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Why ecosystem characteristics predicted from remotely sensed data are unbiased and biased at the same time-and how this affects applications

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 24-31页

作者： Goran Ståhl Terje Gobakken Svetlana Saarela Henrik J.Persson magnus Ekstrom Sean P.Healey Zhiqiang Yang Johan Holmgren Eva Lindberg Kenneth Nystrom Emanuele Papucci Patrik Ulvdal Hans OleØrka Erik Næsset Zhengyang Hou Håkan Olsson Ronald E.mcRoberts Department of Forest Resource management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource management Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationOgdenUTUSA The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of ministry of Education Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China Department of Forest Resources University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMNUSA

Remotely sensed data are frequently used for predicting and mapping ecosystem characteristics,and spatially explicit wall-to-wall information is sometimes proposed as the best possible source of information for ***,wall-to-wall information typically relies on model-based prediction,and several features of model-based prediction should be understood before extensively relying on this type of *** such feature is that model-based predictors can be considered both unbiased and biased at the same time,which has important implications in several areas of *** this discussion paper,we first describe the conventional model-unbiasedness paradigm that underpins most prediction techniques using remotely sensed(or other)auxiliary *** this point of view,model-based predictors are typically ***,we show that for specific domains,identified based on their true values,the same model-based predictors can be considered biased,and sometimes severely *** suggest distinguishing between conventional model-bias,defined in the statistical literature as the difference between the expected value of a predictor and the expected value of the quantity being predicted,and design-bias of model-based estimators,defined as the difference between the expected value of a model-based estimator and the true value of the quantity being *** show that model-based estimators(or predictors)are typically design-biased,and that there is a trend in the design-bias from overestimating small true values to underestimating large true ***,we give examples of applications where this is important to acknowledge and to potentially make adjustments to correct for the design-bias *** argue that relying entirely on conventional model-unbiasedness may lead to mistakes in several areas of application that use predictions from remotely sensed data.

关键词： Bias model-based inference Design-based inference

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Double-brooding and annual breeding success of great tits in urban and forest habitats

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Current Zoology 2022年第5期68卷 517-525页

作者： Boglárka Bukor Gábor Seress Ivett Pipoly Krisztina Sándor Csenge Sinkovics ErnőVincze András Liker Behavioral Ecology Research Group Center for Natural SciencesUniversity of PannoniaVeszprém H-8200Hungary mTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group University of PannoniaVeszprém H-8200Hungary mTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group BudapestHungary Department of Biology Theoretical Population Ecology and Evolution GroupLund UniversityLundSweden

Urban areas differ from natural habitats in several environmental features that influence the characteristics of animals living *** example,birds often start breeding seasonally earlier and fledge fewer offspring per brood in cities than in natural ***,longer breeding seasons in cities may increase the frequency of double-brooding in urban compared with nonurban populations,thus potentially increasing urban birds’annual reproductive output and resulting in lower habitat difference in reproductive success than estimated by studies focusing on first clutches *** this study,we investigated 2 urban and 2 forests great tit Parus major populations from 2013 to *** compared the probability of double-brooding and the total number of annually fledged chicks per female between urban and forest habitats,while controlling for the effects of potentially confounding *** was a trend for a higher probability of double-brooding in urban(44%of females)than in forest populations(36%),although this was not consistent between the 2 urban *** produced significantly fewer fledglings annually in the cities than in the forest sites,and this difference was present both within single-and double-brooded ***,double-brooded urban females produced a similar number of fledglings per season as single-brooded forest *** results indicate that double-brooding increases the reproductive success of female great tits in both habitats,but urban females cannot effectively compensate in this way for their lower reproductive output per ***,other mechanisms like increased post-fledging survival can mitigate habitat differences in reproductive success.

关键词： annual reproductive success habitat differences population self-sustainability second brood urban conservation

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Integration of chemical fractionation, m?ssbauer spectrometry, and magnetic methods for identification of Fe phases bonding heavy metals in street dust

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第2期 875-891页

作者： Beata Górka-Kostrubiec Ryszard ?wietlik Tadeusz Szumiata Sylwia Dyt?ow marzena Trojanowska Institute of Geophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Environmental Chemistry and Engineering University of Technology and Humanities in Radom 3. Department of Physics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Technology and Humanities in Radom

Street dust is one of the most important carriers of heavy metals(Hms) originating from natural and anthropogenic sources. The main purpose of the work was to identify which of Fe-bearing phases bind Hms in street dust. magnetic parameters of the Fe-bearing components, mainly magnetically strong iron oxides, are used to assess the level of Hm *** sequential extraction combined with magnetic methods(magnetic susceptibility,magnetization, remanent magnetization) allowed determining the metal-bearing fractions and identifying the iron forms that are mostly associated with traffic-related Hms. The use of m?ssbauer spectrometry(mS) supplemented by magnetic methods(thermomagnetic curves and psarameters of hysteresis loops) enabled precise identification and characterization of iron-containing minerals. The classification of Hms into five chemical fractions differing in mobility and bioaccessibility revealed that iron is most abundant(over 95%) in the residual fraction followed by the reducible fraction. Hms were present in reducible fraction in the following order: Pb>Zn>mn>Cr>Ni>Fe>Cu, while they bound to the residual fraction in the following order: Fe>Ni>Cr>mn>Pb>Cu>Zn. The signature of the anthropogenic origin of street dust is the presence of strongly nonstoichiometric and defected grains of magnetite and their porous surface. magnetite also occurs as an admixture with maghemite, and with a significant proportion of hematite. A distinctive feature of street dust is the presence of metallic iron and iron carbides. magnetic methods are efficient in the screening test to determine the level of Hm pollution, while mS helps to identify the iron-bearing minerals through the detection of iron.

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Is There an Association between Temperament and Apolipoprotein E? A Replication of a 1993 Young Finns Study

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Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science 2013年第2期3卷 194-199页

作者： Aino m.Pitkanen Paivi merjonen Liisa Keltikangas-Jarvinen Ilkka Seppala Terho Lehtimaki Jorma Viikari Olli TRaitakari m.rka hintsanen Institute of Behavioural Sciences University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland Department of Clinical Chemistry Fimlab LaboratoriesSchool of MedicineUniversity of TampereTampere University HospitalTampereFinland Department of medicine University of TurkuTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland

Background: An association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polymorphism and temperament has been found in the Young Finns cohort. motor activity in childhood and mental vitality, sociability and positive emotionality in adolescence were associated with apoE. Two research groups have attempted to replicate these findings but no associations have been found. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to confirm the original findings with new and more reliable genotyping from a larger sample derived from the same Young Finns Study as the original ***: The study included 2808 participants aged 3 - 18 years in 1980. The same methods in assessing temperament were used as in the original study. Temperament was operationalized as motor activity, cooperativeness, negative emotionality, mental vitality, sociability and positive emotionality. Temperament was assessed by participants’ mothers in 1980 and 1983 and self-rated in 1983 by adolescent participants. Results: motor activity was not associated with apoE polymerphisms. All other previous results were replicated. Adolescents’ positive emotionality, mental vitality and sociability were associated with apoE. Conclusions: The results indicated that there is an association between temperament and apoE. The previous absence of association between temperament and apoE in the replication studies may be due to the fact that researchers used different dimensions of temperament and thus probably studied different phenomena. Cultural differences in personality assessment might also explain the contradictory findings.

关键词： Temperament Personality Behavioral Genetics Biological Psychology apoE

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双源CT血管成像模拟平扫影像对于颅内出血的评价

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国际医学放射学杂志 2009年第6期 607-607页

作者： J.Ferda m.Novák H.m.rka J.Baxa E.Ferdová A.Bednárová 林笑丰 Radiodiagnostic Clinic Charles University Teaching Hospital PlzenAlej Svobody 8030640PlzenCzech Republic

本研究的目的是评价双源CT血管成像(CTA)模拟平扫脑CT影像对于颅内出血的检测能力。本研究包括25例颅内出血病人(平均年龄53.2岁,范围25～75岁;男14例,女11例),所有病人均行常规脑CT平扫和双源CT血管成像检查。双源CT检查使用双源采集模... 详细信息

本研究的目的是评价双源CT血管成像(CTA)模拟平扫脑CT影像对于颅内出血的检测能力。本研究包括25例颅内出血病人(平均年龄53.2岁,范围25～75岁;男14例,女11例),所有病人均行常规脑CT平扫和双源CT血管成像检查。双源CT检查使用双源采集模式,2

关键词：双源血管成像平扫颅内出血 CT

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