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Optimization of Biodiesel Production from African Crude Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) with High Concentration of Free Fatty Acids by a Two-Step Transesterification Process

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Open Journal of Ecology 2016年第1期6卷 13-21页

作者： Francisco Anguebes-Franseschi Atl Córdova-Quiroz Julia Cerón-Bretón Claudia Aguilar-Ucan Gloria Castillo-martínez Rosa Cerón-Bretón Alejandro Ruíz-marín Carlos Montalvo-Romero Facultad de Química Universidad Autónoma del Carmen Ciudad del Carmen México Departamento de Informática Instituto Tecnológico de Villahermosa Villahermosa México

In this study, African crude palm olein (CPO) was used to synthesize biodiesel. The objective was to determine the optimal reaction conditions for the methanolysis of olein. The used CPO had a 5.72% concentration of free fatty acids (FFA);thus, the production of biodiesel was carried out in two stages: 1) esterification using sulfuric acid and 2) transesterification using sodium methoxide. In order to optimize the yield of biodiesel during the transesterification process, a central rotatable design and the response surface methodology were used. The studied variables were: catalyst loading, reaction time and reaction temperature. The analysis of variance showed that the variables with significant effect were the catalyst loading, reaction temperature and reaction time;as well as the catalyst loading*reaction temperature and catalyst loading*reaction time. Results indicate that the optimal reaction conditions during transesterification are: 0.65% catalyst loading (wt/wtaceite), reaction time of 135 min and a reaction temperature of 56°C. The optimal reaction conditions during esterification are: 2.5% weight of catalyst, reaction time of 150 min and a reaction temperature of 64.5°C. Under these conditions, a 90% yield of biodiesel was obtained.

关键词： Acid Catalysis Alkaline Catalysis Biodiesel Process Optimization Response Surface Methodology

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GOECP/SEOR radiotheraphy guidelines for non-small-cell lung cancer

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2022年第4期13卷 237-266页

作者： Nuria Rodriguez De Dios Arturo Navarro-martin Cristina Cigarral Rodolfo Chicas-Sett Rafael Garcia Virginia Garcia Jose Antonio Gonzalez Susana Gonzalo Mauricio Murcia-Mejia Rogelio Robaina Amalia Sotoca carmen Vallejo German Valtuena Felipe Counago Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital del MarBarcelona 08003Spain Radiation Oncology Research Group Hospital Del Mar Medical Research InstitutionBarcelona 08003Spain Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Pompeu Fabra UniversityBarcelona 08003Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Thoracic Malignancies UnitHospital Duran i Reynals.ICOL´Hospitalet de LLobregat 08908Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Clinico de SalamancaSalamanca 37007Spain Department of Radiation Oncology ASCIRES Grupo BiomedicoValencia 46004Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Ruber InternacionalMadrid 28034Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario Arnau de VilanovaLleida 25198Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Genesis Care-SpainSevilla 41092Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario La PrincesaMadrid 28006Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario Sant Joan de ReusReus 43204TarragonaSpain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario Ramon y CajalMadrid 28034Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano BlesaZaragoza 50009Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital Universitario QuirónsaludMadrid 28223Spain Department of Radiation Oncology Hospital La LuzMadrid 28003Spain Department of Clinical Universidad EuropeaMadrid 28670Spain

Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Only 17% of patients are diagnosed at an early stage. Treatment is multidisciplinary and radiotherapy plays a key role in all stages of the disease. More than 50% of patients with NSCLC are treated with radiotherapy(curative-intent or palliative). Technological advancesincluding highly conformal radiotherapy techniques, new immobilization and respiratory control systems, and precision image verification systems-allow clinicians to individualize treatment to maximize tumor control while minimizing treatment-related toxicity. Novel therapeutic regimens such as moderate hypofractionation and advanced techniques such as stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) have reduced the number of radiotherapy sessions. The integration of SBRT into routine clinical practice has radically altered treatment of early-stage disease. SBRT also plays an increasingly important role in oligometastatic disease. The aim of the present guidelines is to review the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of localized, locally-advanced, and metastatic NSCLC. We review the main radiotherapy techniques and clarify the role of radiotherapy in routine clinical practice. These guidelines are based on the best available evidence. The level and grade of evidence supporting each recommendation is provided.

关键词： Radiotherapy Non-small cell lung cancer Guidelines Stereotactic radiation therapy Hypofractionated radiation Oligometastasis

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INMA-Sabadell队列中孕期双酚A及邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与胎儿发育的超声测量(待续)

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环境与职业医学 2016年第8期33卷 820-825页

作者： maribel Casas Damaskini Valvi Ana Ballesteros-Gomez Mireia Gascon mar.ana F.Fernández Raquel Garcia-Esteban carmen I?iguez David martínez mario Murcia Nuria Monfort Noelia Luque Soledad Rubio Rosa Ventura Jordi Sunyer martine Vrijheid 袁亚群金泰廙 Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology(CREAL) Universitat Pompeu Fabra(UPF) CIBER Epidemiologíay Salud Pública(CIBERESP) Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Cordoba ISGlobal Barcelona Centre for International Health Research(CRESIB)Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada(Granada.ibs) University of Granada Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region FISABIO/CSISP Universidad de Valencia Hospital del mar Medical Research Institute(IMIM)

[背景]产前暴露于双酚A（BPA）及邻苯二甲酸酯会影响胎儿发育；然而该类研究很少，且得出的结果不一致。[目的]对一个西班牙出生队列中488对母婴进行研究，评估产前暴露于BPA及邻苯二甲酸酯是否与胎儿发育相关。[方法]检测第一和第三孕... 详细信息

[背景]产前暴露于双酚A（BPA）及邻苯二甲酸酯会影响胎儿发育；然而该类研究很少，且得出的结果不一致。[目的]对一个西班牙出生队列中488对母婴进行研究，评估产前暴露于BPA及邻苯二甲酸酯是否与胎儿发育相关。[方法]检测第一和第三孕期两次尿液样本中BPA及8种邻苯二甲酸酯[4种邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯代谢物（DEHPm），邻苯二甲酸单卞酯（MBzP）以及3种低分子量邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物（LMWPm）]。另外，估计股骨长度（FL）、头围（HC）、腹围（AC）、双顶径（BPD）的生长曲线，估计孕期（12—20周，20～34周）的胎儿体重，并测量出生体重、出生长度、出生头围以及胎盘重量。[结果]总体上，结果并不支持孕期暴露于BPA或DEHPm与胎儿发育参数相关。产前MBzP暴露与20～34孕周的FL呈正相关，MBzP浓度每增加一倍，平均FL增加3．7％（95％CI：0．75，6．63％）。MBzP与男婴出生体重呈正相关（48g；95％CI：6，90），但在女婴中没有相关性（-27g；95％CI：-79，25）（交互作用P=0．04）。LMWPm邻苯二甲酸单丁酯（MnBP）与12—20孕周的HC呈负相关[平均HC降低了4．88％（95％CI：-8．36，-1．36％）]。[结论]本研究首次将暴露生物标志重复测量值与胎儿期多种发育参数相结合，发现暴露于BPA或邻苯二甲酸酯与胎儿发育不相关。邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物MBzP与MnBP与部分胎儿发育参数相关，但这些结果还需要重复验证。

关键词：邻苯二甲酸酯胎儿发育超声测量出生队列中孕期双酚A 邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯产前暴露

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INMA-Sabadell队列中孕期双酚A及邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与胎儿发育的超声测量(续完)

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环境与职业医学 2016年第9期33卷 919-921页

作者： maribel Casas Damaskini Valvi Ana Ballesteros-Gomez Mireia Gascon mar.ana F.Fernández Raquel Garcia-Esteban carmen I?iguez David martínez mario Murcia Nuria Monfort Noelia Luque Soledad Rubio Rosa Ventura Jordi Sunyer martine Vrijheid 袁亚群(翻译) 金泰廙(审校) Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology(CREAL) Universitat Pompeu Fabra(UPF) CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública(CIBERESP) Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Cordoba ISGlobal Barcelona Centre for International Health Research(CRESIB)Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada(Granada.ibs) University of Granada Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region FISABIO/CSISP Universidad de Valencia Hospital del mar Medical Research Institute(IMIM) 不详

暴露于ΣMWPm与任何胎儿大小或胎儿发育结局（见补充材料，表8）及所评估的出生结局（表2及补充材料表S7）都没有显著相关性。代谢物MnBP与12-20孕周HC增长降低有显著相关性（-4．88％；95％CI：-8．36，-1．36），且与EFW增长减低也有... 详细信息

暴露于ΣMWPm与任何胎儿大小或胎儿发育结局（见补充材料，表8）及所评估的出生结局（表2及补充材料表S7）都没有显著相关性。代谢物MnBP与12-20孕周HC增长降低有显著相关性（-4．88％；95％CI：-8．36，-1．36），且与EFW增长减低也有显著相关性（-4．32％；95％CI：-8．33，-0．27）（图3及补充材料表S8）。

关键词：胎儿发育邻苯二甲酸酯超声测量双酚A 中孕期队列相关性出生结局

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