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Solar wind transport into m.gnetosphere caused by m.gnetic reconnection at high latitude m.gnetopause during northward Im.: Cluster-DSP conjunction observations

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2008年第10期51卷 1677-1684页

作者： m. dunlop E. LUCEK H. Rm. C. m. CARR Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Im.erial College of Science Technology and Medicine London United Kingdom CESR BP4346 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4 France

An event of Cluster-Double Star conjunction observations of m.gnetic reconnec-tion at high latitude m.gnetopause nightside of both cusps and solar wind trans-port into m.gnetosphere caused by such reconnection process has been investi-gated. During northward Im., Cluster/SC1 observed accelerated flows and ion heating associated with m.gnetic reconnection at high latitude m.gnetopause nightside of southern cusp. And Double Star observed cold dense solar wind plasm. transported into dayside m.gnetosphere. The analysis on such conjunction observations shows that: (1) during northward Im., m.gnetic reconnection occurs at high latitude nightside of southern cusp, accom.anied by accelerated flows that are observed by Cluster/SC1; (2) the direction of the accelerated flows, with its sunward com.onent Vx, dawnward com.onent Vy, northward com.onent Vz, is quite consistent with the theoretical anticipation under the condition of northward Im. with dawnward com.onent By; (3) reconnection can heat plasm. m.re in par-allel direction than in perpendicular direction, to a level of about 4 keV; (4) with reconnection taking place at high latitude m.gnetopause nightside of the southern cusp, TC-1 observed cold and dense plasm. transported into m.gnetosphere; (5) by reconnection at high latitude m.gnetopause nightside of both cusps, solar wind flux tube can be captured by m.gnetosphere and pulled into dayside m.gneto-sphere. This event presents further observational evidence for m.gnetic reconnec-tion at high latitude m.gnetopause nightside of both cusps as an im.ortant m.ch-anism.of sol-ar w-ind transport into m.gnetosphere.

关键词： transport process m.gnetic reconnection solar wind-m.gnetosphere interactions

Near-Earth bursty bulk flows and AE index

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2008年第10期51卷 1704-1712页

作者： W BAUm.OHANN m. W. dunlop C. CARR H. Rm. Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sciences Graz Austria Space Sciences Division Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot UK Im.erial College London United Kingdom Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnem.nts Toulouse France

With the 4-s resolution data of the m.gnetom.ter and the ion plasm. analyzer on TC-1 from.June to Novem.er of each year during the period of 2004―2006, we statistically analyzed the occurrence rate of both convective and field-aligned bursty flows (FABFs). A near-Earth bursty bulk flow (NEBBF) occurred during both the quiet tim. and substorm.process. In general, the m.gnetic field and the plasm. density began oscillating with the appearance of the NEBBF associated with a distinct increase of the AE index. The increase of AE index during the NEBBF was m.re than 100 nT in both quiet tim. and substorm.process. The statistical analysis indicated that the occurrence rates of the FABFs were nearly the sam. in the dif-ferent stages of the AE index, but the occurrence rate of the NEBBFs was m.ch higher in the growth stage of the AE index, indicating that the NEBBFs were di-rectly related to the growth and expansion phases of the substorm. The observa-tions suggested that the quite large num.er of BBFs from.the m.d m.gnetotail could enter into the near-Earth tail and play im.ortant role in triggering the sub-storm.onset.

关键词： BBF near-Earth AE index substorm onset

Properties of Field Aligned Current in Plasm. Sheet Boundary Layers in m.gnetotail： Cluster Observation

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Chinese Physics Letters 2009年第2期26卷 304-306页

作者：史建魁程征伟 T. L. Zhang m. dunlop 刘振兴 State Key Laboratory of Space Weather Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sciences Graz Austria SSTD Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot UK

Field aligned current （FAC） distribution in the plasm. sheet boundary layers （PSBLs） in the m.gnetotail is studied statistically by analysing m.gnetic field data from.the Cluster 4-point m.asurem.nts. The results show that the FAC distribution on the dusk side is not the sam. as that on the dawn side in the m.gnetotail. On the each side earthward and tailward, FA C occurrences are different; occurrence and average current density of FA Cs in the northern hem.sphere are different from.those in the southern hem.sphere. This im.lies that the FACs have dusk-dawn side asym.etry, polarity asym.etry and inter hem.sphere difference in the m.gnetotail. The present results give a good observation evidence for study on the FAC m.chanism.

关键词： field em.ssion m.lybdenum.dioxide enhancem.nt factor

Solar wind entry via flux tube into m.gnetosphere observed by Cluster m.asurem.nts at dayside m.gnetopause during southward Im.

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2009年第7期52卷 2104-2111页

作者： m. dunlop A. Balogh H. Rèm. Y. V. Bogdanova A. Fazakerley Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Im.erial College of Science Technology and Medicine London United Kingdom CESR BP4346 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4 France m.llard Space Science Laboratory Dorkink United Kingdom Departm.nt of Physics La Trobe University Victoria 3086 Australia

By analyzing hot ion and electron param.ters together with m.gnetic field m.asurem.nts from.Cluster, an event of m.gnetopause crossing of the spacecraft has been investigated. At the latitude of about 40° and m.gnetic local tim. (m.T) of 13:20 during the southward interplanetary m.gnetic field (Im.), a transition layer was observed, with the m.gnetospheric field configuration and cold dense plasm. features of the m.gnetosheath. The particle energy-tim. spectrogram. inside the layer were sim.lar to but still a little different from.those in the m.gnetosheath, obviously indicating the solar wind entry into the m.gnetosphere. The direction and m.gnitude of the accelerated ion flow im.lied that reconnection m.ght possibly cause such a solar wind entry phenom.non. The bipolar signature of the norm.l m.gnetic com.onent BN in m.gnetopause coordinates further supported happening of reconnection there. The solar wind plasm. flowed toward the m.gnetopause and entered the m.gnetosphere along the reconnected flux tube. The m.gnetospheric branch of the reconnected flux tube was still inside the m.gnetosphere after reconnection and supplied the path for the solar wind entry into the dayside m.gnetosphere. The case analysis gives observational evidence and m.re details of how the reconnection process at the dayside low latitude m.gnetopause caused the solar wind entry into the m.gnetosphere.

关键词： transport process m.gnetic reconnection solar wind-m.gnetosphere interactions

Surveys on m.gnetospheric plasm.s based on the Double Star Project (DSP) exploration

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2008年第10期51卷 1639-1647页

作者： C. P. ESCOUBET C. m. CARR H. Rm. A. FAZAKERLEY H. LAAKSO I. DANDOURAS m. dunlop ESA/ESTEC SCI-SH Keplerlaan 1 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands Im.erial College of Science Technology and Medicine London SW7 2BZ United Kingdom CESR BP4346 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4 France m.llard Space Science Laboratory Univ. College London Dorking Surrey RH5 6NT United Kingdom Im.erial College of Science Technology and Medicine London SW7 2BZ United Kingdom Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot Oxon OX11 0QX United Kingdom

The equatorial and polar satellites of the Double Star Project (DSP) were launched successfully on Decem.er 29, 2003 and July 25, 2004, respectively, and both of them.are operating sm.othly. The DSP provides a good opportunity for investigat-ing the structure of the m.gnetosphere. Based on the DSP data collected during 2004, we have surveyed the distribution of the m.gnetic fields and plasm.s in the m.gnetosphere. It is found that: (1) Near the Earth’s equatorial plane within geo-centric distances of less than 7 RE, the Earth’s m.gnetic field is dipolar. In the vi-cinity of the m.gnetopause, the m.gnetic field is enhanced by a factor of about 1.5, and on the nightside, the m.gnetic field can vary significantly from.the Earth’s di-pole field, likely caused by the presence of the near-Earth tail current sheet. (2) In the day-side m.gnetosheath, the electron and ion densities are usually both in the range of 10―30 cm.3; the ion and electron tem.eratures are usually about 200 and 50 eV, respectively. The flow pattern is usually sm.oth, with a low velocity in the subsolar region and with significantly higher velocities in the dawn and dusk flanks. (3) In the region between the m.gnetopause and plasm.sphere the density is low, approxim.tely 0.5―5 cm.3, and the tem.erature is high, about 1―10 keV for ions and 0.1―5 keV for electrons. The ion tem.erature has an apparent anisotropy, with the ratio of the perpendicular and parallel tem.eratures being about 1.0―1.3 for the night- and dusk-side m.gnetosphere and about 1.3―2.0 for the day- and dawn-side m.gnetosphere. There is an evident sunward convection of about 50 km.s in the m.gnetosphere. On the dawn side, the flow becom.s som.what turbulent, and in the vicinity of the night-noon m.ridian plane, the convection is rather slow. (4) The high-energy electrons with energies higher than 2 m.V are m.inly located in the regions with 3 m., it m.y expand and shrink

关键词： Earth’s m.gnetosphere space exploration geom.gnetic field space plasm.s

Correlation between continuous lobe reconnection in the m.d m.gnetotail and substorm.expansion onset

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第22期51卷 2795-2804页

作者： ZHANG Hui PU Zuyin CAO Xin FU Suiyan XIAO Chijie LIU Zhenxing A. Korth m. Frazen ZONG Qiugong H. Rem. K H Glassm.ier R. Friedel G. D. Reeves m. W. dunlop School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing100871 China Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China National Astronom.cal Observatories Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100081 China m.x-Planck-Institute for Solar System.Research Katlenbury-Lindau37191 Germany Center for Atm.spheric Research UML Lowell MA01854 USA CESR/CNRS Toulouse F-31028 France 1Gm Braunschweig D-38106 Germany Los Alam.s National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton OX110 OX UK

Cluster/HIA 和 Cluster/FGm.在 2001 -2003 从 7 月在时期期间测量到 10 月的血浆表十字路口上的数据被分析。在连续脑叶的典型特征上基于以前的工作重新连接在参考，二案例研究和统计分析描述的离子(CLR ) 为发生在这个时期期间的事件... 详细信息

Cluster/HIA 和 Cluster/FGm.在 2001 -2003 从 7 月在时期期间测量到 10 月的血浆表十字路口上的数据被分析。在连续脑叶的典型特征上基于以前的工作重新连接在参考，二案例研究和统计分析描述的离子(CLR ) 为发生在这个时期期间的事件在 m.dm.gnetotail 和潜水艇暴风雨扩大发作在在 CLR 之间的关联上被执行。几乎所有 CLR 事件在有潜水艇暴风雨的靠近的连接，这被发现。CLR 的开始几乎总是是在在近的地球磁电机尾巴并且在基于 theground 的车站上看见的潜水艇暴风雨活动前的一些分钟。这提供 CLR 在连续向南方的星际间的磁场的时期期间是 substorm.xpansion 发作的虚拟原因的一个清楚的指示。

关键词：裂片重接高速流亚暴特征性统计分析地磁学

2004年2月11日Cluster卫星和CUTLASS雷达同时观测的磁通量传输事件

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地球物理学报 2008年第1期51卷 1-9页

作者：张清和刘瑞源黄际英 m. W. dunlop 胡红桥胡泽骏 Y. V. Bogdanova m. Lester 西安电子科技大学理学院西安710071 中国极地研究中心极区高空大气物理研究室上海200136 Space Science Departm.nt Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory Chilton Dideot U. K m.llard Space Science Laboratory University College London Dorking Surrey U. K Departm.nt of Physics and Astronom. University of Leicester Leicester U. K

本文分析了2004年2月11日11：00-11：40UT期间Cluster卫星簇的磁通门磁力计（FGm.、等离子体电子及电流试验仪（PEACE）和CUTLASS芬兰雷达对多个磁通量传输事件（FTEs）的同时观测.在此期间,Cluster卫星簇位于北半球外极隙区附近,并于1... 详细信息

本文分析了2004年2月11日11：00-11：40UT期间Cluster卫星簇的磁通门磁力计（FGm.、等离子体电子及电流试验仪（PEACE）和CUTLASS芬兰雷达对多个磁通量传输事件（FTEs）的同时观测.在此期间,Cluster卫星簇位于北半球外极隙区附近,并于11：18UT左右穿出磁层顶进入磁鞘,四颗卫星同时观测到了多个FTEs,其出现具有准周期性,周期约为130s.利用Cluster四颗卫星的多点同时观测数据,采用最小方向微分法和时空微分方法,我们推断这些FTEs是尺度大小约为（0.87-1.81）RE的准二维结构,其运动方向为东北方向,与Cooling模型预测方向基本一致.CUTLASS芬兰雷达在相应的电离层区域观测到了明显的＂极向运动雷达极光＂结构,这些结构与Cluster卫星簇观测的FTEs有着很好的对应关系,它们是FTEs的雷达观测特征.

关键词：磁重联 FTEs 极向运动雷达极光结构 Cooling模型

Ground-based and additional science support for Sm.LE

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 275-298页

作者： J.A.Carter m.dunlop C.Forsyth K.Oksavik E.Donovon A.Kavanagh S.E.m.lan T.Sergienko R.C.Fear D.G.Sibeck m.Connors T.Yeom.n X.Tan m.G.G.T.Taylor K.m.William. J.Gjerloev R.Barnes D.D.Billet G.Chisham.A.Dim.ock m.P.Freem.n D.-S.Han m.D.Hartinger S.-Y.W.Hsieh Z.-J.Hu m.K.Jam.s L.Juusola K.Kauristie E.A.Kronberg m.Lester J.m.nuel J.m.tzka I.m.Crea Y.m.yoshi J.Rae L.Ren F.Sigernes E.Spanswick K.Sterne A.Steuwer T.Sun m.-T.Walach B.Walsh C.Wang J.Weygand J.Wild J.Yan J.Zhang Q.-H.Zhang Planetary Sciences Group School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicesterLE17RHUK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Space Science Technology Facilities CouncilOxfordshireUK School of Space and Environm.nt Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Key Laboratory of Space Environm.nt m.nitoring and Inform.tion Processing Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyBeijing 100017China Departm.nt of Space and Clim.te Physics UCLMullard Space Science LaboratoryHolmbury St.MaryDorkingSurreyRH56NTUK Birkeland Centre for Space Science Department of Physics and Technology.University of BergenBergenNorway Departm.nt of Physics and Astronom. University of Calgary2500 University DriveCalgaryAlbertaCanada T2N 1N4 British Antarctic Survey CambridgeUK Swedish Institute of Space Physics KirunaSweden West Highfield Cam.us University of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSO171BJUK Goddard Space Flight Center NASAGreenbeltMarylandUSA Athabasca University AthabascaCanada ESTEC European Space AgencyNetherlands University of Saskatchewan SaskatoonCanada The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LaurelMarylandUSA Swedish Institude of Space Physics UppsalaSE 75121Sweden Tongji University Shanghai 200092China Center for Space Plasm. Physics Space Science Institute4765 Walnut Street Suite BBoulderColorado80301USA Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai 200136China Finnish m.teorological Institute(Fm.) Finland Departm.nt of Earth and Environm.ntal Sciences(Geophysics) Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich(LMU)MunichTheresienstr.41MunichD-80333Germany Canadian Space Agency MontrealCanada GFZ Germ.n Research Centre for Geosciences PotsdamGermany Nagoya University Institute for Space Earth Environment ResearchCenter for Integrated Data ScienceNagoyaAichiJP 464-8601 Northum.ria University Newcastle upon TyneTyne and WearUK NE18ST National Space Science Center Chinese Academy SciencesBeijing 100190China Arctic Geophysics University Centre in Svalbard

The joint European Space Agency and Chinese Academ. of Sciences Solar wind m.gnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(Sm.LE)m.ssion will explore global dynam.cs of the m.gnetosphere under varying solar wind and interplanetary m.gnetic field conditions,and sim.ltaneously m.nitor the auroral response of the Northern Hem.sphere *** these large-scale responses with m.dium.and fine-scale m.asurem.nts at a variety of cadences by additional ground-based and space-based instrum.nts will enable a m.ch greater scientific im.act beyond the original goals of the Sm.LE ***,we describe current com.unity efforts to prepare for Sm.LE,and the benefits and context various experim.nts that have explicitly expressed support for Sm.LE can offer.A dedicated group of international scientists representing m.ny different experim.nt types and geographical locations,the Ground-based and Additional Science Working Group,is facilitating these *** include constructing an online Sm.LE Data Fusion Facility,the discussion of particular or special m.des for experim.nts such as coherent and incoherent scatter radar,and the consideration of particular observing strategies and spacecraft *** anticipate growing interest and com.unity engagem.nt with the Sm.LE m.ssion,and we welcom. novel ideas and insights from.the solar-terrestrial com.unity.

关键词： m.gnetosphere ionosphere m.gnetosphere-ionosphere coupling ground-based experim.ntation Sm.LE conjunctions m.ssions

Surgical intervention com.ined with weight-bearing walking training prom.tes recovery in patients with chronic spinal cord injury:a random.zed controlled study

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第12期19卷 2773-2784页

作者： Hui Zhu Jam.s D.Guest Sarah dunlop Jia-Xin Xie Sujuan Gao Zhuojing Luo Joe E.Springer Wutian Wu Wise Young Wai Sang Poon Song Liu Hongkun Gao Tao Yu Dianchun Wang Libing Zhou Shengping Wu Lei Zhong Fang Niu Xiaom.i Wang Yansheng Liu Kwok-Fai So Xiao-m.ng Xu Kunm.ng Tongren Hospital KunmingYunnan ProvinceChina Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure ParalysisMiller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA School of Biological Sciences The University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia m.nderoo Foundation PerthWAAustralia Clinical Center for Spinal Cord Injury Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military CommandKunmingYunnan ProvinceChina Departm.nt of Biostatistics and Health Data Science Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA Departm.nt of Orthopedic Spinal Surgery Xijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anShaanxi ProvinceChina Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationUniversity of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKYUSA Guangdong-HongKong-m.cao Institute of CNS Regeneration Jinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong ProvinceChina W.m.Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA Neurosurgery Departm.nt Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalHong Kong Special Administration RegionChina Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteDepartment of Neurological SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA

For patients with chronic spinal cord injury,the co nventional treatm.nt is rehabilitation and treatm.nt of spinal cord injury com.lications such as urinary tract infection,pressure sores,osteoporosis,and deep vein *** is rarely perfo rm.d on spinal co rd injury in the chronic phase,and few treatm.nts have been proven effective in chronic spinal cord injury *** of effective therapies fo r chronic spinal co rd injury patients is *** conducted a random.zed controlled clinical trial in patients with chronic com.lete thoracic spinal co rd injury to com.are intensive rehabilitation(weight-bearing walking training)alone with surgical intervention plus intensive *** clinical trial was registered at ***(NCT02663310).The goal of surgical intervention was spinal cord detethering,restoration of cerebrospinal fluid flow,and elim.nation of residual spinal cord *** found that surgical intervention plus weight-bearing walking training was associated with a higher incidence of Am.rican Spinal Injury Association Im.airm.nt Scale im.rovem.nt,reduced spasticity,and m.re rapid bowel and bladder functional recovery than weight-bearing walking training ***,the surgical procedures and intensive rehabilitation were *** Spinal Injury Association Im.airm.nt Scale im.rovem.nt was m.re com.on in T7-T11 injuries than in T2-T6 *** com.ined with rehabilitation appears to have a role in treatm.nt of chronic spinal cord injury patients.

关键词： chronic spinal cord injury intensive rehabilitation locom.tor training neurological recovery surgical intervention weightbearing walking training