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the current status of nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency and future research directions for the Australian c.t.on industry

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Journal of c.t.on Research 2018年第3期1卷 41-50页

作者： macdonald ben c.t. LAtIMER James O. ScHWENKE Graeme D. NAcHIMUtHU Gunasekhar BAIRD Jonathan c. cSIRO Agriculture and Food the Fenner School of Environment and Society the Australian National University NSW Department of Primary Industries Tamworth Agricultural Institute NSW Department of Primary Industries Australian Cotton Research Institute

Fifty years of sustained investment in research and development has left the Australian c.t.on industry well placed to manage nitrogen（N） fertiliser. the average production in the Australian c.t.on industry today is greater than two tonnes of lint per hectare due to improved plant genetics and crop management. However, this average yield is well below the yield that would be expected from the amount of N fertiliser used. It is clear from the recent studies that across all growing regions, conversion of fertiliser N into lint is not uniformly occurring at applic.t.on rates greater than 200-240 kg·hm;of N. this indic.t.s that factors other than N availability are limiting yield, and that the observed nitrogen fertiliser use efficiency（NFUE） values may be caused by subsoil constraints such as sodic.t. and compaction. there is a need to investigate the impact of subsoil constraints on yield and *** in NFUE will be made through improved N fertiliser applic.t.on timing, better targeting the amount of fertiliser applied for the expected yield, and improved soil N management. there is also a need to improve the ability and confidence of growers to estimate the contribution of soil N mineralisation to the crop N budget. Many Australian studies including data that could theoretically be collated in a meta-analysis suggest relative NFUE values as a function of irrigation technique; however, with the extensive list of uncontrolled variables and few studies using non-furrow irrigation, this would be a poor substitute for a single field-based study directly measuring their efficacies. In irrigated c.t.on, a re-examination of optimal NFUE is due because of the availability of new varieties and the potential management and long-term soil resilience implic.t.ons of the continued removal of mineralised soil N suggested by high NFUE values. NFUE critical limits still need to be derived for dryland systems.

关键词： Nitrogen fertiliser Nitrogen use efficiency Dryland Irrigated

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Water solubility enhancements of pyrene by single and mixed surfactant solutions

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2001年第4期13卷 491-496页

作者： Zhu, L.-z. chiou, c.t. Department of Environmental Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310028 China

Water solubility enhancements of pyrene by both single-surfactant and mixed-surfactant solutions were compared and evaluated. the solubility of pyrene in water was greatly enhanced by each of triton X-100 (tX100), triton X-405 (tX405), Brij 35 and SDS, in which the water solubility enhancements increased with increasing surfactant concentrations. the extent of solubility enhancements at surfactant concentrations below. the cMc is the order of tX100 > Brij 35 > tX405 > SDS; the sequence at surfactant concentrations above the cMc is tX100 > Brij 35 > SDS > tX405. Pyrene was solubilized synergistically by anionic-nonionic mixed surfactant solutions, especially at low surfactant concentrations. the synergistic power of the mixed surfactants is SDS-tX405 > SDS-Brij 35 > SDS-tX100. the synergism as noted is attributed to increasing Kmc and/or decreasing the cMc of the mixed surfactant solution. For SDS-tX405 and SDS-Brij 35 mixed surfactant solutions, an increase in Kmc is coupled with a decrease in the cMc; for SDS-tX100, only a decreased in the cMc value is noted. Mixed-surfactant solutions may improve the performance of the surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) of soils by increasing the bioavailability and biodegradation of non-aqueous-phase organic pollutants and reducing the level of surfactant pollution and remediation expenses.

关键词： Biodegradation concentration (process) Solubility Water

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Using a systems modeling approach to improve soil management and soil quality

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2020年第3期7卷 289-295页

作者： Enli WANG Di HE Zhigan ZHAO chris J.SMItH ben c.t.macdonald cSIRO Agriculture and Food CanberraACT 2601Australia

Soils provide the structural support, water andnutrients for plants in nature and are considered to be thefoundation of agriculture production. Improving soilquality and soil health has been advoc.t.d as the goal ofsoil management toward sustainable agricultural intensifi-c.t.on. there have been renewed efforts to define andquantify soil quality and soil health but establishing aconsensus on the key indic.t.rs remains difficult. It isargued that such difficulties are due to the former ways ofthinking in soil management which largely focus on soilproperties alone. A systems approach that treats soils as akey component of agricultural production systems ispromoted. It is argued that soil quality must be quantifiedin terms of crop productivity and impacts on ecosystemsservices that are also strongly driven by climate andmanagement interventions. A systems modeling approachcaptures the interactions among climate, soil, crops andmanagement, and their impacts on system performance,thus helping to quantify the value and quality of ***, three examples are presented to demonstrate this. Inthis systems context, soil management must be an integralpart of systems management practices that also includemanaging the crops and cropping systems under specificclimatic conditions, with cognizance of future climatechange.

关键词： APSIM available water capac.t. nitrogen management soil functional properties soil health soil-plant modeling

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Gaseous Nitrogen Losses from coastal Acid Sulfate Soils:A Short-term Study

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Pedosphere 2011年第2期21卷 197-206页

作者： B.c.t.macdonald O.t.DENMEAD I.WHItE G.BYRANt cSIRO Land and Water CanberraACT 2601 (Australia) the Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National UniversityCanberraACT 0200 (Australia) University of Wollongong WollongongNSW 2500 (Australia)

NOx and N2O emissions from coastal acid sulfate soils （cASS） cultivated for sugarcane production were investigated on the coastal lowlands of northern New South Wales, Australia. two series of short-term measurements were made using chambers and micrometeorological techniques. Series i occurred during the wet season, the water-filled pore space （WFPS） was between 60%-80% and the site flooded during the measurements. Measurements were made directly after the harvest of soybean crop, which fixed an estimated 100 kg N ha-1, and the emission amounted to 3.2 kg NOx-N ha-1 （12 d） and 1.8 kg N20-N ha-1 （5 d）. Series 2 was made towards the end of the dry season when the WFPS was less than 60%. In Series 2-1 after an applic.t.on of 50 kg N ha-1, emissions were markedly less, amounting to 0.9 kg N ha 1 over 10 d. During both series when the soil was moist, emissions of NOx were larger than those of N2O. the emission of NOx appeared to be haphazard, with little time dependence, but there was a clear diurnal cycle for N2O, emphasising the need for continuous measurement procedures for both gases. these results suggest that agricultural production on cASS could be important sources of greenhouse gases and nitrogen practices will need to be optimised to reduce the offsite effects of atmospheric warming, acidific.t.on or nitrific.t.on. Many questions still remain unanswered such as the emissions during the soybean bean filling stage and crop residue decomposition, the longer-term losses following the fertiliser applic.t.on and emissions from cASS under different land uses.

关键词： denitrific.t.on greenhouse gases nitrific.t.on nitrogen oxides nitrous oxide

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Radiolarian and Planktic Foraminifera Biostratigraphy of the Early Albian Organic Rich Beds of Fahdene Formation,Northern tunisia

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第1期25卷 45-63页

作者： M ben Fadhel t Zouaghi A Amri M ben Youssef Département de Géologie Faculté des Sciences de Gafsa-Campus Universitaire Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk–2112 Département des Géoressources CERTE–Technopole de Borj Cédria

the lower part of Fahdene Formation outcropping in northeastern tunisia is repre- sented by pelagic sequences and characterized by an important siliciclastic fraction that includes ra- diolarian and organic-rich beds of Allam Member. Litho-biostratigraphic analysis based on planktic foraminifera and radiolaria shows that deposition of organic-rich beds of Allam Member is confined to the Microhedbergella rischi Zone through the lower part of ticinella primula Zone. Age diagnostic radiolaria recovered from these beds has been identified to constrain a direct age of black shale depo- sition. the assemblages can be correlated with the radiolarian biochronozone U.A.10-11 indic.t.ng an Early Albian to early Middle Albian in age. Radiolarian assemblages composed of species characteris- tic of U.A.10 biochronozone （A. montisserei, D. gracilis） are associated with radiolarian taxa belonging to costata Zone （U.A.9 Pseudoeucyrtis hanni and thanarla pseudodecora）, which can be correlated with Dercourt Member in the Ionian Zone and Paquier level of the Vocontian Basin （southeast of France）. Biostratigraphic and abundance curves analysis has demonstrated significant diversific.t.on of cryptocephalic Nassellaria and Archaeodictyomitrae, probably adapted to eutrophic conditions that characterized the Aptian-Albian transition. Ecological conditions may have governed the stratigraphic range of many cosmopolitan taxa （i.e., Pseudodictyomitrae lodogaensis） compared with stratigraphic distributions schemes reported from other domains. the timing of black shales deposition was dia- chronic due to local geodynamic conditions and upwelling currents distribution. the Allam black shales are correlative with the oceanic anoxic event OAElb which is characterized by the widespread of supraregionnally organic-rich beds in the Mediterranean tethys basins across the Aptian-Albian transition.

关键词： northeastern tunisia Albian Allam Member black shale radiolaria planktic foraminifera.

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微型全分析系统

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分析化学 2000年第10期28卷 1295-1299页

作者：徐溢,Jan c.t. Eijkel,A.Manz 重庆大学环境与化学化工学院!重庆400044 Analytical Science center! Depe of chemistry Imperial　college England SW77 2AY Analytical Science center!Depe of 　chemistry Imperial college England SW77 2AY

系统阐述了分析化学新兴研究领域微型全化学分析系统（μ－ＴＡＳ）的概念和原理，并对其应用现状及发展趋势进行了综述

关键词：微型全化学分析系统微芯片评述

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Assays for RNA synthesis and replic.t.on by the hepatitis c virus

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Frontiers in Biology 2012年第3期7卷 233-245页

作者： c. cheng KAO Baochang FAN Sreedhar cHINNASWAMY Hui cAI c.t. RANJItH-KUMAR Jerome DEVAL Department of Molecular & cellular Biochemistry Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 USA National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG) NSS Kalyani WB-74125L India Alios BioPharma lnc. South San Francisco CA 94080 USA

At least six major genotypes of Hepatitis c virus （HcV） cause liver diseases worldwide. the efficacy rates with current standard of care are about 50% against genotype 1, the most prevalent strain in the United States, Europe and Japan. therefore more effective pan-genotypic.t.erapies are needed. HcV RNA replic.t.on provides a number of validated targets for virus-specific and potentially pan-genotypic inhibitors. In vitro assays capturing the different steps of RNA synthesis are needed not only to identify new inhibitors, but also to examine their mechanisms of action. this review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of the biochemical, cell-based and animal model systems to assess HcV polymerase activity and HcV RNA replic.t.on that should be useful for both basic research and applied studies.

关键词： assay RNA synthesis and replic.t.on hepatitis c virus

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QUARK MASSES

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chinese Physics c 2016年第10期40卷 653-660页

作者： A.V. Manohar c.t. Sachrajda R.M. Barnett University of california San Diego University of Southampton LBNL

A. Introduction this note discusses some of the theoretical issues relevant for the determination of quark masses, which are fundamental parameters of the Standard Model of particle physics. Unlike the leptons, quarks are confined inside hadrons and are not observed as physical particles. Quark masses therefore cannot be measured directly, but must be determined indirectly through their influence on hadronic properties. Although one often speaks loosely of quark masses as one would of the mass of the electron or muon, any quantitative statement about the value of a quark mass must make careful reference to the particular theoretical framework that is used to define it. It is important to keep this scheme dependence in mind when using the quark mass values tabulated in the data listings.

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初始碳烟颗粒形成的反应分子动力学模拟

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工程热物理学报 2017年第5期38卷 1087-1091页

作者：毛倩罗开红 van Duin Adri c.t. 清华大学燃烧能源中心和热科学与动力工程教育部重点实验室北京100084 英国伦敦大学学院机械工程系美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学机械与核能工程系宾夕法尼亚州16802

本文采用ReaxFF反应分子动力学模拟的方法研究了温度对PAH生成初始碳烟颗粒的路径的影响。低温时(400 K),PAH单体分子通过物理成核的方式形成初始碳烟颗粒。中等温度时(1600 K),PAH只能形成二聚物或三聚物,无法发生从气相单体到固相碳... 详细信息

本文采用ReaxFF反应分子动力学模拟的方法研究了温度对PAH生成初始碳烟颗粒的路径的影响。低温时(400 K),PAH单体分子通过物理成核的方式形成初始碳烟颗粒。中等温度时(1600 K),PAH只能形成二聚物或三聚物,无法发生从气相单体到固相碳烟颗粒的转变。当温度升高到2500 K,PAH通过化学成核形成碳烟颗粒,PAH分子首先分解形成碳链分子,碳链分子相互链接进一步形成富勒烯结构的碳烟颗粒。

关键词：多环芳烃(PAH) 碳烟成核 ReaxFF 分子动力学模拟(MD)

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Extracellular vesicles as a potential therapeutic for age-related macular degeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第9期18卷 1876-1880页

作者： Lorraine L.c.chow ben Mead School of Optometry and Vision Sciences Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK

Age-related macular degeneration is a major global cause of central visual impairment and seve re vision *** an aging population,the already immense economic burden of costly anti-vascular endothelial growth fa ctor treatment is likely to *** addition,current conventional treatment is only available for the late neovascular stage of age-related macular degeneration,and injections can come with potentially devastating complic.t.ons,introducing the need for more economical and ris kfree *** recent years,exosomes,which are nano-sized extracellular vesicles of an endoc.t.c origin,have shown immense potential as diagnostic biomarkers and in the therapeutic applic.t.on,as they are bestowed with characte ristics including an expansive cargo that closely resembles their parent cell and exceptional ability of intercellular communic.t.on and targeting neighboring *** are currently undergoing clinical trials for various conditions such as type 1 diabetes and autoimmune diseases;however,exosomes as a potential therapy for seve ral retinal diseases have just begun to undergo scrutinizing investigation with little literature on age-related macular degeneration *** article will focus on the limited literature availa ble on exosome transplantation treatment in age-related macular degeneration animal models and in vitro cell cultures,as well as briefly identify future research *** literature on exosome therapy using agerelated macular degeneration rodent models includes laser retinal injury,N-methyl-N-nitrosourea,and royal college of surgeon models,which mimic inflammatory and degenerative aspects of agerelated macular *** have shown promising results in preserving retinal function and morphology,as well as protecting photoreceptors from *** from their respective cellular origins may also act by regulating the expression of various inflammatory c.t. kines,mRNAs,and proteins involved in photo

关键词： age-related macular degeneration exosomes extracellular vesicles miRNA neuroprotection photoreceptors retina retinal pigment epithelium

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