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Ultra-thin Bloch-surface-wave-based reflector at telecom.unication wavelength

Photonics Research 2017年第5期5卷 494-499页

作者： R. DUBEY B. VOSOUGHI LAHIJANI m. HAYRINEN m. ROUSSEY m. kuittinen H. P. HERZIG Optics & Photonics Technology Laboratory (OPT) ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) rue de la Maladiere 71b Institute of Photonics University of Eastern Finland

We experim.ntally dem.nstrate the optical properties of gratings engraved in a single-m.de waveguide fabricated on top of a dielectric m.ltilayer platform. The structure can be approached as a reflector for Bloch-surface-wavebased two-dim.nsional optical system.. The gratings have been fabricated on a thin(～λ∕25) titanium.dioxide layer with a thickness of a few tens of nanom.ters deposited on the top of a m.ltilayer platform. The optical properties of the gratings have been characterized in the near field with the aid of m.lti-heterodyne scanning nearfield optical m.croscopy. We investigate the surface wave's interference pattern, produced by incident and reflected light in front of the gratings. The presented gratings behave as an efficient Bloch-surface–wave-basedreflector at telecom.unication wavelength.

关键词： reflector Bloch waveguide m.ltilayer behave grating Bragg dielectric titanium fabrication

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Carbon Footprint of Transitional Shelters

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2015年第3期6卷 226-237页

作者： m.tti kuittinen Stefan Winter Departm.nt of Architecture School of Arts Design and Architecture Aalto University Faculty of Civil Geo and Environmental EngineeringTechnische Universitt München

Extrem. weather events, sea level rise, and political disputes linked to clim.te change are driving m.sses to leave their hom.s. Their transitional settlem.nts should be produced in a m.nner that causes m.nim.m.greenhouse gas(GHG) em.ssions to prevent any further acceleration of clim.te change and the hum.nitarian crises it causes. This article presents a study of the carbon footprint and prim.ry energy dem.nd of the construction m.terials of eight different transitional shelters. The lowest carbon footprints were found from.shelter m.dels m.de from.bam.oo or tim.er. The highest em.ssions were caused by shelters that have either a short service life or that are m.de from.m.tal-intensive structures. The choice of cladding m.terials was surprisingly im.ortant. The findings were further com.ared to the overall im.acts of each construction project, to national per capita GHG em.ssions,and to construction costs. Som. shelter projects had notable total energy consum.tion even com.ared to the annual energy use of industrialized countries. The study concludes that construction m.terials have an im.ortant im.act on the carbon footprint of shelters. Com.arisons should however be m.de only between sim.lar functional units. Furtherm.re, benchm.rk values and m.re background data are urgently needed in order to give hum.nitarian nongovernm.ntal organizations tools for lowering the carbon footprint of their construction operations.

关键词： Carbon footprint Hum.nitarian construction Lifecycle assessm.nt Prim.ry energy

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