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Could ERA5 Deliver Better Climate Services Than ERA-Interim over the West African Sahel Region?

Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2024年第4期13卷 144-158页

作者： Mahamane Rabilou Iro ousmane Inoussa Abdou Saley Saidou Chaibou Abdoul Aziz Mounkaila Saley Moussa Kone Diakaria Ibrah Seidou Sanda manga ousmane adamou Dungall Laouali Département de Physique Facultédes Sciences et TechniquesUniversitéAbdou MoumouniBP 10662NiameyNiger Diori Hamani International Airport BP 1096NiameyNiger West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use(WASCAL) Doctoral Research Program in Climate Change and Energy(DRP-CCE)Abdou Moumouni UniversityBP 10662NiameyNiger African School of Meteorology and Civil Aviation(EAMAC) B.P 746NiameyNiger Centre Climatique Régional pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest et Sahel(AGRHYMET-CCR-AOS) BP 11011NiameyNiger

Our paper assessed the improvement performance of the reanalysis(ERA5)compared to ERAI(ERA-Interim)both from the ECMWF(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast)in representing the WAM(West African Monsoon)*** aim is to evaluate the reliability of ERA5 to deliver better climate services than ERAI in the West African Sahel *** complementary observational databases namely the CRU(Climate Research Unit)and the GPCC(Global Precipitation Climatology Center)data are used to evaluate precipitation and temperature representation by the two ***,the representation of some major features of the WAM system,such as the SHL(Saharan Heat Low),the AEJ/TEJ(African and Tropical Easterly Jets)was assessed using the two reanalysis *** obtained results show a better representation of the seasonal accumulated precipitation and average temperature by ERA5 compared to ERAI with higher spatial correlation and lower bias relative to the ***,ERAI appears to be rainier than ERA5 but ERA5 produces more heavy rainfall *** the period of intense monsoon,the frequency of the SHL is higher for ERAI which would favor intensification of monsoon inflow and *** lower SHL frequency observed in the ERA5 could explain the observed weakening intensity of AEJ which is favorable for moist conditions over the *** findings confirm the progress made by ERA5 compared to ERAI in representing the WAM dynamic and demonstrate its reliability for delivering better climate services over the West African Sahel.

关键词： ERA5 ERAI West African Monsoon System Sahel SHL

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Grassland Pasture Composition and Quality in the Communes of Ziguinchor and Kolda, Senegal

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Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第9期14卷 683-705页

作者： Aly Diallo Saboury Ndiaye Arfang ousmane Kemo Goudiaby Yaya Diatta Mamadou Ndao Mamadou Diamanka Gnima manga Department of Agroforestry Faculty of Science and Technology Assane Seck University of Ziguinchor Ziguinchor Senegal

In Senegal, natural pasture plays a major role in feeding livestock. During the rainy season, herbaceous plants account for a large proportion of the fodder consumed by ruminants. In Casamance, the composition and quality of these grasses are poorly known and underexploited. In this context, the study aimed to improve the knowledge and valorisation of the herbaceous fodder of the South. Individual interviews were conducted and a questionnaire was sent to farmers living in Ziguinchor and Kolda. A floristic inventory with a phytosociological approach was also carried out. The data collected were processed using Excel and Sphinx software in order to differentiate and classify the herbaceous species eaten by the tail. The majority of respondents were Fulani (55.30%). most of whom ranged in age from 30 to 60. Livestock rearing came second (38.3%) after agriculture (40%) among the principal activities of the people surveyed. The floristic inventory identified 95 species in 68 genera and 22 families. Species of low and medium pastoral value dominate the herbaceous layer. The global rangeland quality index was 48.16% and the brute pastoral value was 54.77%. Thirteen species contributed 54.86% of the pastoral value of the grassland. The floristic composition of community rangelands showed the presence of a varied herbaceous fodder range. The combination of which will help to develop a table of nutritional values for the formation of equilibrated feed rations for farmed livestock.

关键词： Fodder Herbaceous Pasture Nutritional Assessment Livestock

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Coating powder beds with liquids and foams based on viscous formulations using a twin screw mixer:A continuous process study

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Particuology 2024年第10期93卷 364-376页

作者： Mohamed S.manga Dimitrios Kontziampasis Mustafa Al-Maqdad Sean Clifford Serafim Bakalis David W.York School of Chemical and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK School of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS29JTUK School of Science and Engineering University of DundeeDD14HNDundeeScotlandUK Dundee International Institute of Central South University Tongzipo RoadCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410013China Department of Chemical Engineering School of EngineeringUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNE17RUUK School of Chemical Engineering University of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNG72RDUK

Coating with viscous formulations has been essential in numerous industries as it can be a means for providing functionalization, additional properties, as well as other benefits. However, there have been scarce studies that have investigated and proposed methodologies in literature. Continuous coating of powders with viscous liquids poses as a promising technology, which has been mentioned in some studies, but has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This paper employs the use of image processing and analysis, in combination with statistical analysis of particles to evaluate the effectiveness of foams and liquids as a means of coating powder beds. Two different sizes of twin screw mixers that are working in continuous operation are employed, and a new continuous foaming device is fabricated and used for the experiments of coating. The effect of materials and process parameters (as for example rotational speed, and flowrate) on the quality of coating are investigated. Image analysis is used to assess the coating quality. The results clearly showcase the potential of using twin screw mixers for coating purposes and not only for mixing. The hypothesis that using large bubble foams to improve the coating of viscous liquids on particles is proven correct, as they provide higher quality coatings compared to their equivalent liquids, when used in the twin screw mixer. Surprisingly, using a larger scale twin screw mixer, does not show a substantial effect on the mixing, regarding quality, however there is still a requirement for mix optimization for achieving scale-up of this process. These results provide a new pathway for coating powders with viscous formulations in industrial applications, requiring less energy and effort in this process, and can pave the way towards introducing more sustainable industrial methodologies for coating.

关键词： Powder coating Continuous processing Viscous liquid Foam Image analysis Positron emission particle traking(PEPT)

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Farmers’ Knowledge and Awareness towards the Use of Agrochemicals in Vegetable Cultivation, Fako Cameroon

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第9期12卷 215-229页

作者： Amungwa Ivan Tabikam Veronica Ebot manga Godswill Azinwie Asongwe Elmer Kanjo Ekinzog Mantah Marian Ngwatezeh Victorine Neh Akenji Department of Environmental Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (IRAD) Batoke-Limbe Cameroon GAP AG Munich Germany GIS and DTM Assistant IOM-UN Yaound Cameroon South West Regional Center for Scientific Research and Innovation Buea Cameroon

Agrochemicals are contemporary, omnipresent tool used in vegetable cultivation. Farmers’ knowledge and awareness of the proper usage of agrochemicals are critical for mitigating the negative effects on human health. This cross-sectional study was aimed at assessing the usage knowledge, risk awareness of toxicological and chemical classes, proper handling and use practices for agrochemicals homologated for use in vegetable farming, and the occurrence of health-related symptoms as a result of exposure among these farmers. The study included 93 vegetable growers from agricultural hotspot towns in Fako, southwest Cameroon. The field study, ran from November 2021 to December 2023, using a questionnaire to collect information on farmers demographic, and their knowledge of pesticide classes, and the related risk of associated with the handling of agrochemicals. Results show that all vegetable farmers, particularly those engaged in agribusiness, employ pesticide inputs to maximize production. Six pesticides, two fertilizer types, and one unknown substance were identified. While 23 active compounds were found, the most utilized were abamectin, emamectin (10.46%), dimethoate (9.30%,) and ethoprophos (8.13%). Two active chemicals, dimethoate and methalaxyl, are illegal yet remain in circulation. Toxicological classes I and II, with the greatest harmful effect on human health, were the most commonly utilized (64.27%). Thirty-nine percent of farmers never use personal protection equipment when working with agrochemicals, demonstrating a significant gap in knowledge and awareness of agrochemicals and their various applications and handling procedures in the field. The government should implement an intensive specialized educational program for on-field farmers with incentives in order to promote sustainable agriculture methods that ensure environmental and human safety.

关键词： Farmers Knowledge Agrochemical Risk Awareness Vegetable Cultivation Agrochemical Use Practices Health Risk

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Noninvasive Respiratory Strategies in Patients with Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and COVID-19 in Gabon: A Prospective Observational Study

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Open Journal of Emergency Medicine 2024年第1期12卷 18-27页

作者： Ghislain Edjo Nkilly Raphael Okoue Ondo Fernande manga Stéphane Oliveira Jean Marcel Mandji-Lawson Romain Tchoua Department of Emergency Anesthesia Resuscitation Omar Bongo Ondimba Army Training Hospital Libreville Gabon Department of Anesthesia and Resuscitation Libreville University Hospital Center Libreville Gabon Department of Anesthesia and Resuscitation Akanda Army Training Hospital Libreville Gabon

Importance: The best respiratory support technique to reduce intubation and mortality in patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19 is controversial. Objective: To determine the respiratory support technique that could reduce the need for tracheal intubation and mortality in patients with respiratory failure due to COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) of Military’s Hospital (HIAOBO) in Gabon. Design, Setting, and Participants-Methodology: Prospective observational study over 10 months (January 2021-October 2021). We included patients admitted to intensive care for SARS Cov2 pneumonia who had benefited from available ventilatory support: high concentration face mask, High Flow Nasal cannula (HFNC), NIV (Non Invasive Ventilation), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). The choice was guided by the clinical condition, and the choice of the prescribing physicians. Recourse to mechanical ventilation was decided when faced with a Glasgow score of less than 13, an SpO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300, a FR ≥ 35/min, the impossibility of drainage of secretions. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients requiring intubation. The secondary outcomes were mortality in ICU. Results: The sample included 97 patients, the average age was55.6 years, hypertension was the main comorbidity (51.1%). Mean respiratory rate (RR) was 30.8 cycles/min, admission SpO2 was 83%, respiratory alkalosis was present in 63% of patients, mean CT involvement was 51%.Respiratory support was NIV (56.7%), CPAP (21.65%), high concentration face mask (18.55%). Sixteen percent (16%) of patients were intubated, 93% of them following failure of NIV. Mortality was 30%, mechanical ventilation was an independent risk factor for mortality. Conclusions: Non Invasive Ventilation, CPAP, and high-concentration face mask were frequently used in patients with COVID-related acute respiratory failure. The CPAP has reduced the need for intubation. Mechanic

关键词： Respiratory Failure COVID 19-Intensive Care Units Military Hospital Gabon

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Total Fat, Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherol and Tocotrienol Profiles in Fermented Beans of Ten Controlled Pollinated Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Hybrids from Cameroon

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第5期15卷 359-373页

作者： Martin Paul Arnaud Mbida Simon Perrez Akoa Ronelle Fabiola Mbia manga Ndjaga Jude Martine Louise Ondobo Onomo Pierre Effa Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Department of Biological Science Higher Teacher&#8217s Training College University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medecine University of Buea Buea Cameroon National Technology Development Committee Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation Administrative Center Yaounde Cameroon Department of Agriculture and Agropastoral Higher Technical Teacher&#8217s Training College University of Ebolowa Ebolowa Cameroon

This study aimed to discriminate ten Cameroonian cocoa hybrids according to their total fat, fatty acid composition, tocopherol and tocotrienol profiles. Six cocoa clones from the gene banks of the Cameroon Cocoa Development Corporation were used to create hybrids. The determination of fatty acid composition was carried out by using a gas chromatography (GC) apparatus coupled by a flame ion detector (FID). Tocopherol and tocotrienol analysis was performed by upper high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Information on the impact of the genotype on the cocoa fat composition was provided. The major fatty acids (FA) in fermented samples are stearic (34.57%), palmitic (26.13%), oleic (34.13%) and linoleic (3.16%) acids. (35.05% to 35.6%). SCA12 × ICS40, SCA12 × SNK13, SNK13 × T79/501 have the least hard cocoa butters. Tocopherols analysis showed a predominance of γ-tocopherols (94.64 ± 1.51 to 292.16 ± 3.17 µg∙g−1), whereas only a small amount of β and δ-tocopherol (from 0.46 to 2.78 µg∙g−1 and 0.12 to 5.82 respectively) was observed. No γ-tocotrienol was found in fermented samples. A differentiation in terms of total fat and tocopherol content was observed amongst hybrids with the same mother-clone, suggesting an impact of pollen on these compounds.

关键词： Cocoa Hybrids Lipid Composition UHPLC GC-FID

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Prevalence and Tasks Associated with Respiratory Symptoms among Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Handlers in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso in 2019

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Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine 2024年第3期12卷 199-210页

作者： Marthe Sandrine Sanon Lompo Sombenewindé Bienvenu Alexandre Nikiéma Issa Traoré Marius Kédoté Jules Owona manga Nicolas Méda Dpartement de Sant Publique Unit de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant Universit Joseph Ki Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institut Suprieur en Sciences de la Sant Universit Nazi BONI Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso Centre Rgional de Formation en Sant Publique Ouidah Benin Facult des Sciences de la Sant Universit de Yaound Yaound Camroun

Introduction: The uncontrolled management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (W3E) causes respiratory problems in the handlers of this waste. The objective was to study the stains associated with respiratory symptoms in W3E handlers. Methods: The study was cross-sectional with an analytical focus on W3E handlers in the informal sector in Ouagadougou. A peer-validated questionnaire collected data on a sample of 161 manipulators. Results: the most common W3E processing tasks were the purchase or sale of W3E (67.70%), its repair (39.75%) and its collection (31.06%). The prevalence of cough was 21.74%, that of wheezing 14.91%, phlegm 12.50% and dyspnea at rest 10.56%. In bivariate analysis, there were significant associations at the 5% level between W3E repair and phlegm (p-value = 0.044), between W3E burning and wheezing (p-value = 0.011) and between W3E and cough (p-value = 0.01). The final logistic regression models suggested that the burning of W3E and the melting of lead batteries represented risk factors for the occurrence of cough with respective prevalence ratios of 4.57 and 4.63. Conclusion: raising awareness on the wearing of personal protective equipment, in particular masks adapted by W3E handlers, favoring those who are dedicated to the burning of electronic waste and the melting of lead could make it possible to reduce the risk of occurrence of respiratory symptoms.

关键词： Respiratory Symptoms W3E Associated Tasks Ouagadougou

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Assessement of Nutritional Status of Households Using Weighed Food Intake in North West Region of Cameroon

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2024年第1期15卷 1-26页

作者： Ebai Nee Besong Patricia Ange Gustave Mabiama Eyenga manga Nyangono Biyegue Fernande C. Winifred Fila Ogah Eridiong O Onyenweaku University of Douala Higher Teacher Training College For Technical Education Douala Cameroon Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Basic Medical Science University of Calabar Calabar Nigeria

This study determined the nutritional status of households in North western region of Cameroon using weighed food intake. Twenty–two rural and 106 urban households were randomly selected for weighed food intake Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze collected data and significance at p < 0.05 accepted. Corn fufu with huckleberry was the most frequently consumed meal with little or no animal-source protein. Protein and B group vitamins intake of respondents in both communities were below the FAO/WHO recommended values while energy, iron, and vitamins A and C were in excess for most age groups. Adolescents 10 - 19 years and adults 20 years and above failed to meet at least 85% of RNI for calcium.

关键词： Food Intake Household Nutrients Nutritional Status

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Prevalence and Factors Associated with Chronic Low Back Pain in the Mining Sector in Burkina Faso

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Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine 2024年第3期12卷 211-224页

作者： Marthe Sandrine Sanon Lompo Gaston Kaboré Jules Owona manga Issa Traoré Ibrahim Mama Cissé Marius Kédoté Ahmed Kaboré Nicolas Méda Dpartement de Sant Publique Unit de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant Universit Joseph Ki Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Oudraogo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Facult des Sciences de la Sant Universit de Yaound Yaound Camroun Institut Suprieur des Sciences de la Sant Universit Nazi BONI Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso Facult de Mdecine Universit de Parakou Parakou Bnin Centre Rgional de Formation en Sant Publique Ouidah Benin

Introduction: Low back pain is nowadays a real public health problem in companies. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with chronic low back pain among workers of a mining company in Burkina Faso. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study with a retrospective collection that took place from August 1, 2021 to March 16, 2022 in a gold mine in Burkina Faso. It focused on mine workers who participated in the 2019 annual medical visit. Results: Out of a total workforce of 880 workers who took part in the annual medical visit in 2019, 165 had chronic common low back pain, i.e. a prevalence of 18.75%. The average age of low back pain workers was 37.21 ± 7.5 years. Among the workers suffering from low back pain, 62 (37.58%) held the position of machine operator. Clinically, mechanical pain was found in 113 low back pain workers (76%) and twenty-nine (17.58%) had radicular pain. Standard radiography of the lumbar spine was abnormal in 129 workers (78.18%. In the univariate analysis, the factors associated with the pathology were sex, level of study, work station and seniority in the position. After a logistic regression, the factors associated with its occurrence were whole-body vibration (Fisher’s test = 12.7541;P = 0.000), male sex (Fisher’s test = 8.363;P = 0.004), and seniority for 4 to 5 years (Chi2 = 4.0234;p = 0.046). Conclusion: The study reveals the existence of chronic low back pain cases among the workers of the mining company. There is a predominance of the pathology in men, workers exposed to vibrations and those with a seniority of 4 to 5 years. It is necessary to establish a policy of prevention of low back pain for the benefit of workers, in particular those exposed to vibrations.

关键词： Chronic Low Back Pain Prevalence Associated Factors Mine Burkina Faso

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Open Scrotal Trauma Complicated by Testicular Evisceration: An Unusual Injury after a Brawl in 2 Cases

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Open Journal of Urology 2024年第5期14卷 282-289页

作者： Atangana Cédric Paterson Savom Eric Patrick Tim Fabrice Dikongue Diwondi Audrey Ngapanya Youssofa Etobe Cécile Akoa manga Ismael Fodoung Wamba Danny Bang Guy Aristide Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaound&#233 Cameroon Department of Surgery General Hospital Yaounde Yaounde Cameroon Department of Visceral Surgery Yaound&#233 Central Hospital Yaounde Cameroon Faculty of Health Sciences University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Department of Surgery Yaound&#233 University Hospital Yaounde Cameroon

Background: Scrotal trauma is a rare injury, and can compromise reproductive function. If in closed trauma, a morphological assessment of the lesion is usually necessary before treatment, in open trauma otherwise, namely in the case of testicular evisceration, surgical exploration is the rule. Objective: To present the management of open scrotal trauma. Case Presentation: These were two adults aged 42 and 63, admitted for post-traumatic testicular evisceration. One of the patients presented with signs of infection due to a diagnosis delay. Management consisted on surgical exploration, with scrotal debridement and testicular reintegration. The evolution was favourable. Conclusion: Open scrotal trauma is a rare lesion that can cause testicular evisceration. It requires surgical exploration, which should be systematic.

关键词： Scrotal Trauma Testicular Evisceration Infection Surgical Exploration

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