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Susceptibility of field populations of sugarcane borer from non-Bt and Bt maize plants to five individual Cry toxins

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Insect Science 2012年第5期19卷 570-578页

作者： Fangneng Huang Mukti N. Ghimire B. Rogers leonard Yu-Cheng Zhu Graham P. Head Department of Entomology Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Macon Ridge Research Station Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Winnsboro Louisiana Jamie Whitten Delta States Research Center USDA-ARS Stoneville Mississippi Monsanto Company St. Louis Missouri USA

Sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis （E）, is a major target of transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） proteins in South America and the US mid- south region. Resistance development in target pest populations is a major threat to the sustainable use of Bt crops. In our field trials in 2009, a significant number of live borers and plant injury fi＇om D. saccharalis were observed in an experimental SmartStaxTM maize line. The objective of this study was to assess the relative susceptibility of two field popula- tions ofD. saccharalis collected from non-Bt and Bt maize plants containing SmartStaxTM traits to five individual Cry proteins. The five Bt proteins included two proteins （Cry 1A. 105 and Cry2Ab2） that were expressed in SmartStaxTM maize plants and three other common Bt proteins （Cry 1Aa, Cry 1Ab and Cry l Ac） that were not produced in SmartStaxTM. Larval mortality and growth inhibition on Bt diet of the fourth generation after field collections were evaluated 7 days after release of neonates on the diet surface. The laboratory bioassays showed that 50% lethal concentration （LCs0） values for CrylA. 105 and Cry2Ab2 for the population originated from Bt plants were 3.55- and 1.34-fold greater, respectively, than those of the population collected from non-Bt plants. In contrast, relative to the popula- tion from non-Bt plants, the LCs0 of the population sampled from Bt plants were 3.85-, 2.5- and 1.64-fold more sensitive to CrylAa, CrylAb and CrylAc, respectively. The re- sults did not provide clear evidence to conclude that the observed field survival of D. saccharalis on Bt plants was associated with increased levels of resistance.

关键词： Bacillus thuringiensis maize stalk borer susceptibility transgenic crops

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Do Pension Funds Foster Economic Growth Better Than Mutual Funds?

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Journal of Economic Science Research 2020年第1期3卷 47-54页

作者： leonard Mushunje Department of applied mathematics and statistics Midlands State UniversityZimbabwe

Tensional arguments about pension funds and mutual funds towards economic development and stimulation seem to be inevitable among policymakers and economic agents with little paid attention as in *** study however took a comparative significance analysis of these two independent funds in relation to economic growth in the South African *** hypothesize that,mutual funds are more powerful than pension funds in fostering economic growth as evidenced by some scenarios where mutual funds are trusted to encounter pension funds *** then used multiple linear regression model accompanied by a t-test means difference test as a measure of significance difference between the two towards economic *** a primer approach,we used the Pearson correlation analysis and the results were *** funds are a powerful tool of fighting poverty in ***,our results were not in *** results tend to agree with our *** all the methods used,mutual funds proved to have greater impact on stimulating economic growth(GDP)in South ***,South African policymakers and officials should by all ways try to support the mutual fund industry as it have traceable marks on economic growth stimulation but pension funds should not be totally ignored as they play significant roles as well such as poverty fighting and ensuring survivability of the most stressing dependent group in the economy.

关键词： Mutual funds Pension funds Economic growth MLR

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The Two-Step Procedure： Using Gaming Insights to Improve Custody Evaluation Risk Assessment

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Sociology Study 2012年第10期2卷 757-766页

作者： leonard Ngaosuvan Mailardalen University Sweden

Some children are maltreated and societies must protect them. This is done either at child protective services or when parents litigate over child custody, living, or visitation. Custody disputes provide difficult challenges for custody evaluators, particularly because information is often insufficient for high-precision decision-making. These challenges are present in both risk assessments （RAs） and investigations for the children＇s best interest （ICBIs）. Insights from gaming and signal-detection theory show that thinking several steps ahead leads to statistical advantage which improves decision-making in game play. The purpose of the present study is to show that gaming advantages can be used to improve RAs in custody disputes. The two-step procedure is organized as：（1） defining RAs and ICBIs as two sets with intersection; and （2） completing RAs before initiating ICBIs and using liberal RA decision-making criteria. Formal analysis and mathematical example show that the two-step procedure reduces the total number of RA errors by about 50 percent and suggest that gaming finesses are transferrable to custody disputes. Furthermore, should the two-step procedure be implemented, children are potentially protected from maltreatment post litigation. Implementation issues of the two-step procedure are discussed.

关键词： Gaming signal-detection theory custody evaluations risk assessments (RAs)

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Recent advances in targeting the“undruggable”proteins:from drugdiscover to clinical trials

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第10期8卷 4477-4547页

作者： Xin Xie Tingting Yu Xiang Li Nan Zhang leonard J.Foster Cheng Peng Wei Huang Gu He State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources College of Medical Technology and School of PharmacyChengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine611137 ChengduChina Michael Smith Laboratories University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China HospitalSichuan University610041 ChengduChina

Undruggable proteins are a class of proteins that are often characterized by large,complex structures or functions that are diffcult to interfere with using conventional drug design *** such undruggable targets has been considered also a great opportunity for treatment of human diseases and has attracted substantial efforts in the field of ***,in this review,we focus on the recent development of drug discovery targeting"undruggable"proteins and their application in *** make this review well organized,we discuss the design strategies targeting the undruggable proteins,including covalent regulation,allosteric inhibition,protein-protein/DNA interaction inhibition,targeted proteins regulation,nucleic acid-based approach,immunotherapy and others.

关键词： drug diseases clinical

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Local communities' participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2013年第1期11卷 10-16页

作者： leonard I.Chirenje Richard A.Giliba Emmanuel B.Musamba Great Zimbabwe University Zimbabwe Forestry Training Institute Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism Tanzania

Community participation and community based management are topical themes in current policy and discussion revolving around decision-making processes especially those dealing with natural resources *** review shows that while governments have accepted the need to either cede or devolve control and management of natural resources to the local communities,the communities are not part and parcel of the planning and budgeting which are crucial in *** were seen to be more involved in the implementation of natural resource management programs but lacked ownership of the *** causes lack of commitment to the programs and at times hostile reaction from the *** communities are always at the receiving end when it pertains to losses in the *** participation was shown to be effective when the local population is involved not as co-operating users but as natural resource managers or owner managers.

关键词： decision-making community participation natural resources management planning budgeting

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Characterization and Photocatalytic Efficiency of TiO_2 /Ti Beads Fabricated by Simple Heat-Treatment

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2012年第2期28卷 184-192页

作者： Altangerel Amarjargal leonard D.Tijing Mi-Hwa Yu Chae-Hwa Kim Chan-Hee Park Dong-Won Kim Cheol-Sang Kim Department of Bionanosystem Engineering Chonbuk National University Power Engineering School Mongolian University of Science and Technology Division of Mechanical Design Engineering Chonbuk National University Department of Industrial and Information Systems Engineering Chonbuk National University

The goal of the present study was to investigate the photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide （TiO2） formed on titanium （Ti） bead substrate （referred herein as TiO2/Ti beads） by heat treatment when exposing to ultraviolet （UV） light irradiation. Escherichia coli was used as the model test organism. The results show 4-log and 7-log decrease in bacterial concentration after a test time of 15 and 120 min, respectively, using TiO2/Ti beads irradiated with UV light in a tin-foil covered beaker. This article presents the potential of TiO2 on Ti bead substrate formed by simple heat-treatment together with UV light for bacterial inactivation.

关键词： Photocatalysis Titanium dioxide Bacterial inactivation Heat treatment Escherichia coli

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Mass Density Distributions in Spiral Galaxies

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World Journal of Mechanics 2014年第5期4卷 137-152页

作者： Robert leonard Bish Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory Cordite Avenue Maribyrnong Victoria Australia

The purpose of this paper is to show, on the basis of Newtonian mechanics (in Euclidean space), that the core disks of spiral galaxies (the central disks in galactic cores that are perpendicular to the axes of rotation) rotate in the same fashion as a phonograph turntable, if the mass densities in the cores of such galaxies remain uniform. On the basis of the hypothesis of uniform mass density in the core, it is then shown that the density of mass in the shell (the entire domain outside of the core) must remain inversely proportional to the square of radial distance from the axis of rotation and that the angular velocity in the shell annulus (annulus in the shell that contains the spiral forms) is inversely proportional to radial distance, or that the circumferential velocity on the shell disk is independent of radial distance from the core axis. The equation of motion for the shell disk is then obtained and it is concluded that the spiral shaped lanes are not trajectories. But it is shown that any bar-shaped feature crossing the shell annulus and core disk, collinear with the core centre, will become distorted, due to the above angular velocity distribution in the shell disk, assuming the form of two, symmetrically disposed, Archimedean spirals, while the portion of the bar inside the core remains undistorted and merely rotates.

关键词： Astrodynamics Galactic Astronomy Astrometry Field Theory Newtonian Mechanics Celestial Mechanics

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TRAILING SPOUSE TO TRAVELING SPOUSE

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城市漫步（上海版、英文） 2019年第9期 48-49页

作者： leonard Stanley 不详

So my wife recently left her job to pursue *** was undoubtedly an exciting and simultaneously nervewracking time in our *** up financial security and a stable income for the uncertainties of being your own boss was no... 详细信息

关键词： doubt income household

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At My Parents’ Grocery

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英语沙龙（初级版） 2007年第6期 34-35页

作者： leonard Chang

在父亲开的杂货店里帮忙的莱昂纳多因为一本3.75美元的漫画书认识了一个会讲西班牙语的小女孩,两人也成为了好朋友,大家一定想知道其中的故事吧?

关键词：西班牙语 At My Parents Grocery

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Characterization and transcriptional analyses of cDNAs encoding three trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteinases in CrylAb-susceptible and CrylAb-resistant strains of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis

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Insect Science 2013年第4期20卷 485-496页

作者： Yunlong Yang Yu Cheng Zhu James Ottea Claudia Husseneder B. Rogers leonard Craig Abel Randall Luttrell Fangneng Huang Department of Entomology Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana Southern Insect Management Research Unit Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Stoneville Mississippi Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Ames Iowa USA

Diatraea saccharalis is a major corn borer pest. Midgut serine proteinases are essential for insect growth and development. Alteration of midgut proteinases is re- sponsible for Bt resistance development in some species. To clone midgut trypsin and chymotrypsin cDNAs and to test if the CrylAb resistance in D. saccharalis is associ- ated with changes in midgut proteinases, total midgut tryptic and chymotryptic activities, cDNA sequences, and gene expressions of three trypsin and three chymotrypsin genes were comparatively examined between Cry 1 Ab-susceptible （Cry 1 Ab- S S） and Cry 1 Ab-resistant （Cry 1 Ab-RR） strains. Full-length cDNAs encoding three trypsin- and three chymotrypsin- like proteinases were sequenced from CrylAb-SS and CrylAb-RR larvae. These cDNAs code for active forms of midgut serine proteinases with all fimctional motifs, includ- ing signal peptide, conserved His-Asp-Ser for the catalytic triad, three pairs of cysteines for disulfide bridge configurations, and conserved substrate specificity determination residues. In general, cDNA and putative protein sequences are highly similar between CrylAb-SS and CrylAb-RR strains, except for a few nucleotide and predicted amino acid substitutions, whose function need to be further clarified. Total trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were also similar between CrylAb-SS and CrylAb-RR strains. Transcriptional levels of the trypsin and chymotrypsin genes had numerical difference between Cry 1 Ab-SS and CrylAb-RR strains, but the difference was not statistically significant. Data suggest that the development of CrylAb resistance in D. saccharalis was not significantly as- sociated with these trypsins and chymotrypsins. Results clarified the role of six midgut proteinases and provided a foundation for continuing examination of potential involvement of other midgut proteinases in Bt resistance development and other important biochemical processes.

关键词： Bt cDNA chymotrypsin enzymatic activity resistance trypsin

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