To determine the frequency of LRrk2 mutations in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD), the authors studied 786 PD probands, 32 affected siblings, 1,044 unaffected siblings, and 278 unrelated controls. The authors designe...
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To determine the frequency of LRrk2 mutations in idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD), the authors studied 786 PD probands, 32 affected siblings, 1,044 unaffected siblings, and 278 unrelated controls. The authors designed allelic discrimination assays for nine LRrk2 mutations and identified these in six probands with PD, one affected sibling, one unaffected sibling, and one unrelated control. Thus LRrk2 mutations only rarely cause idiopathic PD.
Background: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate accuracy and efficiency of the autorefractometer PowerRefractor compared to established autorefractometers and retinoscopy as standard method. Patients ...
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Background: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate accuracy and efficiency of the autorefractometer PowerRefractor compared to established autorefractometers and retinoscopy as standard method. Patients and methods: 150 patients (300 eyes) were examined. Patients were initially (pupil not influenced) analyzed with the Power Refractor (PRneutral). After that a examination followed under standardized Cyclopentolat cycloplegia with the Power Refractor (PRcyclo), the hand-held Retinomax K-plus (Nikon), the table-top mounted rk-5 (Canon) and retinoscopy. Results: Deviation from retinoscopy (percentage of values with more than 1 dpt difference/maximal deviation): Sphere: PRneutral: 66,3%/8,5 dpt; PRcyclo: 48%/5 dpt; rk-5: 26,7%/4,75 dpt; Retinomax K-plus: 6,735/1,25 dpt; Cylinder: PRneutral: 12%/6,25 dpt; PRcyclo: 21%/4,75 dpt; rk-5: 1,3%/2,75 dpt; Retinomax K-plus: 2,3%/2,5 dpt; spherical equivalent: PRneutral: 44,7%/7,1 dpt; PRcyclo: 35,3%/5,4 dpt; rk-5: 9%/4,5 dpt; Retinomax K-plus: 1,3%/1,4 dpt; error of entire refraction: PRneutral: 62,7%/7,8 dpt; PRcyclo: 61,3%/7,3 dpt; rk-5: 24%/4,5 dpt; Retinomax K-plus: 14,735/3,6 dpt Conclusions: The best accuracy compared to retinoscopy had Retinomax K-plus followed by rk-5. PowerRefractor had the biggest deviations of the tested devices. PowerRefractor may be a usefull device for screening small children and handicapped people because of the one meter observing distance. For a precise refraction especially in children a retinoscopy under cycloplegic conditions is still necessary.
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