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Why Languages Prefer Prohibitives

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外国语 2006年第1期29卷 2-25页

作者： Johan van der Auwera Center for Grammar Cognition and Typology University of Antwerp Belgium

This paper deals with prohibitive markers, i.e., negative markers that are more or less dedicated to the expression of a prohibition. It documents the variety in the formal make-up of these markers and it confirms the earlier claims that they are frequent everywhere, with at least one exception, viz., Western europe. Four origins are discussed: prohibitive markers may derive from predicative constructions, they may appear as a side product of Jespersen’s cycle, they may derive from a univerbation of imperative and negative markers, and they may be borrowed. As explanation is offered as to why languages prefer to have prohibitive markers. It is argued that attempts to explain this preference in terms of morphosyntax are misguided. Instead a frequency-based semantic explanation is offered. The most frequent use of negatives are declarative, thereby inviting a static ‘it is not the case that’ paraphrase. It is important, however, to mark clearly that prohibitives are instances of a dynamic ‘let it be the case that’ appeal. The paper ends on a discussion of languages that do not employ prohibitive markers.

关键词：英语语法词义使用范围

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Predicting the outcome of closed-loop small bowel obstruction by preoperative characteristics

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2022年第6期14卷 556-566页

作者： masja K Toneman Bente m de Kok Frank m Zijta Stanley Oei Gijs J D van Acker marinke Westerterp Anne e m van der Pool Department of Surgery Haaglanden Medical CentreThe Hague 2512 VANetherlands Department of Radiology Haaglanden Medical CentreThe Hague 2512 VANetherlands

BACKGROUND Closed-loop small bowel obstruction(CL-SBO)can threaten the viability of the intestine by obstructing a bowel segment at two adjacent *** recognition and surgery are *** To analyze the outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for CL-SBO and to evaluate clinical *** Patients who underwent surgery for suspected CL-BSO on computed tomography(CT)at a single center between 2013 and 2019 were evaluated *** were divided into three groups by perioperative outcome,including viable bowel,reversible ischemia,and irreversible *** and laboratorial variables at presentation were compared and postoperative outcomes were *** Of 148 patients with CL-SBO,28(19%)had a perioperative viable small bowel,86(58%)had reversible ischemia,and 34(23%)had irreversible *** with a higher age had higher risk for perioperative irreversible ischemia[odds ratio(OR):1.03,95%confidence interval(CI):0.99-1.06].Patients with American Society of Anaesthesiologists(ASA)classification≥3 had higher risk of perioperative irreversible ischemia compared to lower ASA classifications(OR:3.76,95%CI:1.31-10.81).eighty-six patients(58%)did not have elevated C-reactive protein(>10 mg/L),and between-group differences were *** in-hospital stay was significantly longer for patients with irreversible ischemia(median 8 d,P=0.001)than for those with reversible ischemia(median 6 d)or a viable bowel(median 5 d).Postoperative morbidity was significantly higher in patients with perioperative irreversible ischemia(45%,P=0.043)compared with reversible ischemia(20%)and viable bowel(4%).CONCLUSION Older patients or those with higher ASA classification had an increased risk of irreversible ischemia in case of *** irreversible ischemia,postoperative morbidity was increased.

关键词： General surgery Laparoscopy Laparotomy Critical care Intestinal obstruction morbidity

Age and provenance of loess in West Qinling

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第23期44卷 2188-2192页

作者： Rob van der Voo Department of Geological Sciences the University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109- 1063 USA

magnetic polarity stratigraphy of loess in West Qinling (mts.) demonstrates that loess began to deposit in West Qinling at ca. 800 kaBP. Its material may come from the nearby Tibetan Plateau to the west. This suggests that a sharp change in air circulation and surface environment on and around the Tibetan Plateau occurred at that time.

关键词： Qinling loess origin age source area.

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Selective expansion of human natural killer cells leads to enhanced alloreactivity

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Cellular & molecular Immunology 2014年第2期11卷 160-168页

作者： Diana N eissens Clive m michelo Frank WmB Preijers Bram van Cranenbroek Houwelingen Arnold van der meer Irma Joosten Department of Laboratory medicine--Laboratory of medical Immunology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands and Department of Laboratory medicine--Laboratory of Hematology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen The Netherlands These authors contributed equally to this work.

In allogeneic stem cell transplantation （SCT）, natural killer （NK） cells lacking their cognate inhibitory ligand can induce graft-versus-leukemia responses, without the induction of severe graft-versus-host disease （GVHD）. This feature can be exploited for cellular immunotherapy. In this study, we examined selective expansion of NK cell subsets expressing distinct killer immunoglobulin-like receptors （KIRs） within the whole human peripheral blood NK cell population, in the presence of HLA-Cw3 （C1） or Cw4 （C2） transfected K562 stimulator cells. Coculture of KIR＋ NK cells with C1 or C2 positive K562 cells, in the presence of IL-2＋ IL-15, triggered the outgrowth of NK cells that missed their cognate ligand. This resulted in an increased frequency of alloreactive KIR＋ NK cells within the whole NK cell population. Also, after preculture with K562 cells lacking their cognate ligand, we observed that this alloreactive NK population revealed higher numbers of CD107~ cells when cocultured with the relevant K562 HLA-C transfected target cells, as compared to coculture with untransfected K562 cells. This enhanced reactivity was confirmed using primary leukemic cells as target. This study demonstrates that HLA class I expression can mediate the skewing of the NK cell repertoire and enrich the population for cells with enhanced alloreactivity towards leukemic target cells. This feature may support future clinical applications of NK cell-based immunotherapy.

关键词： alloreactivity cytotoxicity immunotherapy KIR NK cells stem cell transplantation

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地拉那金字塔

世界建筑导报 2024年第4期39卷 121-125页

作者： Ronald Hoogeveen Stavros Gargaretas Guido Boeters Angel Sanchez Navarro Boris Tikvarski Jasper van der Ven mirco Facchinelli manuel magnaguagno Leo Stuckardt mVRDV

地拉那金字塔是一个新型的文化中心,位于阿尔巴尼亚首都的中心地带。地拉那金字塔最初是作为纪念共产主义者恩维尔·霍查(enverHoxha)而建的博物馆,mVRDV对其进行了巨大的改造,现在的地拉那金字塔重新使用了混凝土结构,已经成为了一个... 详细信息

地拉那金字塔是一个新型的文化中心,位于阿尔巴尼亚首都的中心地带。地拉那金字塔最初是作为纪念共产主义者恩维尔·霍查(enverHoxha)而建的博物馆,mVRDV对其进行了巨大的改造,现在的地拉那金字塔重新使用了混凝土结构,已经成为了一个新公园中的开放式雕塑。公园和雕塑中散布着一个个五颜六色的盒子,这些盒子散落在原来的建筑中及其周围,里面有咖啡馆、工作室、工作坊、创业办公室、孵化器、节庆活动,还有供阿尔巴尼亚青年免费学习各种技术和知识的教室。建筑倾斜的外墙还增加了台阶,让阿尔巴尼亚人民可以在这位前共产主义者的杰作上漫步。

关键词：工作坊金字塔节庆活动孵化器阿尔巴尼亚咖啡馆工作室混凝土结构

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Prediction of the Isothermal Sections in the ZrO_(2)- YO_(1.5)-CeO_(2) System

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Journal of materials Science & Technology 2001年第5期17卷 529-534页

作者： LinLI Shuigen HUANG Luoping XU Omer van der Biest Jozef Vleugels Dept.of materials Science and engineering Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200072China Dept.of materials and metallurgy Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenB-3001 HeverleeBelgium

The experimental work on the ZrO2-YO1.5-CeO2 system, it limiting quasi-binaries and previous thermodynamic assessments are reviewed and evaluated. Isothermal sections of the ZrO2-YO1.5-CeO2 system in the temperature region between 1450 and 1800°C are estimated according to the substitutional model using the Bonnier equation. The CSS+YSS two-phase region of the calculated isothermal section at 1700°C was found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained ternary diagram of Longo and Podda. However, the phase composition in the ZrO2-rich corner disagreed with it significantly.

关键词： Soc CALPHAD CeO2 System Prediction of the Isothermal Sections in the ZrO2-YO

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Constant Angle Surfaces in the Heisenberg Group

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Acta mathematica Sinica,english Series 2011年第4期27卷 747-756页

作者： Johan FASTeNAKeLS marian Ioan mUNTeANU Joeri van der VeKeN Department of mathematics Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200B-Box 2400 BE-3001 Leuven Belgium 'Al. I. Cuza' University of Iasi Bd. Carol I n. 11 700506-Iasi Romania

In this article we extend the notion of constant angle surfaces in S2 × R and H2 ×R to general Bianchi-Cartan-Vranceanu spaces. We show that these surfaces have constant Gaussian curvature and we give a complete loc... 详细信息

关键词： Heisenberg group Bianchi-Cartan Vranceanu space constant angle surface

Hydro-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over alumina supported Platinum, mo2C and WC catalysts

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and engineering 2018年第1期12卷 155-161页

作者： Songbo He Jeffrey Boom Rolf van der Gaast K. Seshan Catalytic Processes and materials Faculty of Science & Technology University of Twente 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands

In-line hydro-treatment of bio-oil vapor from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass （hydro-pyrolysis of biomass） is studied as a method of upgrading the liquefied bio-oil for a possible precursor to green fuels. The nobel metal （Pt） and non-noble metal catalysts （mo2C and WC） were compared at 500 ℃ and atmospheric pressure which are same as the reaction conditions for fast pyrolysis of biomass. Results indicated that under the pyrolysis conditions, the major components, such as acids and carbonyls, of the fast pyrolysis bio-oil can be completely and partially hydrogenated to form hydrocarbons, an ideal fossil fuel blend, in the hydro-treated bio-oil. The carbide catalysts perform equally well as the Pt catalyst regarding to the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon formation （ca. 60%）, showing the feasibility of using the cheap non-noble catalysts for hydro-pyrolysis of biomass.

关键词： bio-oil pyrolysis hydro-deoxygenation (HDO) non-noble metal catalysts hydro-treatment

Comparing crystal structures with symmetry and geometry

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npj Computational materials 2021年第1期7卷 1491-1501页

作者： John C.Thomas Anirudh Raju Natarajan Anton van der Ven materials Department University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA

measuring the similarity between two arbitrary crystal structures is a common challenge in crystallography and materials *** there are an infinite number of ways to mathematically relate two crystal structures,only a few are physically *** we introduce both a geometry-based and a symmetry-adapted similarity metric to compare crystal *** crystal symmetry and combinatorial optimization we describe an algorithm to arrive at the structural relationship that minimizes these similarity metrics across all possible maps between any pair of crystal *** approach makes it possible to(i)identify pairs of crystal structures that are identical,(ii)quantitatively measure the similarity between crystal structures,and(iii)find and rank structural transformation pathways between any pair of crystal *** discuss the advantages of using the symmetryadapted cost metric over the geometric ***,we show that all known structural transformation pathways between common crystal structures are recovered with the mapping *** methodology presented in this study will be of value to efforts that seek to catalogue crystal structures,identify structural transformation pathways or prune large first-principles datasets used to parameterize on-lattice Hamiltonians.

关键词： crystal symmetry similarity