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Characteristics of magnetic dipolarizations in the vicinity of the substorm onset region observed by THEMIS

Earth and Planetary Physics 2021年第3期5卷 239-250页

作者： SuPing Duan Chi Wang Weining william liu ZhaoHai He State Key Lab of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Sciences AcademyBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

With conjunction observations of electromagnetic fields and plasma from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm(THEMIS)in the near-Earth magnetotail,we investigate the spatial and temporal properties of substorm dipolarizations in the near-Earth plasma sheet(NEPS)during a substorm at 03:23 UT on 12 February *** dipolarizations with different features are detected by three near-Earth THEMIS probes(THA(P5),THD(P3)and THE(P4))in the *** the current sheet with a large plasma beta value(β>2,whereβis the ratio of the plasma thermal pressure to the magnetic pressure),the dipolarization within the substorm onset region,(−10.4,2.8,−2.6)RE_gsm,has a large initial magnetic field elevation angle,θ>60°,θ=arctan(Bz/(Bx2+By2)1/2),and is accompanied by energetic ion(tens to hundred keV)dispersionless injection detected by THD(P3).This substorm onset dipolarization is characterized by Bx and By components around 0 nT with significant *** Bz component increases sharply and its subsequent magnitude approaches the total magnetic field,*** maximum value of the elevation angle approaches 85°during the later substorm expansion *** the NEPS withβ~1,the dipolarization outside the substorm onset region is characterized by a magnetic elevation angle with a small beginning value ofθ<45°and following multi-step enhancements during the substorm expansion *** maximum value of the elevation angle approaches to 70°during the later substorm expansion *** observation results indicate that characteristics of dipolarization with a large beginning elevation angle within the substorm onset region provide a new indicator to identify substorm onset location.

关键词： substorm magnetic dipolarization near-Earth plasma sheet magnetotail

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Pervasive Dependability in Wireless Cloud Networking: a BlueGreen Topological Control Approach

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China Communications 2011年第6期8卷 1-10页

作者： william liu school of Computing and Mathematical Sciences Auckland University of Techology

The future Wireless Cloud Networks (WCNs) are required to satisfy both extremely high levels of service resilience and security assurance (i.e., Blue criteria) by overproviding backup network resources and cryptographic protection on wireless communication respectively, as well as minimizing energy consumption (i.e., Green criteria) by switching off unnecessary resources as much as possible. There is a contradiction to satisfy both Blue and Green design criteria simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a new BlueGreen topological control scheme to leverage the wireless link connectivity for WCNs using an adaptive encryption key allocation mechanism, named as Shared Backup Path Keys (SBPK). The BlueGreen SBPK can take into account the network dependable requirements such as service resilience, security assurance and energy efficiency as a whole, so as trading off between them to find an optimal solution. Actually, this challenging problem can be modeled as a global optimization problem, where the network working and backup elements such as nodes, links, encryption keys and their energy consumption are considered as a resource, and their utilization should be minimized. The case studies confirm that there is a trade-off optimal solution between the capacity efficiency and energy efficiency to achieve the dependable WCNs.

关键词： wireless cloud networking service resilience security assurance energy efficiecy BlueGreen shared backup path keys

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Scientific challenges and instrumentation for the International Meridian Circle Program

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第12期64卷 2090-2097页

作者： william liu Michel BLANC Chi WANG Eric DONAVAN John FOSTER Mark LERTER Hermann OPGENOOTYH Liwen REN National Space Science Centre Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China University of Toulouse Toulouse31400France University of Calgary CalgaryT2N 1N4Canada MIT Haystack Observatory CambridgeMA01886USA University of Leicester LeicesterLE17RHUK University of Umeå UmeåSE-90187Sweden

Earth’s ecosystems and human activities are threatened by a broad spectrum of hazards of major importance for the safety of ground infrastructures,space systems and space flight:solar activity,earthquakes,atmospheric and climatic disturbances,changes in the geomagnetic field,fluctuations of the global electric *** and understanding these major hazards to better predict and mitigate their effects is one of the greatest scientific and operational challenges of the 21st *** diverse,these hazards share one feature in common:they all leave their characteristic imprints on a critical layer of the Earth’s environment:its ionosphere,middle and upper atmosphere(IMUA).The objective of the International Meridian Circle Program(IMCP),a major international program led by the Chines Academy of Sciences(CAS),is to deploy,integrate and operate a global network of research and monitoring instruments to use the IMUA as a screen on which to detect these *** this article,we first show that the geometry required for the IMCP global observation system leads to a deployment of instruments in priority along the 120°E-60°W great meridian circle,which will cover in an optimal way both the dominant geographic and geomagnetic latitude variations,possibly complemented by a second Great Circle along the 30°E-150°W meridians to capture longitude ***,starting from the Chinese Meridian Project(CMP)network and using it as a template,we give a preliminary and promising description of the instruments to be integrated and deployed along the 120°E-60°W great circle running across China,Australia and the Americas.

关键词： International Meridian Circle Program Ionosphere Middle-upper atmosphere Space weather Chinese Meridian Project

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Analysis of Corrosion Mechanisms of Low-cement or No-cement Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO Gunning Mix with Special Calcined Alumina in Rotary Slag Test

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China's Refractories 2023年第4期32卷 16-21页

作者： LEE Yaotsung ZHAO Lite LEE Johnson liu william Hsin LianHsin EnterpriseCo. Ltd.Kaohsiung 831702China ALTEO Alumina Taipei 110502China Wuhan Ruxing Technology Co. Ltd.Wuhan 430415China

Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO and Al_(2)O_(3)-spinel low cement castables(LCC-AM and LCC-AS)have been extensively used in steel ladles as working ***,the use of alumina-magnesia gunning mixes has been mainly kept for maintaining these castable linings,because of high rebound loss,poor green strength,high porosity and short *** to a high BET alumina(MC-G),it is now possible to develop a series of high-performance no-cement or low-cement Al_(2)O_(3)-MgO gunning mixes(NCG-AM or LCG-AM).The paper focuses on the BOF slag resistance of NCG-AM,LCG-AM,LCC-AM and *** corrosion mechanisms of rotary slag samples were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM/EDS).The results reveal different microstructures around MgO particles,depending on the four used *** and thicker spinel phases were formed in NCG-AM,which was proved to have the best corrosion resistance after the dynamic slag ***-G can provide a high diffusion flux of Al^(3+)in terms of kinetics and hence inhibits Kirkendall porosity around MgO *** addition,a continuous spinel phase acts like a pinning nail to reinforce the matrix and thus decreases erosion by *** contrast to NCG-AM,the porous spinel phase was found around unreacted MgO particles and some particles were carried away near the interface of LCC-AM and *** NCG-AM containing MC-G had been tested in two steel plants,and it extended the service life of the ladles up to 50%.In addition,this study suggests the potential application of NCG-AM as steel ladle linings.

关键词： reactive alumina ladle working lining dynamic slag test kirkendall effect no-cement gunning mix

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Broadband usage for rural communities in the North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand

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Intelligent and Converged Networks 2022年第3期3卷 244-259页

作者： Ming Xiang william liu Edmund Lai Jairo Gutierrez Luca Chiaraviglio Jinsong Wu Control Science and Engineering South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510300Chinaand also with the South China Sea Institute of Planning and Environmental ResearchMinistry of Natural ResourcesGuangzhou 510300China Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering School of EngineeringComputer and Mathematical SciencesAuckland University of TechnologyAuckland 1010New Zealand Department of Electronic Engineering University of Rome“Tor Vergata”Rome 00133Italy Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni(CNIT) Parma 43124Italy Department of Electrical Engineering Universidad de ChileSantiago 92101Chile

New Zealand government’s Rural Broadband Initiative(RBI)aims to invest 400 million New Zealand dollar to provide 99%of New Zealanders with access to 50 Mbps peak broadband speed,with the remaining 1%at 10 Mbps by *** 2017,stage 1 of the RBI has been completed,and research is needed to find out the level of usage,proficiency,and productivity achieved by ***,a survey was carried out to learn whether the rural residents and their communities are making good use of the new fast broadband *** survey collected data from 217 rural residents from North Island,and the results indicate that about half of the interview respondents are satisfied with the new broadband speed and the reliability which is offered by RBI stage ***,there is about 28%of the respondents disagreed with *** majority of the Internet uses for rural residents are information searching,reading news,online entertainment,and online *** that,only a small proportion of respondents know how to utilize the Internet in their work/business and benefit/profit from it,e.g.,using cloud technology capabilities and online marketing campaigns,*** ***,we argue that information and communications technologies(ICT)adoption is not only the availability of the infrastructure but also the beneficial outcomes of Internet *** other words,Internet skills in-depth training and education need to catch up with the infrastructure deployment,which is useful to fuel the digital productivity and inclusion for booming rural *** survey data-driven findings presented in this paper could serve as a reference to inform government policymakers and those who wish to create,invest,and take actions to speed up the economic and social growth of rural communities in Aotearoa New Zealand through the Internet while shifting from the Internet speed and traffic volume-driven to a more effective Internet connectivity and value-added driven rural economy.

关键词： data driven approach data-supported decision and policy making digital exclusion information and communications technologies(ICT)adoption effective connectivity rural broadband usage rural economic development

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Progress of International Meridian Circle Program

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空间科学学报 2022年第4期42卷 584-587页

作者： liu william MICHEL Blanc WANG Chi XU Jiyao LI Hui REN Liwen liu Zhengkuan ZHU Yajun LI Guozhu LI Lei ZEREN Zhima YANG Fang National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190 Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100083 National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085

Based on the Chinese Meridian Project(CMP),the International Meridian Circle Program(IMCP)aims to coordinate the deployment of a comprehensive ground-based monitoring network along the 120°E-60°W Great Meridian Circle to track the propagation and evolution of space weather events from the Sun to the Earth,as well as the imprints of other major natural and anthropic hazards on the ionosphere,the middle and upper ***,we have completed the IMCP headquarters building in Beijing and established the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather in cooperation with ***,the Chinese Meridian Project PhaseⅡand different components of the IMCP observation system are under construction.

关键词： Chinese Meridian Project(CMP) Global ground monitoring Space weather International Meridian Circle Program(IMCP)

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Intracellular in situ labeling of Ti02 nanoparticles for fluorescence microscopy detection

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Nano Research 2018年第1期11卷 464-476页

作者： Koshonna Brown Ted Thurn Lun Xin william liu Remon Bazak Si Chen Barry Lai Stefan Vogt Chris Jacobsen Tatjana Paunesku Gayle E. Woloschak Department of Radiation Oncology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago Illinois 60611 USA X-ray Science Division Advanced Photon Source Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA Department of Physics & Astronomy Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston Illinois 60208 USA

Titanium dioxide （TiO2） nanoparticles are produced for many different purposes, including development of therapeutic and diagnostic nanoparticles for cancer detection and treatment, drug delivery, induction of DNA double-strand breaks, and imaging of specific cells and subcellular structures. Currently, the use of optical microscopy, an imaging technique most accessible to biology and medical patholog36 to detect TiO2 nanoparticles in cells and tissues ex vivo is limited with low detection limits, while more sensitive imaging methods （transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence microscop~ etc.） have low throughput and technical and operational complications. Herein, we describe two in situ post- treatment labeling approaches to stain TiO2 nanoparticles taken up by the cells. The first approach utilizes fluorescent biotin and fluorescent streptavidin to label the nanoparticles before and after cellular uptake; the second approach is based on the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, the so-called Click chemistry, for labeling and detection of azide-conjugated TiO2 nanoparticles with alkyne- conjugated fluorescent dyes such as Alexa Fluor 488. To confirm that optical fluorescence signals of these nanoparticles match the distribution of the Ti element, we used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy （XFM） at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Titanium-specific XFM showed excellent overlap with the location of optical fluorescence detected by confocal microscopy. Therefore, future experiments with TiO2 nanoparticles may safely rely on confocal microscopy after in situ nanoparticle labeling using approaches described here.

关键词： TiO2 nanoparticles anatase Click reaction biotin-streptavidin synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy

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Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cell Spheroid Culture for Drug Discovery and Development

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Journal of Cancer Therapy 2022年第3期13卷 117-130页

作者： Guangping Chen william liu Bingfang Yan Department of Physiological Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA College of Pharmacy University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA

In vitro 3D cancer spheroids (tumoroids) exhibit a drug resistance profile similar to that found in solid tumors. 3D spheroid culture methods recreate more physiologically relevant microenvironments for cells. Therefore, these models are more appropriate for cancer drug screening. We have recently developed a protocol for MCF-7 cell spheroid culture, and used this method to test the effects of different types of drugs on this estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell spheroid. Our results demonstrated that MCF-7 cells can grow spheroid in medium using a low attachment plate. We managed to grow one spheroid in each well, and the spheroid can grow over a month, the size of the spheroid can grow over a hundred times in volume. Our targeted drug experimental results suggest that estrogen sulfotransferase, steroid sulfatase, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor may play critical roles in MCF-7 cell spheroid growth, while estrogen receptors α and β may not play an essential role in MCF-7 spheroid growth. Organoids are the miniatures of in vivo tissues and reiterate the in vivo microenvironment of a specific organ, best fit for the in vitro studies of diseases and drug development. Tumoroid, developed from cancer cell lines or patients’ tumor tissue, is the best in vitro model of in vivo tumors. 3D spheroid technology will be the best future method for drug development of cancers and other diseases. Our reported method can be developed clinically to develop personalized drugs when the patient’s tumor tissues are used to develop a spheroid culture for drug screening.

关键词： MCF-7 Cell Spheroid Culture 3D Cell Culture Estrogen-Dependent Breast Cancer Cancer Drug Development Personalized Cancer Drug Development

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Specific T-cell immunity to emerging highly-pathogenic viruses in human

Specific T-cell immunity to emerging highly-pathogenic virus...

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第十二届全国免疫学学术大会

作者： liu william J. National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention China CDC

The emerging and re-emerging viruses with high pathogenicity pose a great threaten to public *** host T-cell immunity not only provides a protection role during the virus clearance,but also can lead to an effect of *** established a specific T-cell test and research platform to investigate the mechanism by which the human T-cell immunity reacts to the highly-pathogenic *** the healthy population,we investigated the pre-existing cellular and humoral immune responses against the newly emerging viruses(such as H7 N9 and MERS-CoV) in the healthy population who were recovered from the genetic related virus-infection(such as pH1 N1 and SARS-CoV).By the collaboration with different hospitals,we recruit the patients and investigate their T-cell immune features during the acute infection and the convalescence *** found that the dysfunctional immunity are not only associated with disease progression but also correlated to the human-to-human transmission of the avian influenza *** also utilized the virus-specific T-cell test to evaluate the vaccine *** no CD8

关键词： T-cell immunity highly-pathogenic virus MHC

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亚暴等待时间的统计学分析:IMAGE卫星观测

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极地研究 2011年第4期23卷 259-263页

作者：王慧杨冰华滢 liu william 武汉大学电子信息学院空间物理系湖北武汉430079 Space Science and Technology Branch Canadian Space AgencySaint HubertQuebecCanada

利用IMAGE卫星FUV极光图像数据,对北半球极光椭圆带2760个亚暴事件进行统计分析,得到亚暴等待时间的统计分布,并利用简单的数学模型对卫星轨道的影响进行了讨论,得到以下结论:(1)亚暴等待时间在2—3 h附近有一个峰值,较低纬度(MLat<65°... 详细信息

利用IMAGE卫星FUV极光图像数据,对北半球极光椭圆带2760个亚暴事件进行统计分析,得到亚暴等待时间的统计分布,并利用简单的数学模型对卫星轨道的影响进行了讨论,得到以下结论:(1)亚暴等待时间在2—3 h附近有一个峰值,较低纬度(MLat<65°)发生的亚暴事件,其等待时间略长于较高纬度(MLat≥65°)发生的亚暴事件;(2)较近磁尾(L<6 RE)发生的亚暴事件,其等待时间分布主要是高斯分布,较远磁尾(L≥6 RE)发生的亚暴事件,其等待时间分布是高斯和泊松分布的叠加,表明较近磁尾发生的亚暴事件比较远磁尾的亚暴事件更具有周期性;(3)卫星轨道的影响主要在10 h以后,对较近磁尾发生的亚暴事件的影响更大,造成8.5 h处伪峰值的出现。

关键词：亚暴等待时间 IMAGE 卫星轨道

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