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Hepatitis E virus in professionally exposed: A reason for concern?

World Journal of Hepatology 2021年第7期13卷 723-730页

作者： Anna Mrzljak Ivan Balen Ljubo Barbic maja ilic Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Centre ZagrebZagreb 10000Croatia School of Medicine University of ZagrebZagreb 10000Croatia Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology General Hospital“Dr.Josip Bencevic”Slavonski Brod 35000Croatia Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of ZagrebZagreb 10000Croatia Department of Epidemiology Croatian Institute of Public HealthSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagreb 10000Croatia Department of Virology Croatian Institute of Public HealthSchool of MedicineUniversity of ZagrebZagreb 10000Croatia

The zoonotic risk of hepatitis E virus(HEV)is well *** HEV seroprevalence rates vary according to geographical region,assays used,and study *** infection is still underdiagnosed,implying the need to evaluate the disease's burden in the general population and specific risk groups,such as professionally *** contact with various animal reservoirs such as pigs,rabbits,sheep,dogs,wild boars,and deer has been associated with higher anti-HEV seroprevalence as a part of occupational *** exact transmission routes remain to be determined,some general preventive measures such as proper hand hygiene,the usage of personal protective equipment,and the thermal processing of food before consumption should be followed.A“One-Health”multisectoral approach should be implemented to achieve optimal health and well-being outcomes,recognizing the interconnections between humans,animals,plants,and their shared environment,in which a vaccine against the zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 and swine vaccination should be considered as a possible public health *** opinion review comprehensively addresses the HEV burden of professional exposure for butchers,slaughterhouse workers,veterinarians,farmers,hunters,and forestry workers delineates the current limits of protective work measures,and tackles future directions.

关键词： Hepatitis E virus Zoonotic infection Occupational disease Veterinarians Farmers Butchers Slaughterhouse workers Forestry workers Hunters

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Cytomegalovirus immune evasion by perturbation ot endosomal trafficking

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2015年第2期12卷 154-169页

作者： Pero Lucin Hana Mahmutefendic Gordana Blagojevic Zagorac maja ilic Tomas Department of Physiology and Immunology University of Rijeka Faculty of Medicine Rijeka Croatia

Cytomegaloviruses （CMVs）, members of the herpesvirus family, have evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade the immune response to survive in infected hosts and to establish latent infection, They effectively hide infected cells from the effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity by eliminating cellular proteins （major histocompatibility Class I and Class II molecules） from the cell surface that display viral antigens to CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes, CMVs also successfully escape recognition and elimination of infected cells by natural killer （NK） cells, effector cells of innate immunity, either by mimicking NK cell inhibitory ligands or by downregulating NK cell-activating ligands, To accomplish these immunoevasion functions, CMVs encode several proteins that function in the biosynthetic pathway by inhibiting the assembly and trafficking of cellular proteins that participate in immune recognition and thereby, block their appearance at the cell surface, However, elimination of these proteins from the cell surface can also be achieved by perturbation of their endosomal route and subsequent relocation from the cell surface into intracellular compartments, Namely, the physiological route of every cellular protein, including immune recognition molecules, is characterized by specific features that determine its residence time at the cell surface, In this review, we summarize the current understanding of endocytic trafficking of immune recognition molecules and perturbations of the endosomal system during infection with CMVs and other members of the herpesvirus family that contribute to their immune evasion mechanisms,

关键词： cytomegaloviruses endocytic trafficking herpesviruses immune evasion

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