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Nanofluid Applications in Future Automobiles: Comprehensive Review of Existing Data

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Nano-micro Letters 2010年第4期2卷 306-310页

作者： S.Senthilraja m.karthikeyan R.Gangadevi Department of mechatronics Engineering K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology Department of mechatronics Engineering SRM University

In recent years fluids containing suspension of nanometer sized particles have been an active area of research due to their enhanced thermo physical properties over the base fluids like water,oil *** possess immense potential applications to improve heat transfer and energy efficient in several areas including automobile,micro electronics,nuclear,space and power *** most of the researchers are trying to use the nanofluids in automobile for various applications such as coolant,fuel additives,lubricant,shock absorber and *** goal of this paper is to create the awareness on the promise of nanofluids and the impact it will have on the future automotive *** paper also presents a comprehensive data of nanofluids application in automobile for various aspects.

关键词： Nanotechnology Nanofluid Thermo physical properties Thermal conductivity

Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis Dimensionality Reduction and 3D Dynamic Hierarchical Clustering WSNs

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2022年第11期43卷 471-486页

作者： G.Divya mohana Priya m.karthikeyan K.murugan Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Tamilnadu College of EngineeringKarumathampattiCoimbatore641659India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering KPR Institute of Engineering and TechnologyAvinashiCoimbatore RdArasurCoimbatoreTamilnadu641048India

Optimizing the sensor energy is one of the most important concern in Three-Dimensional(3D)Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).An improved dynamic hierarchical clustering has been used in previous works that computes optimum clusters count and thus,the total consumption of energy is ***,the computational complexity will be increased due to data dimension,and this leads to increase in delay in network data transmission and *** solving the above-mentioned issues,an efficient dimensionality reduction model based on Incremental Linear Discriminant Analysis(ILDA)is proposed for 3D hierarchical clustering *** major objective of the proposed work is to design an efficient dimensionality reduction and energy efficient clustering algorithm in 3D hierarchical clustering *** ILDA approach consists of four major steps such as data dimension reduction,distance similarity index introduction,double cluster head technique and node dormancy *** protocol differs from normal hierarchical routing protocols in formulating the Cluster Head(CH)selection *** to node’s position and residual energy,optimal cluster-head function is generated,and every CH is elected by this *** a 3D spherical structure,under the same network condition,the performance of the proposed ILDA with Improved Dynamic Hierarchical Clustering(IDHC)is compared with Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering(DEEC),Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed(HEED)and Stable Election Protocol(SEP)*** is observed that the proposed ILDA based IDHC approach provides better results with respect to Throughput,network residual energy,network lifetime and first node death round.

关键词： Lifetime energy optimization hierarchical routing protocol data transmission reduction incremental linear discriminant analysis(ILDA) three-dimensional(3D)space wireless sensor network(WSN)

Tribological and vibrational characteristics of AISI 316L tested at elevated temperature and 600 Torr vacuum

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2019年第1期15卷 58-64页

作者： K.Arul Raj m.P.Arunkumar P.K.C.Kanigalpula m.karthikeyan Department of mechanical Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Department of mechanical Engineering RajaRajeswari College of Engineering

Friction and wear studies enable the investigation of material interaction between two sliding surfaces in contact. In the present investigation, the coefficient of friction and the wear resistance of AISI 316 L parts were studied under self-mating, dry sliding conditions using a pin-on-disc type configuration. The experiments were conducted at vacuum based high temperature pin-on-disc tribometer. The 4 mm diameter pin and 180 mm diameter disc were subjected to varying sliding velocities(0.5, 0.75 and 1.5 m/s) and were operated in 200, 400, 500 and 580 ℃ temperature at 600 Torr vacuum. The variation of specific wear rates with sliding velocities and different environmental conditions was studied. The morphology of sliding/rubbed surfaces was observed using Scanning Electron microscope. In summary, it was found that a severe to mild wear transition occurred in sliding under operating conditions. Increased wear rates have been observed for 500 and 580 ℃ with increasing sliding velocity. Adhesive wear has been found to be predominant at 500 and 580 ℃ where as de-lamination has been observed at ambient temperature,200 and 400 ℃ in vacuum. The present paper also carried out the numerical analysis of the vibration behavior of AISI 316 L under thermal environment. Results revealed that at high temperature vibrational amplitude and natural frequency is significantly reduced. This can be attributed to the reduction in stiffness of the material at elevated temperatures. This high amplitude vibration during service can lead to high wear rate.

关键词： Pin-on-disc Sliding wear Vacuum De-lamination Scanning electron microscope Vibration

An Optimized Novel Trust-Based Security mechanism Using Elephant Herd Optimization

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第3期44卷 2489-2500页

作者： Saranya Veerapaulraj m.karthikeyan S.Sasipriya A.S.Shanthi Tamilnadu College of Engineering CoimbatoreIndia Krishna College of Engineering CoimbatoreIndia

Routing strategies and security issues are the greatest challenges in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Cluster-based routing Low Energy adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH)decreases power consumption and increases net-work lifetime *** WSN is a challenging issue faced by *** systems are very helpful in detecting interfering nodes in *** have successfully applied Nature-inspired metaheuristics Optimization Algorithms as a decision-making factor to derive an improved and effective solution for a real-time optimization *** metaheuristic Elephant Herding Optimizations(EHO)algorithm is formulated based on ele-phant herding in their *** considers two herding behaviors to solve and enhance optimization *** on Elephant Herd Optimization,a trust-based security method is built in this *** proposed routing selects routes to destination based on the trust values,thus,finding optimal secure routes for transmitting *** results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed EHO based *** Average Packet Loss Rate of the proposed Trust Elephant Herd Optimization performs better by 35.42%,by 1.45%,and by 31.94%than LEACH,Elephant Herd Optimization,and Trust LEACH,respec-tively at Number of Nodes *** the proposed routing is efficient in selecting secure routes,the average packet loss rate is significantly reduced,improving the network’s *** is also observed that the lifetime of the network is enhanced with the proposed Trust Elephant Herd Optimization.

关键词： Wireless sensor network low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy trust systems elephant herding optimizations algorithm trust-based elephant herd optimization

Efficient Technique for Image Cryptography Using Sudoku Keys

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Computers, materials & Continua 2023年第10期77卷 1325-1353页

作者： m.A.P.manimekalai m.karthikeyan I.Thusnavis Bella mary K.martin Sagayam Ahmed A Elngar Unai Fernandez-Gamiz Hatıra Günerhan Department of ECE Karunya Institute of Technology and SciencesCoimbatore641114India Faculty of Computer and Artificial Intelligence Beni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef62511Egypt Nuclear Engineering and Fluid mechanics Department University of the Basque CountryBilbao48940Spain Department of mathematics Faculty of EducationKafkas UniversityKars36100Turkey

This paper proposes a cryptographic technique on images based on the Sudoku *** is a number puzzle,which needs applying defined protocols and filling the empty boxes with *** a small size of numbers as input,solving the sudoku puzzle yields an expanded big size of numbers,which can be used as a key for the Encryption/Decryption of *** this way,the given small size of numbers can be stored as the prime key,which means the key is compact.A prime key clue in the sudoku puzzle always leads to only one solution,which means the key is always *** feature is the background for the paper,where the Sudoku puzzle output can be innovatively introduced in image *** solution is expanded to any size image using a sequence of expansion techniques that involve filling of the number matrix,Linear X-Y rotational shifting,and reverse shifting based on a standard zig-zag *** crypto key for an image dictates the details of positions,where the image pixels have to be *** is made at two levels,namely pixel and sub-pixel(RGB)levels for an image,with the latter having more effective *** brought-out technique falls under the Image scrambling method with partial *** metrics are impressive and are given by a Histogram deviation of 0.997,a Correlation coefficient of 10−2 and an NPCR of 99.98%.Hence,it is evident that the image cryptography with the sudoku kept in place is more efficient against Plaintext and Differential attacks.

关键词： Sudoku image cryptography pixels performance metrics

Development of a new single dose extended release formulation of cefpodoxime proxetil

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical medicine 2010年第2期3卷 117-120页

作者： Deepa karthikeyan karthikeyan m Department of Pharmaceutics Nehru College PharmacyPambadyThiruvilwamalaThrissur DistrictKerala State- 680597India Department of Pharmacology Al Shifa College of PharmacyPoothavanam(P.O.)KizhatturPerintalmannaMalappuram DistrictKerala State679325India

Objective:To develop floating microspheres of cefpodoxime proxetil(CP) in order to achieve an extended retention in the upper GIT for 12 ***:The microspheres were prepared by non aqueous solvent evaporation method using different ratios of cefpodoxime proxetil, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose(HPmC K4m ) and ethyl cellulose(1:1:1,1:1:2,1:1:3,1:1:4, 1:1:5 & 1:1:6),in the mixture of dichloromethane and ethanol at ratio of(l:l),with tween80 as the ***:The floating microspheres was extended over 10-12 hours and were characterized by particle size analysis(75-600μm),buoyancy percentage(68.1%-85.4%), drug entrapment efficiency(67.5%-88.8%),%yield(50.50%-77.31%) and in vitro drug release was studied for 12 ***:The floating microspheres show better result and it may be use full for prolong the drug release in stomach and improve the bioavailability.

关键词： Floating microspheres Cefpodoxime proxetil Single dose Extended release formulation

Gastro retentive microencapsulated Cefpodoxime Proxetil to improve oral bioavailability

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical medicine 2009年第6期2卷 8-10页

作者： Deepa karthikeyan karthikeyan m Department of Pharmaceutics Nehru College of PharmacyPambadyThiruvilwamalaThrissur Dist.Kerala State 680597 India Department of Pharmacology Al Shifa College of PharmacyPoothavanam(P.O.)KizhatturPerintalmannaMalappuram Dist.Kerala State 679325 India

Objective:The objective of the present study was to develop floating microspheres of Cefpodoxime Proxetil in order to achieve an extended retention in the upper GIT,which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved ***:The microspheres were prepared by non - aqueous solvent evaporation method using polymers such as Hydroxyl Propyl methyl Cellulose（HPmC K15m）,Ethyl Cellulose（EC） in different ratios,and Cefpodoxime Proxetil contain in each *** vitro drug release were performed by USP apparatus type I andthe microspheres were characterized by calculating percentage yield,particle size analysis, buoyancy percentage,drug entrapment efficiencyand in vitro drug release ***:The result showed microspheres yield were 50.50%-72.21%,particle size were distributed between75-600μm,drug entrapment efficiency were 14.1%-28.2%,buoyancy percentage were 70.10%-88.25%.Conclusion: Cefpodoxime Proxetil floating microspheres,at the lower polymer to drug ratio,there was a significant drug release. The better drug release profile was seen with FA2 with ratio of drug polymer（1:2）.

关键词： Hydroxyl Propyl methyl Cellulose Ethyl Cellulose Drug release Bioavailability Non-aqueous solvent evaporation Floating microspheres

Weed Classification Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Deep Learning models

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第1期44卷 913-927页

作者： m.manikandakumar P.karthikeyan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Thiagarajar College of EngineeringTamil NaduIndia Department of Information Technology Thiagarajar College of EngineeringTamil NaduIndia

Weed is a plant that grows along with nearly allfield crops,including rice,wheat,cotton,millets and sugar cane,affecting crop yield and *** and accurate identification of all types of weeds is a challenging task for farmers in earlier stage of crop growth because of *** address this issue,an efficient weed classification model is proposed with the Deep Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)that implements automatic feature extraction and performs complex feature learning for image *** this work,weed images were trained using the proposed CNN model with evolutionary computing approach to classify the weeds based on the two publicly available weed *** Tamil Nadu Agricultural University(TNAU)dataset used as afirst dataset that consists of 40 classes of weed images and the other dataset is from Indian Council of Agriculture Research–Directorate of Weed Research(ICAR-DWR)which contains 50 classes of weed *** effective Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)technique is applied in the proposed CNN to automa-tically evolve and improve its classification *** proposed model was evaluated and compared with pre-trained transfer learning models such as GoogLeNet,AlexNet,Residual neural Network(ResNet)and Visual Geometry Group Network(VGGNet)for weed *** work shows that the performance of the PSO assisted proposed CNN model is significantly improved the success rate by 98.58%for TNAU and 97.79%for ICAR-DWR weed datasets.

关键词： Deep learning convolutional neural network weed classification transfer learning particle swarm optimization evolutionary computing Algorithm 1:metrics Evaluation

Removal of fluoride from water using aluminium containing compounds

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第11期21卷 1513-1518页

作者： m. karthikeyan K. P. Elango Department of Chemistry Gandhigram Rural University

Batch adsorption studies were undertaken to assess the suitability of aluminium titanate （AT） and bismuth aluminate （BA） to remove fluoride ions from water. The effect of pH, dose of adsorbent, contact time, initial concentration, co-ions and temperature on fluoride removal efficiency were studied. The amounts of fluoride ions adsorbed, at 30°C from 4 mg/L of fluoride ion solution, by AT and BA were 0.85 and 1.55 mg/g, respectively. The experimental data fitted well to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as △H0, △S 0 and △G0 indicated that the removal of fluoride ions by AT was exothermic and non-spontaneous while that by BA was endothermic and spontaneous. Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） analysis and X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of the adsorbent before and after adsorption indicated that fluoride ions were chemisorbed by these adsorbents.

关键词： adsorption defluoridation isotherms aluminium titanate bismuth aluminate