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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2013年第1期1卷 33-38页

作者： lillian Lou Nexus Development PA

Exploration of naturally occurring chemical structures for medicinal uses has received significant interest in drug discovery and development research in the past few decades. None have had more success or products of greater clinical efficacy than synthetic analogs of nucleosides and nucleo-tides, especially as antiviral drugs. Nucleos(t)ide antivirals are synthetic analogs of the natural building blocks of DNA or RNA. This review focuses on the developmental path of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a prodrug of a nucleotide analog and its clinical applications as a first-line antiviral for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Tenofovir is a potent antiviral compound, but has poor oral availability. The disoproxil fumarate (DF) prodrug moiety greatly enhances intestinal absorption allowing it to become an oral medication. Tenofovir is activated intracellularly, and the incorporation into HBV DNA prevents further elongation thus terminating replication. In patients with CHB, TDF has demonstrated broad, potent and sustained virologic response. Maintenance of viral suppression for up to 5 years resulted in regression of fibrosis and cirrhosis. No tenofovir-resistant HBV variants have been detected in patients after long-term use. The efficacy and safety profiles reported from cohort studies of clinical practices were consistent with those observed in registration trials. Continuous development includes a new oral prodrug, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF), which has enhanced delivery of tenofovir to target cells compared to TDF.

关键词： Nucleotide antiviral Tenofovir Prodrug Hepatitis B

Analysis of synthetic parameters for coating aluminum powders with phenyltriethoxysilane coupling agent and their effects on powder flow behavior

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Particuology 2024年第7期90卷 412-417页

作者： lillian M.Mawby Bellamarie Ludwig Benjamin J.Lear Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA

Though silanization of aluminum powder is currently used to improve its flow properties,for use as an alternative fuel source,there are a wide range of experimental parameters for the process and not all of them have been thoroughly *** this is complete,it is unknown if the process is optimized in terms of time,efficiency,and ***,we report on a study into the effects of changes in humidity,degree of agitation,reaction temperature,and curing time upon the deposition of phenyl triethoxysilane into 20μm(d50)aluminum *** confirm the deposition of the coating via diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron *** then characterize the coated particles using apparent density measurements and Carney flow *** analysis of variance,we find that,of the parameters explored,only changes in cure time and reaction temperature provide meaningful changes to the apparent density,while none of our parameters produced statistically significant changes in Carney flow ***,we conclude that,when optimizing silanization of aluminum particles,environmental control of humidity is unneeded and that the reaction can be run with minimal *** ability to largely ignore these parameters is a benefit to large-scale processing.

关键词： Aluminum powder Silane Fluidization Apparent density Carney flow

RE-EXAMINATION OF THE DNA-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION IN GOLDFISH

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Science in China,Ser.B 1983年第7期26卷 700-707页

作者： lillian C.NIU Department of Biology Temple University Philadelphia Pa. 19112 USA

DNAs were isolated from goldfish, and the balancer bearing species of newt. They were injected separately into fertilized goldfish eggs. A balancer developed in some newt-DNA injected *** injected goldfish eggs occasionally developed a non-balancer process. These results demonstrated the newt DNA-mediated transfer of the species character from newt to goldfish. The injected DNA was localized by the method of autoradiography using H3-cDNA. Silver grains were found in areas over the colchicine induced metaphase. The incorporation of foreign DNA into chromosomes provides a material basis for genetic transformation.

关键词： DNA RE-EXAMINATION OF THE DNA-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION IN GOLDFISH

Is the feminization of labor harmful to agricultural production? The decision-making and production control perspective

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019年第6期18卷 1392-1401页

作者： LIU Jia-cheng XU Zhi-gang ZHENG Qiu-fen lillian Hua School of Economics and Management Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095P.R.China School of Public Health Yale UniversityNew Haven 06510USA

Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural *** considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force *** study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor *** follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our *** research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological *** feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of *** degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.

关键词： feminization agricultural labor production decision-making control production management control

Understanding the strategies employed to cope with increased numbers of AIDSorphaned children in families in rural settings:a case of Mbeya Rural District,Tanzania

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 181-190页

作者： Nelsensius Klau Fauk Silivano Edson Mwakinyali Sukma Putra lillian Mwanri Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change Jl.R.W.Monginsidi IINo.2Kel.Kelapa LimaKec.Kelapa LimaKupangNusa Tenggara TimurIndonesia National Food Reserve Agency P.O.Box 5384Dar es SalaamTanzania Binus University International Jl.Hang Lekir I No.6SenayanJakarta 10270Indonesia Discipline of Public Health School of Health SciencesFlinders UniversityGPO Box 2100Adelaide 5001South AustraliaAustralia

Background:The purpose of this study was to understand the strategies employed by families that adopt Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)-orphaned children(Adoptive families)for coping with and mitigating the impact of AIDS in Mbeya Rural District,*** numbers of AIDS-orphaned children aged below 18 years in Mbeya Region have led to increasing the burden of families caring for *** the coping strategies and impact mitigation activities employed by adoptive families is important in order to develop programmes to help ***:This study employed a qualitative method for data collection(one-on-one in-depth interviews).The respondents included 12 male and 8 female heads of families that provide essential care for AIDS-orphaned children in Mbeya Rural District in *** framework approach was used to analyse the data that were collected from 15 July to 15 August ***:The study findings revealed that adoptive families faced several challenges including financial constraints due to increased needs for basic essentials such as health care expenses,school fees and *** impacts on adoptive families included shortage of work opportunities and limited time to address these *** mitigate these challenges,adoptive families employed a range of coping strategies including selling family assets and renting out parts of cultivable land for extra *** reallocation which involved the AIDS-orphaned children entering the labour force was also employed as a strategy to mitigate challenges and involved de-enrolling of children from schools so they could take part in income-generating activities in order to earn supplementary family *** creation of additional income-generating activities such as poultry farming were other coping mechanisms employed,and these received support from both non-governmental organisations(NGOs)and governmental organisations,including the Isangati Agricultural Development Organization(loca

关键词： Adoptive families AIDS-orphaned children Coping strategies HIV AIDS Mbeya Rural District Tanzania

Is a designated arterial catheter indicated in transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedure?

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The Journal of Biomedical Research 2022年第2期36卷 73-76页

作者： Pooja Patel lillian Jundi David Li Hong Liu Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine University of California Davis HealthSacramentoCA 95817USA California Northstate University College of Medicine SacramentoCA 95757USA

Aortic stenosis(AS)is the most common valvular disorder frequently affecting patients as they get older,and resulting in life-altering symptoms such as dyspnea,angina,pre-syncope,and syncope,which are often made worse with ***,AS is caused by age-related calcification of the valve;in addition,its pathogenetic mechanism also involves the fact that bicuspid aortic valves tend to narrow rapidly compared to other three-leaflet *** the aging population continues to grow,an increasing number of patients are seeking treatment for AS,which makes therapies for AS continuing to evolve and ***,surgical aortic valve replacement(SAVR),requiring a median sternotomy and an extended post-operative intensive care unit stay,was the predominant therapy for patients with AS.

关键词： aortic valve seeking

How would Capital Account Liberalization Affect China's Capital Flows and the Renminbi Real Exchange Rates?

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China & World Economy 2012年第6期20卷 29-54页

作者： Dong He lillian Cheung Wenlang Zhang Tommy Wu Executive Director of Research Department Hong Kong Monetary Authority Head of Economic Research Division Research DepartmentHong Kong Monetary Authority Economic Research Division Research DepartmentHong Kong Monetary Authority

In this paper we study the determinants of gross capital flows, project the size of China＇s international investment position in 2020, and analyze the implications for the renminbi real exchange rate if China liberalizes the capital account. We assume in this exercise that the renminbi will have largely achieved capital account convertibility by the end of the current decade, a timetable consistent with recent proposals by the People ＇s Bank of China. Our analysis shows that if the capital account were liberalized, China＇s gross international investment position would grow significantly, and inflows and outflows would become much more balanced. The private sector would turn its net liability position into a balanced position, and the official sector would reduce its net asset position significantly, relative to the country ＇s GDP. Because of the increasing importance of private sector foreign claims and the decreasing importance of official foreign reserves, China would be able to earn higher net investment income from abroad. Overall, China would continue to be a net creditor, with the net foreign asset position as a share of GDP remaining largely stable through this decade. These findings suggest that the renminbi real exchange rate would not be particularly sensitive to capital account liberalization as capital flows are expected to be two-sided. The renminb i real exchange rate would likely be on a path of moderate appreciation as China is expected to maintain a sizeable growth differential with its trading partners.

关键词： capital account liberalization exchange rates net foreign asset position

The prevalence and associated factors for delayed presentation for HIV care among tuberculosis/HIV co-infected patients in Southwest Ethiopia: a retrospective observational cohort

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2016年第1期5卷 879-888页

作者： Hailay Gesesew Birtukan Tsehaineh Desalegn Massa Amanuel Tesfay Hafte Kahsay lillian Mwanri Department of Epidemiology College of Health SciencesJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia Discipline of Public Health Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health SciencesFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia School of Statistics and Mathematics Faculty of ScienceAlberta UniversityEdmontonCanada Department of population and Family Health College of Health SciencesJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia ART Clinic Filtu HospitalSomaliEthiopia

Background:A delay presentation for human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)patient’s care(that is late engagement to HIV care due to delayed HIV testing or delayed linkage for HIV care after the diagnosis of HIV positive)is a critical step in the series of HIV patient care *** Ethiopia,delayed presentation(DP)for HIV care among vulnerable groups such as tuberculosis(Tb)/HIV co-infected patients has not been *** aimed to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with DP(CD4<200 cells/μl at first visit)among Tb/HIV co-infected patients in southwest ***:A retrospective observational cohort study collated Tb/HIV data from Jimma University Teaching Hospital for the period of September 2010 and August *** data analysis used logistic regression model at P value of≤0.05 in the final ***:The prevalence of DP among Tb/HIV co-infected patients was 59.9%.Tb/HIV co-infected patients who had a house with at least two rooms were less likely(AOR,0.5;95%CI:0.3–1.0)to present late than those having only single *** non-users of Tb/HIV co-infected participants were also 50%less likely(AOR,0.5;95%CI:0.3–0.8)to present late for HIV care compared to tobacco *** relative odds of DP among Tb/HIV co-infected patients with ambulatory(AOR,1.8;95%CI,1.0–3.1)and bedridden(AOR,8.3;95%CI,2.8–25.1)functional status was higher than with working ***:Three out of five Tb/HIV co-infected patients presented late for HIV *** proportions of DP were observed in bedridden patients,tobacco smokers,and those who had a single room *** findings have intervention implications and call for effective management strategies for Tb/HIV co-infection including early HIV diagnosis and early linkage to HIV care services.

关键词： Tuberculosis HIV Co-infection Delayed presentation Late presentation Retrospective cohort Prevalence Ethiopia

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第18期21卷 5524-5531页

作者： Calvin Q Pan Sing Chan Huy Trinh Alan Yao Ho Bae lillian Lou Division of Gastroenterology Department of Medicine New York University Langone Medical Center New York University School of Medicine Sing Chan Endoscopy FlushingNew York City NY 11355 United States San Jose Gastroenterology San Jose Ca 95128 United States AE and LY Medical associates Flushing New York City NY 11355 United States Asian Pacific Liver Center St. Vincent Medical Center Nexus Development Palo alto Ca 94301 United States

AIM:To compare the efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)in Asian and non-Asian chronic hepatitis B(CHB)***:The efficacy and safety of the initial 48wk of treatment with TDF was compared in a posthoc analysis of combined data from 217 Asians and299 non-Asians included in Studies 102 and 103and a post-approval,open-label trial(Study 123).Patient groups were compared according to baseline hepatitis B e antigen(HBe Ag)status and viral *** main outcome measures included the proportion of patients who achieved a hepatitis B virus(HBV)DNA level<400 copies/m L at Week 48 of *** measures included:HBV DNA and alanine aminotransaminase(ALT)levels over time;proportion of patients with normal ALT levels;proportion of patients with HBe Ag loss/seroconversion and proportion of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen loss/seroconversion;changes in liver *** and tolerability were evaluated by the occurrence of adverse events(AEs),serious AEs,laboratory abnormalities,discontinuation of the study drug due to AEs,or *** primary efficacy and safety analysis set included all patients who were randomly assigned to treatment and received at least one dose of study ***:At week 48,similar proportions of Asians and non-Asians reached HBV DNA<400 copies/m L(96%of Asian and 97%of non-Asian patients with HBe Ag-negative CHB and 83%of Asian and 79%of non-Asian patients with HBe Ag-positive CHB had HBV DNA)and normal ALT(78%of Asian and 81%of nonAsian patients with HBe Ag-negative CHB and 71%of Asian and 74%of non-Asian patients with HBe Agpositive CHB had normal ALT).On-treatment HBV DNA decline rates were similar between Asians and nonAsians regardless of baseline HBe Ag status and *** DNA decline during the first four weeks was2.9 log10 copies/m L in HBe Ag-negative Asians and nonAsians,and in HBe Ag-positive non-Asians,and 3.1log10 copies/m L in HBe Ag-positive *** Ag loss and seroconversion wa

关键词： Chronic hepatitis B Tenofovir Asian patients Fibrosis High viral load

The inner solar system cratering record and the evolution of impactor populations

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2015年第3期15卷 407-434页

作者： Robert G.Strom Renu Malhotra Zhi-Yong Xiao Takashi Ito Fumi Yoshida lillian R Ostrach Lunar and Planetary Laboratory The University of Arizona Planetary Science Institute China University of Geosciences(Wuhan) National Astronomical Observatory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

We review previously published and newly obtained crater size-frequency distributions in the inner solar system. These data indicate that the Moon and the ter- restrial planets have been bombarded by two populations of objects. Population 1, dominating at early times, had nearly the same size distribution as the present-day asteroid belt, and produced heavily cratered surfaces with a complex, multi-sloped crater size-frequency distribution. Population 2, dominating since about 3.8-3.7 Gyr, had the same size distribution as near-Earth objects （NEOs） and a much lower im- pact flux, and produced a crater size distribution characterized by a differential -3 single-slope power law in the crater diameter range 0.02 km to 100 km. Taken to- gether with the results from a large body of work on age-dating of lunar and meteorite samples and theoretical work in solar system dynamics, a plausible interpretation of these data is as follows. The NEO population is the source of Population 2 and it has been in near-steady state over the past ～ 3.7-3.8 Gyr; these objects are derived from the main asteroid belt by size-dependent non-gravitational effects that favor the ejection of smaller asteroids. However, Population 1 was composed of main belt as- teroids ejected from their source region in a size-independent manner, possibly by means of gravitational resonance sweeping during orbit migration of giant planets; this caused the so-called Late Heavy Bombardment （LHB）. The LHB began some time before ～3.9 Gyr, peaked and declined rapidly over the next ～ 100 to 300 Myr, and possibly more slowly from about 3.8-3.7 Gyr to ～2 Gyr. A third crater population （Population S） consisted of secondary impact craters that can dominate the cratering record at small diameters.

关键词： solar system: formation -- minor planets asteroids -- Earth -- Moon