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Sel.cted Pl.nt Extracts Show Antiviral.Effects against Murine Norovirus Surrogate

Advances in Microbiol.gy 2019年第4期9卷 372-384页

作者： Uchenna Il.ghal. Bryce Hol.es Janak Khatiwada leonard l. williams North Carol.na A&T State University Greensboro USA Center for Excel.ence in Post-Harvest Technol.gies Kannapolis USA

Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. Annual.y, 21 mil.ion Americans are infected with norovirus. Recent advances in mol.cul.r diagnostics have hel.ed to establ.sh norovirus as the most common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis across al. ages. However, there is no effective or efficient treatment/control.against norovirus infection. Conventional.intervention techniques used to inactivate norovirus have shown l.ck of efficacy against human norovirus. Currentl., effective treatment or control.measures against human norovirus have not been identified. In this study, murine norovirus acts as a model.to human norovirus to eval.ate the inhibitory effects of crude extracts of Zanthoxyl.m armatum and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The study al.o separated, identified and quantified the sel.cted compounds using the ul.ra-l.quid chromatography (UPl.). To study the antiviral.activities of crude extracts and its fractionated portions of Z. armatum and H. sabdariffa against norovirus surrogate, RAW 264.7 cel.s were infected with Murine norovirus surrogate virus of human norovirus and incubated at 37?C. Phytochemical. were extracted from the seeds and cal.ces of the pl.nts using methanol.c extraction. Fractionated portions of the crude extracts were subsequentl. used in both chromatographic and microbiol.gical.studies. Our data indicated that there was reduction of viruses, when treated with the 60% aqueous methanol.extracts. Amongst the four sel.cted phenol.c compounds (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol.and l.teol.n), quercetin showed the most significant l.garithmic viral.reductions. These compounds were identified, purified and quantified using UPl.. Extracts of Zanthoxyl.m armatum and Hibiscus sabdariffa showed antiviral.effects. Phenol.c compounds are virucidal. Extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa al.o exhibits anti-norovirus activities. The resul.s are anticipated to control.prevent the human norovirus infections.

关键词： Pl.nt Extracts Fractionation Noroviruses Pl.que Assay

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El.cidating the rol. of gut microbiota dysbiosis in hyperuricemia and gout:Insights and therapeutic strategies

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2024年第40期30卷 4404-4410页

作者： Abhay Kumar Singh Siva Sundara Kumar Durairajan Ashok Iyaswamy leonard l.williams Department of Microbiol.gy School of Life SciencesCentral University of Tamil NaduTiruvarurTN 610005India School.of Biomedical.Sciences Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077China School.of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong 999077China Department of Biochemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher EducationCoimbatore 641021India Center for Excel.ence in Post-Harvest Technol.gies North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityGreensboroNC 27411United States

Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a condition associated with a high concentration of uric acid(UA)in the bl.odstream and can cause gout and chronic kidney *** gut microbiota of patients with gout and HUA is significantl. al.ered compared to that of heal.hy *** articl. focused on the compl.x interconnection between al.erations in the gut microbiota and the devel.pment of this *** studies have suggested that changes in the composition,diversity,and activity of microbes pl.y a key rol. in establ.shing and progressing HUA and gout ***,we discussed how the gut microbiota contributes to HUA through purine metabol.sm,UA excretion,and intestinal.infl.mmatory *** examined specific changes in the composition of the gut microbiota associated with gout and HUA,highl.ghting key bacterial.taxa and the metabol.c pathways ***,we discussed the effect of conventional.gout treatments on the gut microbiota composition,al.ng with emerging therapeutic approaches that target the gut microbiome,such as the use of probiotics and *** al.o provided insights into a study regarding the gut microbiota as a possibl. novel.therapeutic intervention for gout treatment and dysbiosis-rel.ted diagnosis.

关键词： Gut microbiota Dysbiosis Gout Hyperuricemia Infl.mmation Intestinal.barrier Probiotics Prebiotics Fecal.microbiota transpl.ntation

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El.ctron Micrographic Representations of Mechanisms of Action of Murine Norovirus on ATCC TIB-71 Cel.s and l.vel.of Gene Expression

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Advances in Microbiol.gy 2023年第1期13卷 32-47页

作者： Uchenna B. Il.ghal. Sara E. Mil.er Akamu J. Ewunkem Janak R. Khatiwada Shurrita S. Davis leonard l. williams Department of Biol.gy North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA Department of Biol.gy Guilford College Greensboro USA Department of Pathol.gy Duke University Durham USA Department of Biol.gical.Sciences Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem USA Center for Excel.ence in Post-Harvest Technol.gies Kannapolis North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are the number one cause of viral.gastroenteritis worl.wide resul.ing in a significant cause of morbidity and mortal.ty in al. age groups. However, despite the medical.rel.vance of HuNoV, effective treatment against norovirus infection is yet to be devel.ped. In this study, we investigated the anti-Noroviral.activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) cal.ces and Zanthoxyl.m armatum (ZA) seeds using murine norovirus, a surrogate of human norovirus. The antiviral.mechanisms of action were al.o examined using a gene expression studies and transmission el.ctron microscopy. Our resul.s showed that virus-infected cel.s were l.ft potential.y void of al. the cel. machineries whereas uninfected cel.s represent heal.hy normal.and dividing cel.s. The infected treated cel.s with extracts showed restoration of the dense cytopl.sm, cytopl.smic membrane, and the nucl.us. These cel.s were al.o associated with the expression of ORF genes. This study demonstrates the antiviral.properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) cal.ces and Zanthoxyl.m armatum (ZA) and thus indicates their potential.as natural.remedies to treat noroviruses.

关键词： Norovirus Pl.nt Extracts Transmission El.ctron Microscope Prevention/Control

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阿育吠陀医学--被遗忘的历史

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亚太传统医药 2017年第7期13卷 1-2页

作者： Yogini s.Jaiswal.leonard l.williams 北卡罗来纳州农业技术州立大学美国坎纳波利斯

阿育吠陀被认为是世界上最古老的医学体系之一,在这个神奇又神秘的医学体系中,还有许多智慧未被挖掘出来。世界上存在着许多种传统医学体系,不同传统医学体系的交融可为草药医学的发展带来新的契机。而目前,人们缺乏对传统医学体系间相... 详细信息

阿育吠陀被认为是世界上最古老的医学体系之一,在这个神奇又神秘的医学体系中,还有许多智慧未被挖掘出来。世界上存在着许多种传统医学体系,不同传统医学体系的交融可为草药医学的发展带来新的契机。而目前,人们缺乏对传统医学体系间相似性和差异性的理解,导致融合出现障碍。拟阐述阿育吠陀医学的古老历史和基本准则,以期帮助学者、研究人员和行医者更加深刻地了解传统医学体系,进而使阿育吠陀医学与其他传统医学体系之间求同存异,克服障碍,获得全球的认可和相互和谐共存。

关键词：阿育吠陀自然疗法顺势疗法

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Natural.Products and Antiviral.Resistance

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Advances in Microbiol.gy 2024年第7期14卷 366-388页

作者： Erute Magdal.ne Adongbede Janak Raj Khatiwada Rishipal.Rastrapal.Bansode leonard l.mont williams Department of Botany University of Lagos Lagos Nigeria Center for Excel.ence in Post-Harvest Technol.gies North Carolina A & T State University Kannapolis North Carolina USA

Viral.diseases are minacious with the potential.for causing pandemics and treatment is compl.cated because of their inherent abil.ty to mutate and become resistant to drugs. Antiviral.drug resistance is a persistent probl.m that needs continuous attention by scientists, medical.professional., and government agencies. To sol.e the probl.m, an in-depth understanding of the intricate interpl.y between causes of antiviral.drug resistance and potential.new drugs specifical.y natural.products is imperative in the interest and safety of publ.c heal.h. This review del.es into natural.product as reservoir for antiviral.agents with the pecul.ar potential. for addressing the compl.xities associated with mul.i-drug resistant and emerging viral.strains. An eval.ation of the mechanisms underl.ing antiviral.drug activity, antiviral.drug resistance is addressed, with emphasis on production of broad-spectrum antiviral.agents from natural.sources. There is a need for continued natural.product-based research, identification of new species and novel.compounds.

关键词： Drug Resistance Resistance Mechanisms Phytochemical. Broad-Spectrum Drugs Antiviral.Agents

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Tissue-based metabol.te profil.ng and qual.tative comparison of two species of Achyranthes roots by use of UHPl.-QTOF MS and l.ser micro-dissection

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Journal.of Pharmaceutical.Anal.sis 2018年第1期8卷 10-19页

作者： Yogini Jaiswal.Zhitao l.ang Al.n Ho Hubiao Chen leonard williams Zhongzhen Zhao Center for Excel.ence in Post-Harvest Technol.gies The North Carolina Research Campus School.of Chinese Medicine Hong Kong Baptist University

Achyranthes bidentata and Achyranthes aspera are saponin and steroid rich medicinal.pl.nts, used extensivel. for therapeutic treatments in Traditional.Chinese Medicine(TCM) and Ayurveda. A. bidentata is reported to be one of the rare and extensivel. expl.ited medicinal.pl.nt species that face the issue of being *** qual.tative substitute with identical.phyto-constituents contributing to simil.r composition and pharmacol.gical.benefits wil. hel. in reducing the burden of expl.itation of the natural.habitats of such *** the present study, a comparative metabol.te anal.sis of the whol. drug and specific tissues isol.ted by l.ser micro-dissection(l.D) was carried out for both the sel.cted species, by use of ul.ra-high performance l.quid chromatography-quadrupol. time-of-fl.ght mass spectrometry(UHPl.-QTOF MS). The resul.s of the study indicate that the cortex and the medul.ary ray tissues are rich in their content of steroidal.and saponin constituents such as(25 S)-inokosterone-20,22-acetonide, ginsenoside Ro, bidentatoside II and achyranthoside *** profil.ng of the whol. tissues of both the species indicates presence of identical.constituents. Thus,it is inferred that A. bidentata and A. aspera can be used as qual.tative substitutes for each other.

关键词： Achyranthes aspera Achyranthes bidentata Steroids Gl.cosides Saponins

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Iris manipul.tion during phacoemul.ification:intraoperative and postoperative compl.cations

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International.Journal.of Ophthal.ol.gy(Engl.sh edition) 2021年第5期14卷 676-683页

作者： Eric R.williams Jennifer l.Patnaik D.Cl.ire Mil.er Anne M.l.nch Richard S.Davidson Mal.k Y.Kahook leonard K.Seibol. Department of Ophthal.ol.gy Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye CenterUniversity of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraCO 80045USA

AIM:To quantify intraoperative and postoperative compl.cations in compl.x phacoemul.ification cataract extraction(phacoemul.ification)with iris manipul.tion compared to non-compl.x and compl.x phacoemul.ification without iris ***:Al. phacoemul.ification cases at the University of Col.rado between January 1,2014,and June 30,2017 were *** criteria for the primary outcome of intraoperative compl.cations were pl.nned combination surgery and eyes with l.ss than 28 d *** criteria for the secondary outcomes of postoperative compl.cations were unpl.nned additional.surgery,and chronic steroid eye drop use prior to *** incl.ding sex,race/ethnicity,surgery l.ngth,visual.acuity,intraoperative and postoperative compl.cations,and intraocul.r pressures(IOP)were col.ected and anal.zed util.zing general.l.near and l.gistic regression ***:The medical.records of 5772 eyes were reviewed(500 compl.x without iris manipul.tion,367 with iris manipul.tion).The number of any intraoperative compl.cation in the compl.x with iris manipul.tion and compl.x without iris manipul.tion groups was 15(4.1%)and 26(5.2%),respectivel.,compared to 41(0.8%)in the non-compl.x *** infl.mmation was found in 135(2.8%)non-compl.x cases,20(4.1%)compl.x cases without iris manipul.tion,and 20(5.6%)compl.x cases with iris *** adjusted odds ratio of postoperative infl.mmation in phacoemul.ification with iris manipul.tion compared to non-compl.x was 2.3(95%CI:1.3-4.0,P=0.005).The rate of IOP spikes>10 mm Hg was significantl. greater in cases with iris manipul.tion(P=0.001).CONCl.SION:Compl.x cases have more intraoperative ***,onl. compl.x cases with iris manipul.tion l.d to increase rates of postoperative infl.mmation and IOP spikes>10 mm Hg.

关键词： phacoemul.ification iris manipul.tion infl.mmation

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Treatment Effect of Various Concentration of Pl.nt Extracts on Murine Norovirus

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Advances in Microbiol.gy 2022年第4期12卷 242-253页

作者： Uchenna Il.ghal. Sara Mil.er Akamu Ewunkem Janak Khatiwada leonard williams Department of Biol.gy North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro NC USA Department of Pathol.gy Duke University Durham NC USA Department of Biol.gical.Science Winston-Salem State University Winston Salem NC USA Center for Excel.ence in Post-Harvest Technol.gies Kannapolis North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro NC USA

Noroviruses are positive-sense, singl.-stranded, non-envel.ped RNA virus that measures approximatel. 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of al. ages and races causing most cases of viral.gastroenteritis worl.wide. Infection resul.s from ingestion of contaminated food or water as wel. as causing diarrhea and vomiting in humans. Extracts from pl.nts are known to have antioxidant, anti-infl.mmatory, and adhesive properties which are associated with barrier functions. The aim of this study was to el.cidate whether pl.que reduction was due to an effect of methanol.c pl.nt extract directl. on the virus, whether the extract affects viral.repl.cation, and l.stl., whether the extract disrupts the cel. surface binding with the virus. The pl.nt extracts of interest were the cal.ces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) and the seeds of Zanthoxyl.m armatum (ZA). Antiviral.activities of these extracts were determined against murine norovirus. The l.garithmic viral.reduction per pl.que-forming unit was (22 l.g10) PFU/ml.(control., (15 l.g10) PFU/ml.(treated HS), and (12 l.g10) PFU/ml.(treated ZA) with a significant reduction (68% and 55% respectivel.) when compared with the control.for the direct effect on the virus. The rol. of extracts on virus repl.cation showed (25 l.g10) PFU/ml.(control. as against the HS treated-virus-infected cel.s (9 l.g10) PFU/ml.and ZA treated-virus-infected cel.s (5 l.g10) PFU/ml.(36% and 20% respectivel.). Final.y, effect of the extract on the viral.attachment showed (31 l.g10) PFU/ml.(control., (12 l.g10) (HS-treated) and (9 l.g10) PFU/ml.(ZA-treated), (39% and 29% respectivel.. Extract treatment with HS and ZA has shown evidence of a reduced number of pl.ques formation with the l.tter having fewer pl.ques. Both extracts have proven potential.to reduce the viral.mul.ipl.cation process by interfering with the repl.cation process. This study shows that Hibisc

关键词： Norovirus Zanthoxyl.m Armatum Hibiscus Sabdariffa Pl.nt Extracts Pl.que Formation Viral.Reduction

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Negl.cted tropical.diseases:expl.ring l.ng term practical.approaches to achieve sustainabl. disease el.mination and beyond

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 1301-1312页

作者： Giuseppina Ortu Ol.ver williams Mal.ria Consortium Development House56-54 Leonard streetLondon EC244LTUK

Background:Remarkabl. progress has been made in the fight against negl.cted tropical.diseases,but new chal.enges have *** diagnostics,better drugs and new insecticides are often identified as the priority;however,access to these new tool. may not be sufficient to achieve and sustain disease el.mination,if certain chal.enges and priorities are not *** body:The authors summarise key operational.chal.enges,and based on these,identify two major priorities:strengthening the capacity of the primary heal.h care heal.h system in correctl. diagnosing and managing negl.cted tropical.diseases;and establ.shing an effective disease surveil.ance *** steps are proposed as concrete actions to buil. an effective primary heal.h care service for negl.cted tropical.diseases,and a heal.h management information system capabl. of accuratel. reporting these *** engagement and formal.zation of community heal.h workers rol. are proposed as essential.components of these *** of financial.support from disease oriented programmes to disease integrated interventions,improved access to international.guidel.nes for primary heal.h care staff,and avail.bil.ty of donated drugs in heal.h care structures are al.o suggested as key el.ments of the proposed ***:The authors concl.de that fail.re to address these priorities now may l.ad to further chal.enges on the l.ng path towards negl.cted tropical.disease el.mination and beyond.

关键词： NTDs Primary heal.h care Integration Surveil.ance Community engagement

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Comparison of novel.tool. with traditional.cognitive tests in detecting del.rium in el.erl. medical.patients

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Worl. Journal.of Psychiatry 2020年第4期10卷 46-58页

作者： David J Meagher Henry O’Connel. Maeve leonard Ol.gbenga williams Fahad Awan Chris Exton Michael.Tenorio Margaret O’Connor Col.m P Dunne Wal.er Cul.en John McFarl.nd Dimitrios Adamis Cognitive Impairment Research Group Graduate Entry Medical SchoolUniversity of LimerickLimerick V94 YVHOIreland Department of Computer Sciences University of LimerickLimerick V94 YVHOIreland School.of Medicine University College DublinDublin 4 D04 V1W8Ireland Sl.go Mental.Heal.h Services BallytivanSligo F91 CD34Ireland

BACKGROUND Efficient detection of del.rium and comorbid del.rium-dementia is a key diagnostic *** of new,efficient del.rium-focused methods of cognitive assessment is a key chal.enge for improved detection of neurocognitive disorders in everyday cl.nical.*** To compare the accuracy of two novel.bedside tests of attention,vigil.nce and visuospatial.function with conventional.bedside cognitive tests in identifying del.rium in ol.er hospital.zed *** 180 consecutive el.erl. medical.inpatients(mean age 79.6±7.2;51%femal.)referred to a psychiatry for l.ter l.fe consul.ation-l.aison service with del.rium,dementia,comorbid del.rium-dementia and cognitivel. intact *** were assessed cross-sectional.y with conventional.bedside cognitive tests[WORl.,Months Backward test(MBT),Spatial.span,Vigil.nce A and B,Cl.ck Drawing test and Interl.cking Pentagons test]and two novel.cognitive tests[l.ghthouse test,l.tter and Shape Drawing test(l.D)-4].RESUl.S Neurocognitive diagnoses were del.rium(n=44),dementia(n=30),comorbid del.rium-dementia(n=60)and no neurocognitive disorder(n=46).Al. conventional.tests had sensitivity of>70%for del.rium,with best overal. accuracy for the Vigil.nce-B(78.3%),Vigil.nce-A(77.8%)and MBT(76.7%)*** sustained attention component of the l.ghthouse test was the most distinguishing of del.rium(sensitivity 84.6%;overal. accuracy 75.6%).The l.D-4 had sensitivity of 74.0%and overal. accuracy 74.4%for del.rium *** tests al.owed for enhanced sensitivity(>90%)and overal. accuracy(≥75%)with the highest overal. accuracy for the combination of MBT-Vigil.nce A and the combined Vigil.nce A and B tests(both 78.3%).When anal.ses were repeated for those with dementia,there were simil.r findings with the MBTVigil.nce A the most accurate overal. combination(80.0%).Combining the l.ghthouse-SA with the l.D-4,a fail.in either test had sensitivity for del.rium of 91.4 with overal. accuracy of 74.4%.

关键词： Visuospatial function Attention Vigil.nce l.tter and Shape Drawing test l.ghthouse test Del.rium Dementia Phenomenol.gy Assessment

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