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Effective Utilization of Government-Provided CTI by Small Businesses within the Defense Industrial Base

Journal of Information Security 2024年第2期15卷 196-217页

作者： Josiah Dykstra lawrence A. Gordon Martin P. Loeb Benjamin Wall Lei Zhou National Security Agency Fort Meade MD USA Robert h. Smith School of Business University of Maryland College Park MD USA

There are two broad objectives of the research reported in this paper. First, we assess whether government-provided cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is helpful in preventing, or responding to, cyber-attacks among small businesses within the U.S. Defense Industrial Base (DIB). Second, we identify ways of improving the effectiveness of government-provided CTI to small businesses within the DIB. Based on a questionnaire-based survey, our findings suggest that government-provided CTI helps businesses within the DIB in preventing, or responding to, cyber-attacks providing a firm is familiar with the CTI. Unfortunately, a large percentage of small firms are not familiar with the government-provided CTI feeds and consequently are not utilizing the CTI. This latter situation is largely due to financial constraints confronting small businesses that prevent firms from having the wherewithal necessary to effectively utilize the government-provided CTI. however, we found a significant positive association between a firm’s familiarity with the government-provided CTI and whether a firm is being periodically reviewed by the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA) or is compliant with the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) program. The findings from our study also show that the participating firms believe that external cyber threats are more likely to be the cause of a future cybersecurity breach than internal cybersecurity threats. Finally, our study found that the portion of the IT budget that small businesses within the DIB spend on cybersecurity-related activities is dependent on the perception that a firm would be the target of an external cyber-attack.

关键词： Government-Provided CTI Small Businesses Defense Industrial Base

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Macro and micro issues in turbulent mixing

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2013年第10期56卷 2355-2360页

作者： MELVIN J kaufman R LIM h KAMAN T RAO P GLIMM J Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics Stony Brook UniversityStony Brook NY 11794 USA

Numerical prediction of turbulent mixing can be divided into two subproblems: to predict the geometrical extent of a mixing region and to predict the mixing properties on an atomic or molecular scale, within the mixing region. The former goal suffices for some purposes, while important problems of chemical reactions(e.g. flames) and nuclear reactions depend critically on the second goal in addition to the first one. here we review recent progress in establishing a conceptual reformulation of convergence, and we illustrate these concepts with a review of recent numerical studies addressing turbulence and mixing in the high Reynolds number limit. We review significant progress on the first goal, regarding the mixing region, and initial progress on the second goal, regarding atomic level mixing properties. New results concerning non-uniqueness of the infinite Reynolds number solutions and other consequences of a renormalization group point of view, to be published in detail elsewhere, are summarized *** notion of stochastic convergence(of probability measures and probability distribution functions) replaces traditional pointwise convergence. The primary benefit of this idea is its increased stability relative to the statistical "noise" which characterizes turbulent flow. Our results also show that this modification of convergence, with sufficient mesh refinement, may not be needed. however, in practice, mesh refinement is seldom sufficient and the stochastic convergence concepts have a *** to this circle of ideas is the observation that turbulent mixing, in the limit of high Reynolds number, appears to be non-unique. Not only have multiple solutions been observed(and published) for identical problems, but simple physics based arguments and more refined arguments based on the renormalization group come to the same *** of the non-uniqueness inherent in numerical models of high Reynolds number turbulence and mixing, we also include here numeri

关键词： stochastic convergence turbulent mixing renormalization group dynamic subgrid scale models

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Paleosols of the upper Paleozoic Sangre de Cristo Formation,north-central New Mexico:Record of early Permian palaeoclimate in tropical Pangaea

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2017年第2期6卷 144-161页

作者： lawrence h. Tanner Spencer G. Lucas Department of Biological Sciences Le Moyne CollegeSyracuseNY 13214USA New Mexico Museum of Natural history 1801 Mountain Road N.W.AlbuquerqueNM 87014USA

The lower Permian(Wolfcampian) Sangre de Cristo Formation of northern New Mexico consists of silty mudstones and laterally discontinuous sandstones deposited on an aggrading alluvial ***,mudstones display a variety of pedogenic *** mudstone fabrics vary from platy to prismatic;some beds display prominent pedogenic ***-colored root traces are common throughout the section,as are calcareous nodules,which vary from small bodies with diffuse boundaries to vertically stacked,discrete,cm-scale nodules(rhizocretions),and less commonly form coalescing *** occur only in the lower portion of the ca.90-m measured *** of the mudstone beds contain calcretes that are immature(calcic Protosols to calcic Argillisols),but the lower to middle portion of the section also contains mature calcrete horizons(argillic Calcisols and Calcisols).Intercalated micritic limestone beds with sharp contacts containing root traces,are of laterally variable thickness and grade to nodular *** are interpreted as floodplain pond carbonates that have undergone pedogenic alteration(palustrine limestones),indicating long periods of exposure under strongly seasonal climatic *** isotopic composition of the pedogenic carbonate displays a substantial range of values,but most of the range of variation in isotopic composition is accounted for by isotopically heavier carbonate(both carbon and oxygen) precipitated in shallow ponds subject to intense pedogenic reworking(palustrine carbonate).During the early Permian,northern New Mexico was situated in a near equatorial position(ca.4° N).The overall character of the paleosols suggests a persistent warm,semi-humid,seasonal climate throughout most of the interval of deposition during the Wolfcampian,but with episodically increased aridity during formation of the more mature *** long-term trend of climate change is evident in the stratigraphic section examined for this study.

关键词： Sangre de Cristo Formation Wolfcampian Vertisol Argillisol Calcisol Protosol

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Successional trends and processes on a glacial foreland in Southern Iceland studied by repeated species counts

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 138-148页

作者： Taylor G.Glausen lawrence h.Tanner Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences State University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNY 14203USA Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Le Moyne CollegeSyracuseNY 13214USA

Introduction:Primary succession on glacial forelands is increasingly relevant as rapid glacial retreat is exposing growing land areas to plant *** investigated temporal trends,controls,and outcomes in floral succession on a subarctic glacial ***,we examined changes in community composition(mosses,low shrubs,forbs,trees,and graminoids)over long-term(decadal)and short-term(he underlying processes responsible for the observed successional ***:The study area was the foreland of the Skaftafellsjӧkull,located in Vatnajӧkull National Park near the south coast of *** established nine transect lines at varying distances from the ice front representing surfaces of age ranging from less than one decade to over 100 *** transect consisted of five measurement stations of 1 m2 where we measured vegetative cover(VC),species richness(SR),and species density(SD)and calculated species evenness(SE).Measurements were made initially in 2007 and repeated at the same geographic coordinates in ***:VC increased with distance from the ice front from 16%to over 90%.SR and SD increased from the youngest pioneer community through a mid-successional stage corresponding to an age of over 60 but less than 100 *** VC but declining SR,SD,and SE characterized the oldest(over 100 years)bryophyte-dominated *** turnover,which involved forbs almost exclusively,increased moderately from early through midsuccessional sites and declined on older *** of the measurements made in 2014 to those made in 2007 demonstrates increased SR at mid-successional sites while SD remained relatively ***:At a small scale,colonization is controlled by local factors such as microtopography and aspect,particularly in proximity to the *** the landscape level,changes in VC and community structure are controlled by time and nutrient *** nutrient level

关键词： Primary succession Glacial foreland Species richness Species density Bryophyte

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End-Triassic nonmarine biotic events

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2015年第4期4卷 331-348页

作者： Spencer G.Lucas lawrence h.Tanner New Mexico Museum of Natural history Department of Biological Sciences Le Moyne College

The Late Triassic was a prolonged interval of elevated extinction rates and low origination rates that manifested themselves in a series of extinctions during Carnian, Norian and Rhaetian time. Most of these extinctions took place in the marine realm, particularly affecting radiolarians, conodonts, bivalves, ammonoids and reef-building organisms. On land, the case for a Late Triassic mass extinction is much more tenuous and has largely focused on tetrapod vertebrates（amphibians and reptiles）, though some workers advocate a sudden endTriassic（TJB） extinction of land plants. Nevertheless, an extensive literature does not identify a major extinction of land plants at the TJB, and a comprehensive review of palynological records concluded that TJB vegetation changes were non-uniform（different changes in different places）, not synchronous and not indicative of a mass extinction of land plants. Claims of a substantial perturbation of plant ecology and diversity at the TJB in East Greenland are indicative of a local change in the paleoflora largely driven by lithofacies changes resulting in changing taphonomic filters. Plant extinctions at the TJB were palaeogeographically localized events, not global in extent. With new and more detailed stratigraphic data, the perceived TJB tetrapod extinction is mostly an artifact of coarse temporal resolution, the compiled correlation effect. The amphibian, archosaur and synapsid extinctions of the Late Triassic are not concentrated at the TJB, but instead occur stepwise, beginning in the Norian and extending into the hettangian. There was a disruption of the terrestrial ecosystem across the TJB, but it was more modest than generally claimed. The ecological severity of the end-Triassic nonmarine biotic events are relatively low on the global scale. Biotic turnover at the end of the Triassic was likely driven by the CAMP（Central Atlantic Magmatic Province） eruptions, which caused significant environmental perturbations（cooling, warming,

关键词： Triassic-Jurassic boundary mass extinction land plants East Greenland tetrapods Newark Supergroup CAMP volcanism

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Spatial and temporal dynamics of growth of woody plant species (birch and willows) on the foreland of a retreating glacier in southern Iceland

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 184-194页

作者： haley E.Synan Mikael A.Melfi lawrence h.Tanner Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Le Moyne CollegeSyracuseNew York 13214USA

Background:The forelands of retreating glaciers are invaluable natural laboratories in which to explore the processes of primary *** studies have been conducted on foreland chronosequences to identify temporal and spatial trends of the successional *** study focused on the spatio-temporal distribution of three woody plant species on the foreland of a retreating glacier in southern Iceland where historical observations provide precise age control of the *** evaluate colonization and successional trends,we examined which species increase in abundance with time and tested the role of proximity to a seed source in ***,we quantified the rate at which biomass carbon is added to the ***:The density of stems of Betula pubescens increases with moraine age across the foreland chronosequence while the density of stems of both Salix lanata and Salix phylicifolia *** found low statistical significance to the relationship between the density of *** and distance from a forested ridge nor did we find a relationship between the lengths of the stems and the moraine *** biomass increased fastest during early successional stages and reached a maximum of 28.5 g C m^(−2) on the oldest ***:Early colonization of moraines was controlled by environmental filters which favored both Salix *** by *** followed as environmental factors,e.g.,favorable soil properties,*** found no conclusive evidence that proximity to a potential source of *** propagules was a significant factor in controlling *** assumption that the abundance of individuals increased with time through later successional stages proved valid for ***,but not for either species of *** findings are consistent with the classical spatial successional model of community ***,general successional processes at the landscape scale control the temp

关键词： Glacial foreland Chronosequence Primary succession Spatial distribution Aboveground biomass Iceland

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Fossil charcoal from the Middle Jurassic of the Ordos Basin,China and its paleoatmospheric implications

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Geoscience Frontiers 2012年第4期3卷 493-502页

作者： lawrence h. Tanner Xin Wang Alesha C. Morabito Department of Biological Sciences Le Moyne College Syracuse NY 13214 USA State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008 China

The Yah＇an Formation of the Ordos Basin is a sequence of four members, consisting of si- liciclastic sediments deposited in alluvial, lacustrine and mire settings during the Middle Jurassic. Samples collected from Members Two and Four contain abundant blackened plant material identified through standard analytical techniques as fusain （fossil charcoal）. The occurrence of fusain in fluvial sandstones at multiple horizons in the outcrops, combined with the previously reported high concentra- tion of inertinite in the coals of Member One, indicates that paleowildfire was a common occurrence in the Ordos Basin during Yan＇an deposition. Sedimentary evidence from Yan＇an outcrops suggests that the paleoclimate was seasonal during deposition of Members Two through Four, which may have contributed to the wildfire frequency. The presence of fusain in the Yah＇an Formation indicates that atmospheric oxygen levels were clearly above the minimum required for sustained combustion during the Middle Jurassic. This conclusion contradicts previous geochemical models for paleoatmospheric composition, but supports more recent studies.

关键词： Fusain Paleoatmospheric oxygen Wildfire Ordos Basin Yan'an Formation Charcoal

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Clinical outcomes of combined versus separate carbachol and brimonidine drops in correcting presbyopia

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Eye and Vision 2016年第1期3卷 239-244页

作者： Almamoun Abdelkader herbert E.kaufman Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of MedicineAl-Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt Department of Ophthalmology Louisiana State University Eye CenterLSU Medical SchoolNew OrleansLAUSA

Background:To test and compare in a masked fashion the efficacy of using a parasympathomimetic drug(3%carbachol)and an alpha-2 agonist(0.2%brimonidine)in both combined and separate forms to create optically beneficial miosis to pharmacologically improve vision in ***:A prospective,double-masked,randomized,controlled clinical trial was *** naturally emmetropic and presbyopic subjects between 42 and 58 years old with uncorrected distance visual acuity of at least 20/20 in both eyes without additional ocular pathology were eligible for *** subjects received 3%carbachol and 0.2%brimonidine in both combined and separate forms,3%carbachol alone and 0.2%brimonidine(control)alone in their non-dominant eye in a crossover manner with one week washout between *** subjects’pupil sizes and both near and distance visual acuities will be evaluated pre-and post-treatment at 1,2,4,and 8 h,by a masked examiner at the same room ***:Statistically significant improvement in mean near visual acuity(NVA)was achieved in all subjects who received combined 3%carbachol and 0.2% brimonidine in the same formula compared with those who received separate forms or carbachol alone or brimonidine alone(Phe data,the combined solution demonstrated greater efficacy than the other solutions that were *** the depth of focus by making the pupil small caused statistically significant improvement in near visual acuity,with no change in binocular distance *** registration:*** 11 November 2016.

关键词： Presbyopia Carbachol Brimonidine Depth of focus Miosis

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New Identities for Weak KAM Theory(For haim Brezis,in continuing admiration)

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Chinese Annals of Mathematics,Series B 2017年第2期38卷 379-392页

作者： lawrence Craig EVANS Department of Mathematics University of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA.

This paper records for the hamiltonian h =1/2|p|~2+ W(x) some old and new identities relevant for the PDE/variational approach to weak KAM theory.

关键词： Weak KAM theory, Effective hamiltonian, hamiltonian dynamics

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Comment on "On linking climate to Chinese dynastic change:Spatial and temporal variations of monsoonal rain"

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第32期55卷 3734-3737页

作者： ChENG hai EDWARDS R lawrence hAUG Gerald h Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA Geological Institute Department of Earth Sciences ETH Ziirich CH-8092 Ziirich Switzerland

An article by Zhang et al. questions the interpretation of our oxygen isotope record from Wanxiang Cave and the sediment titanium record from Lake huguang Maar,and the possible linkage between climate change and Chinese culture. In response,we explain that their approach lacks logical rigor and their major argument is broadly consistent with,rather than contradictory to our original conclusions. We also note that climate-culture relationships similar to those that we observe in China have been observed for other cultures around the world.

关键词：气候变化时空变化中国雨水季风挂钩氧同位素记录中华文化

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