optimal FID and threshold risks for fleeing and entering refuge are exceeded for an increasing proportion of individuals as risk increases

关键词： Approach distance Distance fled Flight initiation distance Predation risk Refuge entry Squamata

Immunological roulette: Luck or something more? Considering the connections between host and environment in TB

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2018年第3期15卷 226-232页

作者： John e Pearl Mrinal Das Andrea M cooper Department of Infection Immunity and Inflammation Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group(LTBRG)University of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE17RHUK

Accurate prediction of which patient will progress from a sub-clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to active tuberculosis represents an elusive,yet critical,clinical research *** the individual perspective,progression can be considered to be the product of a series of unfortunate events or even a run of bad ***,we identify the subtle physiological relationships that can influence the odds of progression to active TB and how this progression may reflect directed dysbiosis in a number of interrelated *** infected individuals who progress to disease have apparently good immune responses,but these responses are,at times,compromised by either local or systemic environmental *** disease promoting processes,such as tissue-damaging granulomata,usually manifest in the lung,but illness is *** apparent dichotomy between local and systemic reflects a clear need to define the factors that promote progression to active disease within the context of the body as a physiological *** discuss aspects of the host environment that can impact expression of immunity,including the microbiome,glucocorticoid-mediated regulation,catecholamines and interaction between the gut,liver and *** suggest the importance of integrating precision medicine into our analyses of experimental outcomes such that apparently conflicting results are not contentious,but rather reflect the impact of these subtle relationships with our environment and microbiota.

关键词： gut-liver-lung axis microbiome tuberculosis

Choosing between a rock and a hard place： Camouflage in the round-tailed horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 541-548页

作者： William e. cooper, Jr. Wade C. SHeRBROOKe Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Southwestern Research Station American Museum of Natural History PO Box 16553 Portal AZ 85632 USA

The round-tailed homed lizard Phrynosoma modestum is cryptically colored and resembles a small stone when it draws legs close to its body and elevates its back. We investigated effectiveness of camouflage in P. modestum and its dependence on stones by placing a lizard in one of two microhabitats （uniform sand or sand with surface rocks approximately the same size as lizards）. An observer who knew which microhabitat contained the lizard was asked to locate the lizard visually. Latency to detec- tion was longer and probability of no detection within 60 s was higher for lizards on rock background than on bare sand. In arenas where lizards could choose to occupy rock or bare sand, much higher proportions selected rocky backgrounds throughout the day; at night all lizards slept among stones. A unique posture gives P modestum a rounded appearance similar to many natural stones. Lizards occasionally adopted the posture, but none did so in response to a nearby experimenter. Stimuli that elicit the posture are unknown. That P. modestum is better camouflaged among rocks than on bare sand and prefers to occupy rocky areas suggests that special resemblance to rocks （masquerade） enhances camouflage attributable to coloration and immobility.

关键词： Animal defense Background matching Camouflage Crypsis Masquerade Squamata

Association between high deductible health plan coverage and age at pediatric umbilical hernia repair

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World Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2023年第2期6卷 70-76页

作者： Morgan e Doty Lindsay A Gil Jennifer N cooper The Ohio State University College of Medicine ColumbusOhioUSA Department of Surgery Nationwide Children's HospitalThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA Department of Pediatrics Nationwide Children's HospitalThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA

Background High deductible health plans(HDHPs)are associated with the avoidance of both necessary and unnecessary *** hernia repair(UHR)is a procedure that is frequently unnecessarily performed in young children,contrary to best practice *** hypothesized that children with HDHPs,as compared with other types of commercial health plans,are less likely to undergo UHR before 4 years of age but are also more likely to have UHR delayed beyond 5 years of *** Children aged 0-18 years old residing in metropolitan statistical areas(MSAs)who underwent UHR in 2012-2019 were identified in the IBM Marketscan Commercial Claims and encounters Database.A quasi-experimental study design using MSA/year-level HDHP prevalence among children as an instrumental variable was employed to account for selection bias in HDHP ***-stage least squares regression modeling was used to evaluate the association between HDHP coverage and age at *** A total of 8601 children were included(median age 5 years,IQR 3-7).Univariable analysis revealed no differences between the HDHP and non-HDHP groups in the likelihood of UHR being performed before 4 years of age(27.7%vs 28.7%,p=0.37)or after 5 years of age(39.8%vs 38.9%,p=0.52).Geographical region,metropolitan area size,and year were associated with HDHP *** variable analysis demonstrated no association between HDHP coverage and undergoing UHR atears of age(p=0.76)or>5 years of age(p=0.87).Conclusions HDHP coverage is not associated with age at pediatric *** studies should investigate other means by which UHRs in young children can be avoided.

关键词： pediatric hernia likely