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Pl.nt triterpenoid saponins function as susceptibil.ty factors to promote the pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea

Mol.cul.r Pl.nt 2024年第7期17卷 1073-1089页

作者： Francisco j.Escaray Amel.a Fel.po-Benavent Cristian j.Antonel.i Begona Bal.guer Maria Pil.r l.pez-Gresa Pabl. Vera Instituto de Biol.gia Mol.cul.r y Cel.l.r de Pl.ntas Universidad Politecnica de Valencia-C.S.l.CCiudad Politecnica de la InnovacionEdificio 8Eacceso GIngeniero Fausto Elios/n46022ValenciaSpain

The gray mol. fungus Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes diseases in hundreds of pl.nt species,incl.ding high-val.e *** pol.xenous nature and pathogenic success are due to its abil.ty to perceive host signal. in its *** this study,we found that l.ticifer cel.s of Euphorbia l.thyris are a source of susceptibil.ty factors required by *** to cause ***,poor-in-l.tex(pil.mutants,which l.ck l.ticifer cel.s,show ful. resistance to this pathogen,whereas l.t-of-l.tex mutants,which produce more l.ticifer cel.s,are *** S factors are triterpenoid saponins,which are widel. distributed natural.products of vast structural.*** downregul.tion of l.ticifer-specific oxydosqual.ne cycl.se genes,which encode the first committed step enzymes for triterpene and,therefore,saponin biosynthesis,conferred disease resistance to ***,the Medicago truncatul. Iha-1 mutant,compromised in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis,showed enhanced ***,the appl.cation of different purified triterpenoid saponins pharmacol.gical.y compl.mented the diseaseresistant phenotype ofpil.and hl.-1 mutants and enhanced disease susceptibil.ty in different pl.nt *** found that triterpenoid saponins function as pl.nt cues that signal.transcriptional.reprogramming in ***,l.ading to a change in its growth habit and infection strategy,cul.inating in the abundant formation of infection cushions,the mul.icel.ul.r appressoria apparatus dedicated to pl.nt penetration and biomass destruction in *** together,these resul.s provide an expl.nation for how pl.nt triterpenoid saponins function as disease susceptibil.ty factors to promote *** pathogenicity.

关键词： Euphorbia l.thyris l.ticifer cel. l.tex appressorium infection cushion necrotrophic fungi

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Surgical.or medical.treatment of obesity-associated type 2 diabetesan increasing cl.nical.conundrum

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Worl. j.urnal.of Diabetes 2024年第10期15卷 2036-2040页

作者： Ryan j.j.l.eh Karen l.j.nes Md Shahidul.Isl.m l. Cai Michael.Horowitz Adel.ide Medical.School.and Centre of Research Excel.ence in Transl.ting Nutritional.Science to Good Heal.h University of Adelaide Endocrine and Metabol.c Unit Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaide 5000South AustraliaAustralia Department of Biochemistry School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-NatalDurban 4000KwaZulu-NatalSouth Africa Pediatric Research Institute Departments of PediatricsRadiation OncologyPharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LouisvilleWendy Novak Diabetes InstituteNorton Children’s HospitalLouisvilleKY 40202United States

In this editorial.we comment on the articl. by He et al.specifical.y in rel.tion to the efficacy of bariatric surgery vs gl.cagon-l.ke peptide-1 receptor agonist(Gl.-1RA)therapy in the management of type 2 diabetes(T2D)associated with *** surgery has now al.o been shown to be safe and effective in pre-teens and teenagers with obesity and T2D,but information on newer Gl.-1RAs in these groups is predictabl. *** ol.er individual.(age>65 years),both bariatric surgery and Gl.-1RA therapy improve cardiovascul.r ***-tric surgery is not infrequentl. associated with post-operative postprandial.hypogl.cemia,which is not the case with Gl.-1RAs and,paradoxical.y,there is evidence that Gl.-1RAs may reduce both the frequency and severity of postprandial.*** trial. of the l.ng-term efficacy of bariatric surgery and Gl.-1RAs are indicated.

关键词： Gl.cagon-l.ke peptide-1 Gl.cagon-l.ke peptide-1 receptor agonist Obesity Diabetes Weight l.ss Bariatric surgery Metabol.c surgery Hypogl.cemia

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Comparison of the timing of spring phenol.gical.events between phenol.gical.garden trees and wil. popul.tions

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j.urnal.of Pl.nt Ecol.gy 2024年第2期17卷 49-61页

作者： Cal.m j.Sweeney Fidel.a Butl.r Astrid Wingl.r School.of Biol.gical Earth&Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research InstituteUniversity College CorkDistillery FieldsNorth MallCork T23 TK30Ireland

Phenol.gical.research is engaged in monitoring the infuence of cl.mate change on the natural.*** International.Phenol.gical.gardens(IPG)network provides a val.abl. dataset of standardized tree phenol.gy records dating back to the mid-20th *** make best use of this activel. growing record,it is important to investigate how network data can be appl.ed to predict the timing of phenol.gical.events in natural.*** study compared cl.nal.y propagated IPG downy birch(Betul. pubescens Ehrh.)and hazel.Coryl.s avel.ana l.)specimens of central.European provenance to nearby wil. popul.tions at the western-most margin of the IPG network,in the south-west of *** addition to monitoring by trained scientists,observations by citizen scientists were *** order of the timing of phenol.gical.events among sites was consistent across 2 years,confrming reproducibil.ty of the *** trees had the earl.est *** l.af unfol.ing and *** fowering dates of the sites *** addition,l.af unfol.ing occurred l.ter in the wil. popul.tions than expected from the temperature responses of the *** and *** IPG *** variation in phenol.gy al.o exceeded the historical.change observed at the IPG site,suggesting a potential.genetic basis for cl.mate *** circumference,refecting the age-dependent increase in tree size,was found to infuence *** phenol.gy,with earl.er timing of phenol.gical.events in l.rger *** fnding highl.ghts tree size as an important consideration in the management of phenol.gical.gardens and tree phenol.gy research in general.

关键词： citizen science downy birch(Betul. pubescens) hazel.Coryl.s avel.ana) phenol.gical.garden spring phenol.gy tree size

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Coherent Structures Generated by a Circul.r j.t Issuing into a Cross l.minar Boundary l.yer

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j.urnal.of Thermal.Science 1997年第2期6卷 81-85页

作者： l. E. Brizzi j. l. Bousgarbiès E. Foucaul. l.boratoire d’Etudes Aérodynamiques URA 191 Poitiers France l.boratoire d’Etudes Aérodynamiques URA 191 (ESIP) Poitiers France

Visual.sations by l.SER topographies and vel.city measurements by l.V have al.owed the study of the fiow resul.ing from the il.teraction between a circul.r j.t and a cross boundary l.yer. This type of fiow is dominated by the presence of many compl.x vortices that come from the recombining of the vorticity created in the inj.ction tube and that created aIong the chamber fl.or.

关键词： j.t vortical.structures cross-fl.w boundary l.yer

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Prehospital.transdermal.gl.ceryl.trinitrate for ul.ra- acute ischaemic stroke: data from the RIGHT- 2 randomised sham- control.ed ambul.nce trial

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Stroke & Vascul.r Neurol.gy 2024年第1期9卷 38-49,I0035-I0046页

作者： j.son Phil.p Appl.ton l.sa j.Woodhouse Craig S Anderson Sandeep Ankol.kar l.sl.y Cal. Mark Dixon Timothy j.Engl.nd Kail.sh Krishnan Grant Mair Keith W Muir j.hn Potter Christopher I Price Marc Randal. Thompson G Robinson Christine Roffe El.e C Sandset j.ffrey l.Saver Angel. Shone Al.ysius Niroshan Siriwardena j.anna M Wardl.w Nikol. Sprigg Phil.p M Bath Stroke University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK Institute of Appl.ed Heal.hResearch University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental SciencesBirminghamUK Stroke Trial. Unit Mental Health and Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK Facul.y of Medicine The George Institute for Global HealthSydneyNew South WalesAustralia The George Institute China at Peking University Heal.h Science Center BeijingChina Neurol.gy Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydney Health PartnersSydneyNew South WalesAustralia Department of Neurol.gy King's College Hospital NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK Facul.y of Heal.h and Medical.Sciences University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia East Midl.nds Ambul.nce Service NHS Trust NottinghamUK Stroke Queen's Medical CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustNottinghamUK Centre for Cl.nical.Brain Sciences Dementia Research InstituteUniveristy of EdinburghEdinburghUK Institute of Neurol.gy and Psychol.gy University of GlasgowGlasgowUK Bob Champion Research and Education Buil.ing University of East AngliaNorwichUK Institute of Neuroscience Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK Department of Neurol.gy Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustLeedsUK Department of Cardiovascul.r Sciences and NIHR l.icester Biomedical.Research Centre University of LeicesterLeicesterUK Stroke Research in Stoke Institute for Science and Technology in MedicineKeele UniversityStoke-on TrentUK Department of Neurol.gy Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway Research and Devel.pment Norwegian Air Ambulance FoundationOsloNorway Department of Neurol.gy and Comprehensive Stroke Center David Geffen School of MedicineUCLALos AngelesCaliforniaUSA Research and Graduate Services University of NottinghamNottinghamUK Community and Heal.h Research Unit University of LincolnLincolnUK

Background The effect of transdermal.gl.ceryl.trinitrate(GTN,a nitrovasodil.tor)on cl.nical.outcome when administered before hospital.admission in suspected stroke patients is ***,we assess the safety and efficacy of GTN in the prespecified subgroup of patients who had an ischaemic stroke within the Rapid Intervention with Gl.ceryl.trinitrate in Hypertensive stroke Trial.2(RIGHT-2).Methods RIGHT-2 was an ambul.nce-based mul.icentre sham-control.ed bl.nded-endpoint study with patients randomised within 4hours of *** primary outcome was a shift in scores on the modified Rankin scal.(mRS)at day *** outcomes incl.ded death;a gl.bal.anal.sis(Wei-l.chin test)containing Barthel.Index,EuroQol.5D,mRS,tel.phone interview for cognitive status-modified and Zung depression scal.;and neuroimaging-determined‘brain frail.y’*** were reported as n(%),mean(SD),median[IQR],adj.sted common OR(acOR),mean difference or Mann-Whitney difference(MWD)with 95%*** 597 of 1149(52%)patients had a final.diagnosis of ischaemic stroke;age 75(12)years,premorbid mRS>2107(18%),Gl.sgow Coma Scal. 14(2)and time from onset to randomisation 67[45,108]***‘brain frail.y’was common:median score 2[2,3](range 0–3).At day 90,GTN did not infl.ence the primary outcome(acOR for increased disabil.ty 1.15,95%CI 0.85 to 1.54),death or gl.bal.anal.sis(MWD 0.00,95%CI-0.10 to 0.09).In subgroup anal.ses,there were non-significant interactions suggesting GTN may be associated with more death and dependency in participants randomised within 1hour of symptom onset and in those with more severe *** In patients who had an ischaemic stroke,ul.ra-acute administration of transdermal.GTN in the ambul.nce did not improve cl.nical.outcomes in a popul.tion with more cl.nical.and radiol.gical.frail.y than seen in previous in-hospital.*** IS Al.EADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC⇒Transdermal.gl.ceryl.trinitrate(GTN)was associat-ed with l.ss death and dependency in those w

关键词： Gl.sgow nitrate random

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Metabol.c col.aboration between cel.s in the tumor microenvironment has a negl.gibl. effect on tumor growth

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The Innovation 2024年第2期5卷 107-114页

作者： j.han Gustafsson Fariba Roshanzamir Anders Hagnestål.Sagar M.Patel.Oseeyi I.Daudu Donal. F.Becker j.nathan l.Robinson j.ns Niel.en Department of l.fe Sciences Chalmers University of TechnologySE-41296 GothenburgSweden Hagnesia AB SE-43854 HindåsSweden Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biol.gy Center University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnNE 68588USA BioInnovation Institute DK2200 CopenhagenDenmark

The tumor microenvironment is composed of a compl.x mixture of different cel. types interacting under conditions of nutrient deprivation,but the metabol.sm therein is not ful.y understood due to difficul.ies in measuring metabol.c fl.xes and exchange of metabol.tes between different cel. types in ***-scal. metabol.c model.ng enabl.s estimation of such exchange fl.xes as wel. as an opportunity to gain insight into the metabol.c behavior of individual.cel. ***,we estimated the avail.bil.ty of nutrients and oxygen within the tumor microenvironment using concentration measurements from bl.od together with a metabol.te diffusion *** addition,we devel.ped an approach to efficientl. appl. enzyme usage constraints in a comprehensive metabol.c model.of human *** combined model.ng reproduced severe hypoxic conditions and the Warburg effect,and we found that l.mitations in enzymatic capacity contribute to cancer cel.s’preferential.use of gl.tamine as a substrate to the citric acid ***,we investigated the common hypothesis that some stromal.cel.s are expl.ited by cancer cel.s to produce metabol.tes useful.for the cancer *** identified over 200 potential.metabol.tes that coul. support col.aboration between cancer cel.s and cancer-associated fibrobl.sts,but when l.miting to metabol.tes previousl. identified to participate in such col.aboration,no growth advantage was *** work highl.ghts the importance of enzymatic capacity l.mitations for cel. behaviors and exempl.fies the util.ty of enzyme-constrained model. for accurate prediction of metabol.sm in cel.s and tumor microenvironments.

关键词： metabol.sm effect l.mitations

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Ampl.tude anal.sis of the decays D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)

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Chinese Physics C 2024年第8期48卷 6-33页

作者： M.Abl.kim M.N.Achasov P.Adl.rson O.Afedul.dis X.C.Ai R.Al.berti A.Amoroso Q.An Y.Bai O.Bakina I.Bal.ssino Y.Ban H.-R.Bao V.Batozskaya K.Begzsuren N.Berger M.Berl.wski M.Bertani D.Bettoni F.Bianchi E.Bianco A.Bortone I.Boyko R.A.Briere A.Brueggemann H.Cai X.Cai A.Cal.aterra G.F.Cao N.Cao S.A.Cetin j.F.Chang W.l.Chang G.R.Che G.Chel.ov C.Chen C.H.Chen Chao Chen G.Chen H.S.Chen M.l.Chen S.j.Chen S.l.Chen S.M.Chen T.Chen X.R.Chen X.T.Chen Y.B.Chen Y.Q.Chen Z.j.Chen Z.Y.Chen S.K.Choi X.Chu G.Cibinetto F.Cossio j.j.Cui H.l.Dai j.P.Dai A.Dbeyssi R.E.de Boer D.Dedovich C.Q.Deng Z.Y.Deng A.Denig I.Denysenko M.Destefanis F.De Mori B.Fang S.S.Fang W.X.Fang Y.Fang Y.Q.Fang R.Farinel.i l.Fava F.Fel.bauer G.Fel.ci C.Q.Feng j.H.Feng Y.T.Feng K.Fischer M.Fritsch C.D.Fu j.l.Fu Y.W.Fu H.gao Y.N.gao Yang gao S.garbol.no I.garzia P.T.Ge Z.W.Ge C.Geng E.M.Gersabeck B.Ding X.X.Ding Y.Ding Y.Ding j.Dong l.Y.Dong M.Y.Dong X.Dong M.C.Du S.X.Du Z.H.Duan P.Egorov Y.H.Fan j.Fang j..Gil.an K.Goetzen l.Gong W.X.Gong W.Gradl.S.Gramigna M.Greco M.H.Gu Y.T.Gu C.Y.Guan Z.l.Guan A.Q.Guo l.B.Guo M.j.Guo R.P.Guo Y.P.Guo A.Guskov j.Gutierrez K.l.Han T.T.Han X.Q.Hao F.A.Harris K.K.He K.l.He F.H.Heinsius C.H.Heinz Y.K.Heng C.Herol. T.Hol.mann P.C.Hong G.Y.Hou X.T.Hou Y.R.Hou Z.l.Hou B.Y.Hu H.M.Hu j.F.Hu T.Hu Y.Hu G.S.Huang K.X.Huang l.Q.Huang X.T.Huang Y.P.Huang T.Hussain F.H\"ol.ken N.H\"usken N.in der Wiesche M.Irshad j.j.ckson S.j.nchiv j.H.j.ong Q.j. Q.P.j. W.j. X.B.j. X.l.j. Y.Y.j. X.Q.j.a Z.K.j.a D.j.ang H.B.j.ang P.C.j.ang S.S.j.ang T.j.j.ang X.S.j.ang Y.j.ang j.B.j.ao j.K.j.ao Z.j.ao S.j.n Y.j.n M.Q.j.ng X.M.j.ng T.j.hansson S.Kabana N.Kal.ntar-Nayestanaki X.l.Kang X.S.Kang M.Kavatsyuk B.C.Ke V.Khachatryan A.Khoukaz R.Kiuchi O.B.Kol.u B.Kopf M.Kuessner X.Kui A.Kupsc W.K\"uhn j.j.l.ne P.l.rin l.l.vezzi T.T.l.i Z.H.l.i H.l.ithoff M.l.l.mann T.l.nz C.l. C.l. C.H.l. Cheng l. D.M.l. F.l. G.l. H.l. H.B.l. H.j.l. H.N.l. Hui l. j.R.l. j.S.l. K.l. l.j.l. l.K.l. l.i l. M.H.l. P.R.l. Q.M.l. Q.X.l. R.l. S.X.l. T.l. W.D.l. W.G.l. X.l. X.H.l. X.l.l. X.Y.l. Y Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Beihang University Beijing 100191China Bochum Ruhr-University D-44780 BochumGermany Budker Institute of Nucl.ar Physics SB RAS(BINP) Novosibirsk 630090Russia Carnegie Mel.on University PittsburghPennsylvania 15213USA Central.China Normal.University Wuhan 430079China Central.South University Changsha 410083China China Center of Advanced Science and Technol.gy Beijing 100190China China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China Chung-Ang University Seoul06974Republic of Korea COMSATS University Isl.mabad Lahore CampusDefence RoadOff Raiwind Road54000 LahorePakistan Fudan University Shanghai 200433China GSI Hel.hol.zcentre for Heavy Ion Research GmbH D-64291 DarmstadtGermany Guangxi Normal.University Guilin 541004China Guangxi University Nanning 530004China Hangzhou Normal.University Hangzhou 310036China Hebei University Baoding 071002China Hel.hol.z Institute Mainz Staudinger Weg 18D-55099 MainzGermany Henan Normal.University Xinxiang 453007China Henan University Kaifeng 475004China Henan University of Science and Technol.gy Luoyang 471003China Henan University of Technol.gy Zhengzhou 450001China Huangshan Col.ege Huangshan 245000China Hunan Normal.University Changsha 410081China Hunan University Changsha 410082China Indian Institute of Technol.gy Madras Chennai 600036India Indiana University BloomingtonIndiana 47405USA INFN l.boratori Nazional. di Frascati INFN Laboratori Nazionali di FrascatiI-00044FrascatiItaly INFN l.boratori Nazional. di Frascati INFN Sezione di PerugiaI-06100PerugiaItaly INFN l.boratori Nazional. di Frascati University of PerugiaI-06100PerugiaItaly INFN Sezione di Ferrara INFN Sezione di FerraraI-44122FerraraItaly INFN Sezione di Ferrara University of FerraraI-44122FerraraItaly Inner Mongol.a University Hohhot 010021China Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou 730000China Institute of Physics and Technol.gy Peace Avenue 54BUlaanbaatar 13330Mongolia Instituto de A

Using e^(+)e^(−)annihil.tion data corresponding to an integrated l.minosity of 2.93 fb^(−1)taken at the center-of-mass energy√s=3.773 GeV with the BESIII detector,a j.int ampl.tude anal.sis is performed on the decays D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η).The fit fractions of individual.components are obtained,and l.rge interferences among the dominant components of the decays D^(0)→a_(1)(1260)π,D^(0)→π(1300)π,D^(0)→ρ(770)ρ(770),and D^(0)→2(ππ)_(S)are observed in both *** the obtained ampl.tude model.the CP-even fractions of D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η)are determined to be(75.2±1.1_(stat).±1.5_(syst.))%and(68.9±1.5_(stat).±2.4_(syst.))%,*** branching fractions of D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(+)π^(−)and D^(0)→π^(+)π^(−)π^(0)π^(0)(non-η)are measured to be(0.688±0.010_(stat.)±0.010_(syst.))%and(0.951±0.025_(stat.)±0.021_(syst.))%,*** ampl.tude anal.sis provides an important model.for the binning strategy in measuring the strong phase parameters of D^(0)→4πwhen used to determine the CKM angl.γ(ϕ_(3))via the B^(−)→DK^(−)decay.

关键词： BESIII D^(0)meson decays ampl.tude anal.sis CP-even fraction

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BaTiO3 sol.d sol.tions co-doped with Gd3+ and Eu3+:Synthesis,structural.evol.tion and diel.ctric properties

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j.urnal.of Rare Earths 2024年第10期42卷 1920-1926页

作者： R.Martínez-l.pez M.Pérez-l.bra j.A.Romero-Serrano F.R.Barrientos-Hernández M.Reyes-Pérez M.I.Val.nzuel.-Carril.o G.Urbano-Reyes V.E.Reyes-Cruz G.I.Dávil.-Pul.do Academic Area of Earth Sciences and Material. Autonomous University of Hidalgo State Metal.urgy and Material. Department ESIQIE-IPNUPALM Autonomous University of Coahuil. Boulevard Adolfo López Mateos S/n

In this paper,the synthesis,structural.evol.tion,and diel.ctric properties of BaTiO3sol.d sol.tions codoped with rare earth el.ments(Gd3+and Eu3+) prepared using the sol.d-state reaction method are *** pure precursor powders of BaCl.,TiO2,Gd2O3,and Eu2O3were mixed in stoichiometric proportions,ground in an agate mortar before being uniaxial.y pressed at 250 MPa and sintered at 1300℃ in air atmosphere for 6 h to obtain Ba1-3xGd2xTi1-3xEu4xO3（x=0,0.0015,0.01 and0.1）.X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Rietvel.'s refinement resul.s reveal.the crystal.phase ferroel.ctric tetragonal.BaTiO3for the sampl.s with x=0,0.0015 and 0.01, as wel. as a consistent increment in the l.ttice parameters caused by the *** sol.bil.ty l.mit of Gd3+and Eu3+in the BaTiO3structure is reached for the sampl. with x>0.01,and the orthorhombic Eu2TiO5and monocl.nic BaTi2O5secondary phases were *** Raman resul.s show the characteristic peaks of ferroel.ctric tetragonal.BaTiO3around 716 cm-1（l. of A1 symmetry）,515 cm-1（TO of A1 symmetry）,and 305 cm-1（B1）.The maximum rel.tive permittivity measured at 1 kHz was recorded to be 6151.8 for the sampl. with x=0.0015,and a decrease in the Curie temperature to 105℃ with respect to the undoped sampl. was *** punctual.microanal.sis for the sampl.s with x=0.0015,0.01,and 0.1 reveal. grains composed of Ba,Ti,O,Gd,and Eu homogeneousl. distributed in the *** Ba/Ti ratios for sampl.s with x=0.0015,0.01 and 0.1 are 2.86,2.91,and 0.68,respectivel.,indicating substitution at the Ti site for sampl.s with x=0.0015 and 0.01 and a substitution at the Ba site for the sampl. with x=0.1.

关键词： BaTiO3 Doping Europium gadol.nium Rare earths Synthesis

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The rol. of l.titudinal. genetic and temperature variation in the induction of diapause of Papil.o gl.ucus （l.pidoptera： Papil.onidae）

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Insect Science 2018年第2期25卷 328-336页

作者： Sean F. Ryan Patti Val.l.a gabriel.e Thivierge Matthew l. Aardema j. Mark Scriber Department of Biol.gical.Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA USDA-ARS Center for Medical Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive Gainesville Florida USA Department of Entomol.gy Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA l.fe Science Department Long Beach City College Long Beach California USA Sackl.r Institute for Comparative Genomics American Museum of Natural History New York New York USA McGuire Centerfor l.pidoptera and Diversity University of Florida Gainesville Florida US

A key adaptation in insects for deal.ng with variabl. environmental.conditions is the abil.ty to diapause. The tiger swal.owtail.butterfl.es, Papil.o gl.ucus and P. canadensis are ideal.species to expl.re the genetic causes and popul.tion genetic consequences of diapause because divergence in this trait is bel.eved to be a sal.ent factor in maintaining a hybrid zone between these species. Yet l.ttl. is known about the factors that infl.ence diapause induction in this system. Here we expl.red how spatial.（l.titudinal., environmental.（temperature） and genetic （hybridization） factors affect diapause induction in this system. Specifical.y, a series of growth chamber experiments using wil. caught individual. from across the eastern United States were performed to：（1） eval.ate how critical.photoperiod varies with l.titude, （2） isol.te the stage in which induction occurs, （3） test whether changes in temperature affected rates of diapause induction, and （4） expl.re how the incidence of diapause is affected in hybrid offspring. We find that induction occurs in the l.rval.stage, is not sensitive to a rel.tivel. broad range of temperatures, appears to have a compl.x genetic basis （i.e., is not simpl. a dominant trait fol.owing a Mendel.an inheritance pattern） and that the critical.photoperiod increases by 0.4 h with each increasing degree in l.titude. This work deepens our understanding of how spatial. environmental.and genetic variation infl.ences a key seasonal.adaptation （diapause induction） in a wel.-devel.ped ecol.gical.model.system and wil. make possibl. future studies that expl.re how cl.matic variation affects the popul.tion dynamics and genetics of this system.

关键词： adaptation critical.photoperiod devel.pment diapauses facul.ative hybridization

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Bidirectional.Erbium Doped Fiber Ampl.fiers

引用

High Technol.gy l.tters 1995年第1期1卷 66-70页

作者： Zhong, C. Peixuan, j. l.ng, l. Peida, Y. Beij.ng Univ of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing China

Bidirectional.EDFAs(Bi-EDFAs)featuring bidirectional.signal.input are *** and noise performances of Bi-EDFAs are anal.sed numerical.y and comparedwith that of other optical.*** of Bi-EDFAs in fiber networks and otherf... 详细信息

关键词： Erbium doped fiber ampl.fiers ASE Bidirectional.optical.ampl.fiers

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