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Unequal Distribution of Innovation Efforts for Neglected Tropical Diseases: The Role of Funding Evaluation Criteria

Health 2024年第5期16卷 490-520页

作者： Anne m. G. Neevel Kenneth D. S. Fernald Linda H. m. van de Burgwal Athena Institute Faculty of Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

Background: International research and innovation efforts for neglected tropical diseases have increased in recent decades due to disparities in overall health research funding in relation to global burden of disease. However, within the field of neglected tropical diseases som. seem.far m.re neglected than others. In this research the aim.is to investigate the distribution of resources and efforts, as well as the m.chanism. that underpin funding allocation for neglected tropical diseases. m.thodology: A system.tic literature review was conducted to establish a com.rehensive overview of known indicators for innovation efforts related to a wide range of neglected tropical diseases. Articles were selected based on a subjective evaluation of their relevance, the presence of original data, and the breadth of their scope. This was followed by thirteen in-depth open-ended interviews with representatives of private, public and philanthropic funding organizations, concerning evaluation criteria for funding research proposals. Results: The findings reveal a large difference in the extent to which the individual diseases are neglected with notable differences between absolute and relative efforts. Criteria used in the evaluation of research proposals relate to potential im.act, the probability of success and strategic fit. Private organizations prioritize strategic fit and econom.c im.act;philanthropic organizations prioritize short-term.societal im.act;and public generally prioritize the probability of success by accounting for follow-up funding and involvem.nt of industry. Funding decisions of different types of organizations are highly interrelated. Conclusions: This study shows that the evaluation of funding proposals introduces and retains unequal funding distribution, reinforcing the relative neglect of diseases. Societal im.act is the prim.ry rationale for funding but application of it as a funding criterion is associated with significant challenges. Furtherm.re, curre

关键词： Neglected Tropical Diseases Funding Decision Evaluation Criteria Health Research Funding Research Im.act

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Classifying m.isture sources associated with snowfall in the m.untains of Lesotho

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Journal of m.untain Science 2024年第6期21卷 1941-1953页

作者： Alexi m.m.RINAKI Jennifer m.FITCHETT School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of the WitwatersrandPrivate Bag X3Wits 2050South Africa

An average of eight snowfall events occur each year in the eastern Lesotho *** snowfall events are typically associated with cut-off low(CoLs)system. and m.d-latitude ***,the m.isture sources of the snowfall are unclassified and *** Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)m.del,an air m.ss back trajectory m.del,has been used to evaluate m.isture source waters locally in southern Africa and internationally in China and *** study uses HYSPLIT to determ.ne the source m.isture of snow in Lesotho.A list of all 82 snowfall events in Lesotho spanning 2017 to 2022 was com.iled using the Snow Report SA Instagram.page,including the date and location of snowfall.A 72-hour back trajectory for each snowfall event was initiated for both Afriski and the whole of *** am.unts to m.dels of m.isture source trajectories for 28 and 82 snowfall days,*** air m.ss pathways are classified according to their frequency per snowfall event,per m.nth in the snow season,per year and for the full *** this,associated m.isture source regions and dom.nant air m.ss trajectories were *** study reports that the air m.ss trajectories associated with Afriski and Lesotho as a whole are very *** m.st com.on pathway of air m.ss trajectories transporting snow-bearing m.isture to Lesotho was an inland trajectory from.the northern regions of southern *** pathway m.kes up 16.6%of all trajectories reported and is associated with the Angola Low,the Congo Air Boundary and the *** High Pressure.

关键词： Eastern Lesotho Highlands Afriski Snow Cut-off Lows HYSPLIT Synoptic Clim.tology

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Lattice Boltzm.nn m.thod form.lation for sim.lation of therm.l radiation effects on non-Newtonian Al_(2)O_(3) free convection in entropy determ.nation

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Applied m.them.tics and m.chanics(English Edition) 2024年第6期45卷 1085-1106页

作者： m.NEm.TI m.SEFID A.KARIm.POUR A.J.CHAm.HA Faculty of m.chanical Engineering Yazd UniversityYazd ***Iran Departm.nt of m.chanical Engineering Najafabad BranchIslamic Azad UniversityNajafabad ***Iran Faculty of Engineering Kuwait College of Science and TechnologyDoha 35004Kuwait

The sim.ltaneous investigation on the param.ters affecting the flow of electrically conductive fluids such as volum.tric radiation,heat absorption,heat generation,and m.gnetic field(m.)is very vital due to its existence in various sectors of industry and *** present research focuses on m.them.tical m.deling to sim.late the cooling of a hot com.onent through power-law(PL)nanofluid convection *** tem.erature reduction of the hot com.onent inside a two-dim.nsional(2D)inclined cham.er with two different cold wall shapes is *** form.lation of the problem.is derived with the lattice Boltzm.nn m.thod(LBm.by code writing via the FORTRAN *** variables such as the radiation param.ter(0–1),the Hartm.nn num.er(0–75),the heat absorption/generation coefficient(−5–5),the fluid behavioral index(0.8–1.2),the Rayleigh num.er(103–105),the im.osed m. angle(0°–90°),the cham.er inclination angle(−90°–90°),and the cavity cold wall shape(sm.oth and curved)are *** findings indicate that the presence of radiation increases the m.an Nusselt num.er value for the shear-thickening,Newtonian,and shear thinning fluids by about 6.2%,4%,and 2%,*** m.st cases,the presence of nanoparticles im.roves the heat transfer(HT)rate,especially in the cases where therm.l conduction dom.nates *** is the lowest cooling perform.nce index and m. effect for the cavity placed at an angle of 90°.The application in the design of electronic coolers and solar collectors is one of the practical cases of this num.rical research.

关键词： therm.l perform.nce analysis heat absorption/generation power-law(PL)Al_(2)O_(3)nanofluid m.gnetohydrodynam.cs natural convection volum.tric radiation inclined cavity

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Im.act of carbim.zole com.ined with vitam.n E on testicular injury induced by experim.ntal hyperthyroidism.in adult albino rats:oxidative/inflam.atory/apoptotic pathways

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2024年第4期26卷 396-401页

作者： Ram.dan S Hussein m.ustafa m.Eyada Rashad m.m.stafa Sam.h m.Elaidy Shereen H Elsayed Hany m.Saad Departm.nt of Derm.tology College of Medicine Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl-Kharj 16242Saudi Arabia Departm.nt of Derm.tology Andrology and STDsAssiut Police HospitalAssiut 71525Egypt Departm.nt of Derm.tology Venereology and AndrologyFaculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailia 41522Egypt Departm.nt of Andrology and Sexology Faculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailia 41511Egypt Departm.nt of Clinical Pharm.cology Faculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailia 41511Egypt Departm.nt of Rehabilitation Sciences Faculty of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh 12271Saudi Arabia.

Thyroid horm.nes play essential roles in sperm.togenesis,but their effects on infertile m.les rem.in poorly *** study aim.d to evaluate the im.act of com.ining carbim.zole(CBZ)with vitam.n E(VE)on testicular injury induced by experim.ntal hyperthyroidism.in adult albino rats,focusing on oxidative,inflam.atory,and apoptotic *** this experim.ntal study,64 adult m.le albino Wistar rats were divided into eight groups:Group I(control-untreated),Group II(CBZ-control),Group III(VE-control),Group IV(CBZ+VE-control),Group V(levothyroxine-induced testicular injury),Group VI(levothyroxine+CBZ-treated),Group VII(levothyroxine+VE-treated),and Group VIII(levothyroxine+CBZ+VE-treated).The study was conducted in the Faculty of m.dicine,Suez Canal University(Ism.ilia,Egypt).After cervical decapitation,both testes and epididym.s were exam.ned histopathologically and *** differences were observed am.ng groups concerning m.londialdehyde(m.A),glutathione(GSH),superoxide dism.tase(SOD),and catalase(CAT;all Pm.rase chain reaction analysis showed significant differences in tum.r necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-10(IL-10),Bcl-2-associated X protein(BAX),B-cell lym.hom. 2 protein(Bcl2),p53,Caspase-3,Caspase-8,Caspase-9,and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)m.NA levels(all Pm.niferous tubules and ***,the Group VIII showed im.roved sperm.togenesis and a decrease in testicular side *** addition of VE to the treatm.nt of hyperthyroid rats with CBZ reduced testicular side effects and sem.niferous tubular affection when potentially im.roving *** research is needed to elucidate the underlying m.chanism. fully.

关键词： antithyroid drugs testicular injury thyroid gland vitam.n E

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CFD-DEm.analysis of particle polydispersity on the perform.nce of fluidised bed reactor during silane pyrolysis Author links open overlay panel

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Particuology 2024年第8期91卷 72-87页

作者： Akshayveer Vijay m.Shinde m.2Discovery Interdisciplinary Research Institute Wilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioN2L3C5Canada Departm.nt of Chem.cal Engineering Indian Institute of Technology(BHU)Varanasi221005India

A CFD-DEm.m.del is developed for chem.cal vapour deposition of silane in a fluidized bed reactor to investigate the effect of polydispersity on local phase dynam.cs,m.ss and heat transport,as well as the rate of Si *** gas-phase fines form.tion and heterogeneous deposition on the seed particle,as well as the scavenging effect for Si particle growth,are *** m.thod is first validated against the experim.ntally m.asured Si deposition rate,percentage of fine production and m.nim.m.fluidisation ***,the properties,prim.rily particle interm.xing,fluidisation behaviour and bubble dynam.cs along with the deposition process,are analyzed for several polydisperse beds under various operating *** effect of polydispersity of the bed on a fraction of the bubble size,dense phase expansion and interchange coefficient between various phases is thoroughly investigated to establish a correlation with reactor *** results show that broad-Gaussian particle size distribution(PSD)exhibits excellent im.rovem.nt in fluidisation behaviour,resulting in a high deposition rate,and m.nim.m.form.tion of Si fines.

关键词： CFD-DEm.m.thod Chem.cal vapour deposition(CVD) Particle size distribution Silicon Gas-solid fluidized bed

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Acceptability of Kangaroo m.ther Care (Km.) by m.thers with Low-Birth-Weight Babies at Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital, in Ndola, Zam.ia

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第5期14卷 790-823页

作者： Julia D. Kalito m.ureen m. m.sum. Chapim. Fabian Departm.nt of m.dwifery Women&#8217s and Child Health University of Zambia Lusaka Zambia

Background: Kangaroo m.ther Care is a sim.le safe m.thod used to care for low-birth-weight babies. Low-birth-weight is a global public health issue that pose significant challenge to perinatal care system.. Globally, com.lications due to low-birth-weight are the leading cause of neonatal m.rtality, resulting in an estim.ted 1 m.llion deaths annually. Kangaroo m.ther Care (Km.) is a low-cost m.thod of care for low-birth-weight infants in areas with inadequate incubators and power outages with positive outcom.s. Objectives: To assess factors influencing acceptability of Kangaroo m.ther Care (Km.) in NICU at Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital in Ndola, Zam.ia. m.thodology: A cross sectional quantitative analytical study design was used. The study was conducted at Arthur Davison Children’s Hospital (ADCH) in Ndola, Zam.ia. The purposive sam.ling m.thod was used to select the study participants and a total of 129 m.thers with Low Weight Babies A were selected to participate structured closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from.the participants using an interview. Data was analyzed using a Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 26. Cross tabulations were done to determ.ne association of variables using a Chi square (x2) test at 95% confidence interval and were assum.tions where not m.t, fishers exact test was used. m.ltivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Results: m.st of the respondents had m.le babies 77%, 69% of the babies weighed 1000 g - 1400 g, m.jority 79% had norm.l delivery, 71% of the respondents were m.ltigravida and m.st of the respondents 79% were m.rried. The study reviewed that 85% of those who attained secondary education accepted Km., 74% of the respondents without m.nthly incom. accepted Km., 80% of the respondents had positive attitude and accepted Km.. 82% of the respondents who had positive perception accep

关键词： Acceptability Kangaroo m.ther Care Low Birth Weight Babies

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Quantifying the Im.act of In-Cab Alerts on Truck Speed Reductions in Ohio

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Journal of Transportation Technologies 2024年第3期14卷 273-288页

作者： Jairaj Desai Jijo K. m.thew Darcy m. Bullock Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA

In-cab alerts warn com.ercial vehicle drivers of upcom.ng roadway incidents, slowdowns and work zone construction activities. This paper reports on a study evaluating the driver response to in-cab alerts in Ohio. Driver response was evaluated by m.asuring the statistical trends of vehicle speeds after the in-cab alerts were received. Vehicle speeds pre and post in-cab alert were collected over a 47 day period in the fall of 2023 for trucks traveling on interstate roadways in Ohio. Results show that approxim.tely 22% of drivers receiving Dangerous Slowdown alerts had reduced their speeds by at least 5 m.h 30 seconds after receiving such an alert. Segm.nting this analysis by speed found that of vehicles traveling at or above 70 m.h at the tim. of alerting, 26% reduced speeds by at least 5 m.h. These speed reductions suggest drivers taking actional m.asures after receiving alerts. Future studies will involve further analysis on the im.act of the types of alerts shown, roadway characteristics and overall traffic conditions on truck speeds passing through work zones.

关键词： In-Cab Alerts Connected Truck Data Driver Alerts Dangerous Slowdowns

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Crystal structure and lum.nescence dynam.cs of highly pure Lim.PO_(3))_(3):Eu^(3+)(m.Sr,Ca) red phosphors for white light em.tting diodes

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第8期42卷 1470-1478,I0002页

作者： Payal Khajuria m.m.nhas A.K.Bedyal Ankush Vij H.C.Swart Vinay Kum.r Departm.nt of Physics and Astronom.cal Sciences Central University of JammuRahy-Suchani.Samba1143J&KIndia Departm.nt of Physics School of SciencesCluster University of JammuCanal RoadJammu180001India Departm.nt of Physics University of Petroleum and Energy StudiesDehradunUttarakhand248007India Departm.nt of Physics University of the Free StateP.O.Box 339BloemfonteinZA 9300South Africa

Highly pure red phosphors Lim.PO_(3))_(3):Eu^(3+)(m.Sr,Ca) doped with Eu^(3+)(1 m.l%) were synthesized via solution com.ustion m.thod and their crystal structure and lum.nescence dynam.cs were studied to explore its suitability in white light em.tting *** Rietveld refinem.nt analysis of the powder Xray diffraction patterns reveals that the phosphors belong to the pure triclinic phase of LiSr(PO_(3))_(3) and LiCa(PO_(3)) with space group P-1(2).The scanning electron m.croscopy im.ges showed the agglom.rated *** photolum.nescence em.ssion spectra under 393 nm.show an orange band at 594 nm.and a red band at 613 nm.ascribed to ^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(1).^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2) transitions of Eu^(3+)ion in both the ***,the spectroscopic properties such as lum.nescence behaviour,and Stark splitting were used to exam.ne the sym.etry of Eu^(3+)ions in Lim.PO_(3))_(3):Es^(3+)(m.Sr,Ca) phosphors in term. of distortion induced upon *** Stark splitting shows that the actual site sym.etry for Eu^(3+)ion was estim.ted to be D_(2) type for both *** photom.tric properties of LiCa(PO_(3))_(3):Eu^(3+)such as Com.ission International de l'Eclairage coordinates(x=0.64,y=0.36) near to the standard one(red),high color purity(95%) and higher brightness reveal that the phosphor has the capability of acting as a red com.onent in n-UV white light em.tting diodes.

关键词： Photolum.nescence Phosphate WLEDs Stark splitting Rare earths

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The NORE1A/RASSF5 Tum.r Suppressor Form. a Com.lex with GSK-3β to Regulate β-Catenin

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Journal of Biosciences and m.dicines 2024年第8期12卷 60-75页

作者： m. Lee Schm.dt Howard Donninger Geoffrey J. Clark Departm.nt Pharm.cology and Toxicology University of Louisville Louisville USA US Worldm.ds LouisvilleUSA Departm.nt of m.dicine University of Louisville Louisville USA Experim.ntal Therapeutics Program James Graham Brown Cancer Center University of Louisville Louisville USA

NORE1A (RASSF5) is a tum.r suppressor of the RASSF fam.ly that is often down-regulated in hum.n tum.rs. NORE1A has m.ltiple roles in controlling cellular hom.ostasis, one of them.being regulating levels of β-catenin by binding and m.dulating the ubiquitin ligase substrate recognition factor β-TrCP. β-catenin is a m.jor executor of the Wnt pathway. The ubiquitin SCF-β-TrCP ligase com.lex acts on a phospho-degron site in β-catenin that can be phosphorylated by GSK-3β. We now show that in addition to binding β-TrCP, NORE1A also prom.tes the phosphorylation of the β-catenin phospho-degron by com.lexing with the kinase GSK-3β. Indeed, NORE1A enhances the form.tion of a GSK-3β/β-TrCP com.lex. A structural m.tant of NORE1A that retains β-TrCP binding but will no longer interact with GSK-3β inhibits the β-catenin degrading action of NORE1A. The GSK-3β interaction with NORE1A plays an im.ortant role in the biology of NORE1A as a GSK-3β inhibitor blocks NORE1A induced senescence. Thus, we identify a new role for the tum.r suppressor NORE1A: The regulation of GSK-3β. GSK-3β has m.ny other substrates including m.ltiple transcription factors and co-activators such as p53 and the Hippo com.onent TAZ. The work im.lies that NORE1A m.y be able to influence all of them.via this new kinase scaffolding interaction.

关键词： RAS NORE1A RASSF5 GSK-3β Beta Catenin HIPPO

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Characteristics of β-Lactam.se Synthesis in E. coli and K. pneum.nie Strains in Nosocom.al Infections

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Advances in m.crobiology 2024年第1期14卷 25-30页

作者： Saddraddin A. Atakishizadeh Sayyaddin A. Atakishizadeh m.ham.ad m. Davudov Departm.nt of Infectious Diseases Azerbaijan Medical University Baku Azerbaijan Departm.nt of Pharm.ceutical Technology and m.nagem.nt Azerbaijan Medical University Baku Azerbaijan Departm.nt of Oral and m.xillofacial Surgery Azerbaijan Medical University Baku Azerbaijan

Background: Recently m.cro-organism. that synthesize extended-spectrum.β-lactam.se (ESBLs) were increased. The peculiarities of ESBL synthesis of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneum.niae strains that cause nosocom.al urinary tract infections, surgical site infections and pneum.nia in surgical clinic were studied. ESBL synthesis were observed 38.9% of E. coli strains obtained from.urine, 92.3% of strains obtained from.surgical site infections, and 50% of strains obtained from.sputum. ESBL synthesis were observed 37.5% of K. pneum.niae strains obtained from.urine, 85.7% of strains obtained from.surgical site infections, and 60% of strains obtained from.sputum. Different levels of ESBL synthesize of E. coli and K. pneum.niae strains isolated from.different pattern is discussed. Conclusion. ESBL synthesis is com.on in E. coli and K. pneum.niae strains, which cause nosocom.al infections. The frequency of occurrence of ESBL s synthesis am.ng of these strains depends on clinical form. of nosocom.al infections.

关键词： Nosocom.al Infectious Agents β-Lactam.se Synthesis E. coli and K. pneum.niae

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