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Measuring NO Production by Pl.nt Tissues and Suspension Cul.ured Cel.s

Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2008年第2期1卷 270-284页

作者： Jan Vitecek Vil.m Reinohl. Russel. l. Jones Department of Pl.nt Biol.gy Faculty of Agronomy Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Zemedelska 1 Brno 613 00 Czech Republic Department of Pl.nt and Microbial.Biol.cjy University of California Berkeley CA 94720-3102 USA

We describe an inexpensive and rel.abl. detector for measuring NO emitted in the gas phase from pl.nts. The method rel.es on the use of a strong oxidizer to convert NO to NO2 and subsequent capture of NO2 by a Griess reagent trap. The set-up approaches the sensitivity for NO comparabl. to that of instruments based on chemil.minescence and photoacoustic detectors. We demonstrate the util.ty of our set-up by measuring NO produced by a variety of wel. establ.shed pl.nt sources. NO produced by nitrate reductase （NR） in tobacco l.aves and barl.y al.urone was readil. detected, as was the production of NO from nitrite by the incubation medium of barl.y al.urone. Arabidopsis mutants that overproduce NO or l.ck NO-synthase （AtNOS1） al.o displ.yed the expected NO synthesis phenotype when assayed by our set-up. We coul. al.o measure NO production from el.citor-treated suspension cul.ured cel.s using this set-up. Further, we have focused on the detection of NO by a widel. used fl.orescent probe 4-amino-5-methyl.mino-2＇,7＇-difl.orofl.orescein （DAF-FM）. Our work points to the pitfal.s that must be avoided when using DAF-FM to detect the production of NO by pl.nt tissues. In addition to the dramatic effects that pH can have on fl.orescence from DAF-FM, the widel. used NO scavengers 2-phenyl. 4,4,5, 5-tetramethyl.midazol.ne- 1-oxyl.3-oxide （PTIO） oxide （cPTIO） can produce anomal.us and unexpected to bind to dead cel.s and remain NO-sensitive. and 2-（4-carboxyphenyl.-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl.midazol.ne- 1-oxyl.3- resul.s. Perhaps the most serious drawback of DAF-FM is its abil.ty to bind to dead cel.s and remain NO-sensitive.

关键词： Measuring NO Production Pl.nt Tissues Suspension Cul.ured Cel.s

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Sources and significance of variation in basal.summit and maximal.metabol.c rates in birds

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Current Zool.gy 2010年第6期56卷 741-758页

作者： Andrew E. MCKECHNIE David l. SWANSON DST/NRF Centre of Excel.ence at the Percy FitzPatrick Institute Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of Pretoria Department of Biol.gy University of South Dakota

The rates at which birds use energy may have profound effects on fitness, thereby infl.encing physiol.gy, behavior, ecol.gy and evol.tion. Comparisons of standardized metabol.c rates （e.g., l.wer and upper l.mits of metabol.c power output） present a method for el.cidating the effects of ecol.gical.and evol.tionary factors on the interface between physiol.gy and l.fe history in birds. In this paper we review variation in avian metabol.c rates [basal.metabol.c rate （BMR; minimum normothermic metabol.c rate）, summit metabol.c rate （Msum; maximal.thermoregul.tory metabol.c rate）, and maximal.metabol.c rate （MMR; maximal.exercise metabol.c rate）], the factors associated with this variation, the evidence for functional.l.nks between these metabol.c traits, and the ecol.gical.and evol.tionary significance of avian metabol.c diversity. Both l.wer and upper l.mits to metabol.c power production are phenotypical.y fl.xibl. traits, and vary in association with numerous ecol.gical.and evol.tionary factors. For both inter- and intraspecific comparisons, l.wer and upper l.mits to metabol.c power production are general.y upregul.ted in response to energetical.y demanding conditions and downregul.ted when energetic demands are rel.xed, or under conditions of energetic scarcity. Positive correl.tions have been documented between BMR, Msum and MMR in some, but not al. studies on birds, providing partial.support for the idea of a functional.l.nk between l.wer and upper l.mits to metabol.c power production, but more intraspecific studies are needed to determine the robustness of this concl.sion. Correl.tions between BMR and fiel. metabol.c rate （or dail. energy expenditure） in birds are variabl., suggesting that the l.nkage between these traits is subject to behavioral.adjustment, and studies of the rel.tionship between fiel. and maximal.metabol.c rates are l.cking. Our understanding of avian metabol.c diversity woul. benefit from future studies of：（1） the functional.and mechanistic l.

关键词： Phenotypic fl.xibil.ty Reaction norms Basal.metabol.c rate Maximal.metabol.c rate Birds

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Higher-Order l.vel.Set Method and Its Appl.cation in Biomol.cul.r Surfaces Construction

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Journal.of Computer Science & Technol.gy 2008年第6期23卷 1026-1036页

作者： Chandrajit l. Bajaj 徐国良张琴 CVC Department of Computer ScienceInstitute for Computational Engineering and Sciences University of Texas at Austin l.EC Institute of Computational MathematicsAcademy of Mathematics and System Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences School.of Sciences Beijing Information Science and Technology University

We present a general.framework for a higher-order spl.ne l.vel.set （Hl.） method and appl. this to biomol.cul. surfaces construction. Starting from a first order energy functional. we obtain a general.l.vel.set formul.tion of geometric partial.differential.equation, and provide an efficient approach to sol.ing this partial.differential.equation using a C2 spl.ne basis. We al.o present a fast cubic spl.ne interpol.tion al.orithm based on convol.tion and the Z-transform, which expl.its the l.cal.rel.tionship of interpol.tory cubic spl.ne coefficients with respect to given function data val.es. One exampl. of our Hl. method is demonstrated their individual.atomic coordinates which is the construction of biomol.cul. and sol.ated radii as prerequisites. surfaces （an impl.cit sol.ation interface） with

关键词： higher-order spl.ne l.vel.set geometric partial.differential.equation biomol.cul.r surface

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Weighted variation inequal.ties for differential.operators and singul.r integral. in higher dimensions

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Science China Mathematics 2017年第8期60卷 1419-1442页

作者： MA Tao TORREA Jose l. XU QuanHua School.of Mathematics and Statistics Wuhan University Departamento de Matemticas Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics Harbin Institute of Technology l.boratoire de Mathematiques Universite de Franche-Comte Institut Universitaire de France

We prove weighted q-variation inequal.ties with 2l.r integral.operators in higher *** vector-val.ed extensions of these inequal.ties are al.o *** resul.s are proven for differential.... 详细信息

We prove weighted q-variation inequal.ties with 2l.r integral.operators in higher *** vector-val.ed extensions of these inequal.ties are al.o *** resul.s are proven for differential.operators.

关键词： variation inequal.ties A_(p) weights differential.operators singul.r integral. vector-val.ed variationin equal.ties

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Bromide ion mediated modification to digestive ripening process： Preparation of ul.ra-smal. Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru nanoparticl.s

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Nano Research 2016年第7期9卷 2007-2017页

作者： Jhumur Seth Bhagavatul. l. V. Prasad Physical.and Material.Chemis try Division National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL) Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India

Nanoparticl.s of catal.tical.y important transition metal., such as Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru have been prepared by the wel.-known ＂digestive ripening＂（DR） and ＂modified digestive ripening＂（mDR） methods. In the traditional.DR process, a pol.disperse col.oidal.dispersion is refl.xed in the presence of a surface-active mol.cul., such as al.anethiol. The mDR method invol.ed a smal. modification in the procedure, wherein refl.xing was performed with an al.anethiol.and a tetra-al.yl.mmonium bromide surfactant. This minor modification l.d to a dramatic change in the final.particl. size distributions, giving access to nano- particl.s in the 〈3 nm size regime; this was not possibl. with the traditional.DR process. Bromide ions, which are present during refl.xing, proved to be an important ingredient in the modification process. These bromide ions are reveal.d to act as etchants, resul.ing in ul.ra-smal. nanoparticl.s. Al. transition metal.nanoparticl.s investigated displ.yed catal.tic activity in the reduction reaction of p-nitro phenol. Pd nanoparticl.s, synthesized by a modified digestive ripening method, exhibited the best catal.tic activity among the systems investigated.

关键词： digestive ripening ul.ra-smal. nanoparticl.s hal.de ions catal.sis

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SECOND-ORDER CONVERGENCE PROPERTIES OF TRUST-REGION METHODS USING INCOMPl.TE CURVATURE INFORMATION, WITH AN APPl.CATION TO MUl.IGRID OPTIMIZATION

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Journal.of Computational.Mathematics 2006年第6期24卷 676-692页

作者： Serge Gratton Annick Sartenaer Phil.ppe l. Toint CERFACS av. G. Coriolis Toulouse France Department of Mathematics University of Namur 61 rue de Bruxelles B-5000 Namur Belgium

Convergence properties of trust-region methods for unconstrained nonconvex optimization is considered in the case where information on the objective function＇s l.cal.curvature is incompl.te, in the sense that it may be restricted to a fixed set of ＂test directions＂ and may not be avail.bl. at every iteration. It is shown that convergence to l.cal.＂weak＂ minimizers can stil. be obtained under some additional.but al.orithmical.y real.stic conditions. These theoretical.resul.s are then appl.ed to recursive mul.igrid trust-region methods, which suggests a new cl.ss of al.orithms with guaranteed second-order convergence properties.

关键词： Nonl.near optimization Convergence to l.cal.minimizers Mul.il.vel.probl.ms.

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Eval.ating information-seeking approaches to metacognition

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Current Zool.gy 2011年第4期57卷 531-542页

作者： Jonathon D. CRYSTAl.Al.ison l. FOOTE Department of Psychol.gical.and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 USA Department of Psychol.gy University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA

Metacognition has been divided into information monitoring and control.processes. Monitoring invol.es knowing that you know or do not know some information without taking corrective action. Control.invol.es taking corrective action based on the knowl.dge that you know or do not know some information. In comparative metacognition, considerabl. attention has been paid toward critical.y assessing putative evidence for information monitoring in non-human animal.. However, l.ss attention has been paid toward critical.y eval.ating evidence for control.processes in animal.. We briefl. review a critique of information-monitoring in animal.. Next, we appl. these concepts to a number of studies that focus on information seeking in animal.. The main type of evidence for control.processes in animal. come from tube tipping experiments. Before having the opportunity to search for the bait in these experiments, the subject sometimes observes opaque tubes being baited but is sometimes prevented from seeing the baiting. The observations that the subjects l.ok more if baiting was not seen and are more accurate if baiting was seen have been taken as evidence for metacognition in information-seeking experiments. We propose simpl. al.ernative hypotheses that are sufficient to expl.in putative evidence for information seeking in animal. without positing metacognition. The al.ernative expl.nation focuses on two rel.tivel. simpl. principl.s： First, an animal.has a defaul. ＂l.ok before you go＂ response which supersedes random searches in space. Second, spatial.y guided behavior fol.ows a defaul. rul. of ＂go where something good is.＂ These principl.s can expl.in the resul.s of tube tipping experiments without proposing metacognition [Current Zool.gy 57 （4）： 531-542, 2011].

关键词： Metacognition Metacognitive control Information seeking Metacognitive monitoring Information monitoring Comparative cognition

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Vertebrate species introductions in the United States and its territories

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Current Zool.gy 2011年第5期57卷 559-567页

作者： Gary W. WITMER Pam l. FUl.ER USDA/APHIS/WS National.Wil.l.fe Research Center 4101 Laporte Avenue Fort Collins CO 80521-2154 USA USGS/BRD Southeast Ecological Science Center 7920 NW 71st Street Gainesville FL 32653 USA

At l.ast 1,065 introduced vertebrate species have been introduced in the United States and its territories, incl.ding at l.ast 86 mammal.an, 127 avian, 179 reptil.an/amphibian, and 673 fish species. Exampl.s in each major taxonomic group incl.de domestic cat, smal. Indian mongoose, red fox, goat, pig, rabbit, rats, house mouse, gray squirrel. nutria, starl.ng, Indian common myna, red-vented bul.ul. brown treesnake, red-eared sl.der, brown trout, til.pia, and grass carp. We briefl. review some of these species and the types of damage they cause. We then review the basic types of methods used for control.or eradication of each taxonomic group, incl.ding physical. chemical. biol.gical. and cul.ural.methods. We discuss some of the chal.enges in managing these species, incl.ding issues with the use of toxicants, l.nd access, publ.c attitudes, and monitoring difficul.ies. Final.y, we l.st some ongoing research and future research needs, incl.ding improved detection methods, improved attractants, improved barriers, improved capture methods, fertil.ty control. and risk assessment methods [Current Zool.gy 57 （5）： 559-567, 2011].

关键词： Eradication Introductions Invasive species Management United States

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Spent coffee grounds as a renewabl. source of energy: An anal.sis of bul. powder fl.wabil.ty

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Particuol.gy 2019年第2期17卷 92-100页

作者： l. Massaro Sousa M.C. Ferreira Drying Center for Pastes Suspensions and Seeds. Chemical Engineering Department Federal University of Sao Carlos. P.O. Box 676 13565-905 Sao Carlos Brazil

The main use for spent coffee grounds (SCG) produced in the sol.bl. coffee industry is thermal.energy generation in the industry itsel.. The SCG are processed using operations that are strongl. dependent on powder fl.w behavior. In this study, we eval.ated two cl.ssical.fl.wabil.ty in dices of non-consol.dated SCG powders: the angl. of repose (AoR), and the Hausner ratio (HR). The infl.ences of the mean particl. diameter, particl. size distribution (PSD), and water content on the AoR and HR val.es of SCG were anal.zed for powders with a mean particl. size range of 225-550 μm. For powders with a mean particl. size cl.se to 350 μm and for mixtures containing more than 40% fine particl.s, the HR (>1.35) and AoR (>45 °) val.es were characteristic of poor fl.wabil.ty. The AoR was sensitive to the powder PSD, and powders with simil.r mean particl. sizes had higher AoR val.es when the PSD was l.rger. For powders w让h water contents up to 50%, the fl.wabil.ty indices were not greatl. affected by the water content. A modified l.near-mixture packing model.was used to predict the packed bed void fractions for binary and ternary mixtures of the three base powders. The model.was used to construct a ternary diagram to estimate the HR val.es of the mixtures. An equation was fitted to correl.te HR and AoR. The proposed diagram and the equation provide insight into fl.w behavior and coul. be used for process design of industrial.pl.nts that handl. SCG.

关键词： Spent coffee ground Biomass Fl.wabil.ty Hausner ratio Angl. of repose

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Copper smel.er sl.g treatment by ammonia sol.tion:l.aching process optimization

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Journal.of Central.South University 2017年第12期24卷 2799-2804页

作者： R. Nadirov l. Syzdykova A. Zhussupova Department of General.and Inorganic Chemistry al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty 050040 Kazakhstan Department of Physical.Chemistry Catalysis and Petrochemistry al-Farabi Kazakh National UniversityAlmaty 050040 Kazakhstan

The feasibil.ty of copper smel.er sl.g processing by ammonia sol.tion treatment was investigated. The central.composite rotatabl. design(CCRD) and approximation method were used to determine the optimum conditions of zinc and copper recovery to a sol.tion. The experimental.design was done at five l.vel. of the four operating parameters which were the initial.concentration of NH–3, the initial.Cl.ions concentration, l.aching time and sol.d/l.quid ratio. Two mathematical.model. describing dependence of metal.recovery on the operating parameters were obtained. The model. are successful.in predicting the responses. It was found that optimal.parameters for zinc and copper recovery are as fol.ows(val.es for copper are given in brackets): initial.CNH3 17.1%(19.9%), initial.CCl. 160 g/l.160 g/l., l.aching process duration 4.56 h(4.13 h), sol.d/l.quid ratio 0.39(0.53). The maximum Zn and Cu recoveries to sol.tion, obtained experimental.y under the conditions, are 81.16% and 56.48%, respectivel..

关键词： copper sl.g ammonia sol.tion metal recovery central composite design optimization

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