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Starch grain analysis reveals function of grinding stone tools at Shangzhai site, Beijing

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第8期52卷 1164-1171页

作者： YANG XiaoYan YU JinCheng lü houyuan CUI TianXing GUO JingNing GE QuanSheng Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Beijing Cultural Relics Institute Beijing 100009China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China School of Archaeology and Museology Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Prehistoric groundstone tools including slabs (metate, mo-pan) and mullers (mano, mo-bang) are often considered to be tools that were used to process cereals in ancient China. Most archaeologists believe that groundstone tools are indicators of an agrarian economy. This study employed starch grain analysis to examine a slab and a muller excavated from the Shangzhai Site (7500-7000 cal a BP), Beijing. Identifiable starch grains recovered from the stone tools were classified into 9 genera and 12 species, most of which were from acorns and foxtail millets. Remains from the oak species Q. mongolicus, Q. acuttssima, and Q. dentate were identified as well as a few starch grains from broomcorn (Panicum miliaseum) and bean (Vigna sp.). Other starch grains were from unidentifiable roots and grasses. A variety of starch grains indicates that the grinding stone tools were used to process not only cereals, but also other seeds or roots that had to be ground or husked, thus bringing into question the aforementioned cereal hypothesis. Because the numbers of starch grains from nuts and millets were so large, both gathering and cultivation might have been important economic patterns before 7000 years ago in Beijing area. Moreover, the starch remains are derived from plants that indicate that the paleoclimate of Beijing was wetter and warmer than today’s.

关键词： starch grain analysis artifact function slab and muller Shangzhai Site Beijing

Analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from C3 and C4 plants and modern soils

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第19期45卷 1804-1808页

作者： lü houyuan WANG Yongji WANG Guo'an YANG Hui lI Zhen First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic AdministrationQingdao 266003China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China lanzhou Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

The analysis of carbon isotope in phytoliths from modern plants and surface soils in China shows that the values of carbon isotope are consistent with those from C3 and C4 plants, and the processes of photosynthesis of the original plants can be clearly identified by carbon isotope in phytoliths. The value of carbon isotope varied from -23.8‰ to -28‰, with the maximum distributed in the latitude zone from 34°N to 40°N in North China and East China areas, and the minimum in the Northeast China and South China regions. The values of carbon of phytoliths tend to increase from low to high and then reduce to low value again as the latitude increases. In the same latitude zone, the carbon isotope in phytoliths from grassland soil under the trees is obviously lower than that from grassland soil without any trees with the difference of 1‰ - 2‰.

关键词： C3 and C4 plants phytoliths carbon isotope.

Periodicity of Holocene climatic variations in the Huguangyan Maar lake

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第18期45卷 1712-1717页

作者： lIU Jiaqi lü houyuan JNegendank JMingram lUO Xiangjun WANG Wenyuan CHU Guoqiang 不详 Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam D-14473 Potsdam Germany

There exist five primary periods of 2 930, 1 140, 490, 250 and 220 a in the Holocene climatic variations in the Huguangyan Maar lake, according to the energy-spectrum and filter analyses of high-resolution time sequences (10-15 a) of the sediment dry density. The peak values of the three temperature-decreasing periods with the 2 930 a cycle occur at about 7 300, 4 250 and 1 200 Cal. aBP. There are 7-8 temperature-decreasing periods with the 1 140 a cycle, and the climate fluctuation range is largest in the early Holocene, and reduces gradually in the middle and late Holocene. The millennial-scale climatic change in the Holocene may adjust the global water cycle and the thermohaline circulation intensity through the harmonic tones of the earth’s precession cycle, which in turn influences the global climate change.

关键词： Maar lake Holocene climatic periodicity.

Origin area and migration route: Chloroplast DNA diversity in the arctic-alpine plant Koenigia islandica

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Science China Earth Sciences 2014年第8期57卷 1760-1770页

作者： lONG Cong MIN YunJiang ZHAO XiuXia YANY Chunlei SUN Hang lü houyuan TANG lingYu ZHOU ZhongZe School of Resources and Environmental Engineering Anhui University Anhui Biodiversity Information Center Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering West Anhui University Key laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics. Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Hengduan Mountains(henceforth H-D Mountains) on the Tibet Plateau are a distribution and diversity center for many alpine genera. We examine patterns of genetic variation in an arctic-alpine plant to evaluate the possibility that the H-D Mountains constitute the area of origin of the species as well as to uncover postglacial migration routes. 220 individuals of the arctic-alpine plant Koenigia islandica were sampled from 26 populations distributed in western China and northern Finland. DNA haplotypes were identified using restriction site analysis of two chloroplast DNA intergene spacer regions, atpB-rbcl and trnl-trnF. We examined the geographical distribution of haplotype diversity in relation to latitude, and also compared various indices of diversity in putatively glaciated and unglaciated regions. Patterns of migration were inferred using nested clade analysis. A total of 25 haplotypes were detected. High haplotype diversity was found in the H-D Mountains. H3 and its radiated haplotypes were distributed in the Himalayas. Two haplotypes were fixed concurrently in the H-D Mountains and northern Finland. High genetic diversity of K. islandica and high species diversity of K. islandica are expected in the origin area. Our observations suggest that the H-D Mountains are not only the place of origin of K. islandica, but also the refugia for K. islandica on the Tibet Plateau. What is more, the migration route for the arctic-alpine plant K. islandica must have originated in the region defined by the H-D Mountains in western China extending northward to the Arctic circumpolar, and moved westward along the Himalayas, then northward across the Altay Mountains and the Central Siberian Plateau at different time periods.

关键词： origin area refugia migration route phylogeography biogeology Koenigia islandica

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水稻扇型植硅体研究进展及相关问题

第四纪研究 2012年第2期32卷 269-281页

作者：王灿吕厚远中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所新生代地质与环境重点实验室北京100029 中国科学院研究生院北京100049

在稻作农业起源和传播的研究中,水稻扇型植硅体对于发现、鉴定水稻遗存起到了重要的作用。目前学术界利用扇型植硅体在区分野生稻和栽培稻,粳稻和籼稻方面建立了诸多判别标准,但这些"标准"并没有得到广泛认可。本文从扇型植硅体的发育... 详细信息

在稻作农业起源和传播的研究中,水稻扇型植硅体对于发现、鉴定水稻遗存起到了重要的作用。目前学术界利用扇型植硅体在区分野生稻和栽培稻,粳稻和籼稻方面建立了诸多判别标准,但这些"标准"并没有得到广泛认可。本文从扇型植硅体的发育机理人手,结合前人对水稻扇型植硅体的研究成果和通过对部分现代野生、栽培水稻扇型植硅体的观察分析,认为尽管现代稻属和粳、籼稻扇型植硅体的鉴定特征是比较明确的,但由于野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体的区分存在不确定性,限制了扇型植硅体在早期稻作研究中的应用。本文对目前利用扇型植硅体进行水稻农业考古方面存在的问题进行分析,对如何寻找野生稻和栽培稻扇型植硅体的有效区分标准、如何应用新方法新技术提高鉴定准确性等方面进行了探讨。

关键词：水稻泡状细胞扇型植硅体野生稻栽培稻粳稻籼稻

Crossing of the Hu line by Neolithic population in response to seesaw precipitation changes in China

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Science Bulletin 2022年第8期67卷 844-852,M0004页

作者： Jianping Zhang Xiujia Huan houyuan lü Can Wang Caiming Shen Keyang He Ying lü Naiqin Wu Key laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Innovation Academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 101408China Department of Archaeology School of History and CultureShandong UniversityJinan 250100China Yunnan Key laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Changes College of Tourism and Geographical SciencesYunnan Normal UniversityKunming 650500China

How various peoples crossed geographical barriers,were affected by climate change and human-made technologies comprise some of the most interesting quandaries in the history of *** paper considers the Hu line,which is a major boundary between population centres and different environments in *** boundary became evident approximately 11,400 years ago;however,evidence suggests that people crossed through at 5200,3800,and 2800 cal a BP,facilitating the increases of the trans-Eurasian *** timings of the crossings correspond to the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon that triggers seesaw changes of precipitation in western and eastern *** analysis demonstrates that climate change on a millennial-to-centennial scale can have a profound influence on population distribution with long-term consequences.

关键词： Population Summed probability distribution Archaeological radiocarbon date Precipitation change East Asian summer monsoon Westerlies

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麻类作物植硅体形态研究

第四纪研究 2022年第6期42卷 1775-1791页

作者：王聪张健平吕厚远中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所中国科学院新生代地质与环境重点实验室北京100029 中国科学院大学北京100049 中国科学院地球科学研究院北京100029

大麻在中国被称为“五谷”之一,可纤用、油用、药用以及用于宗教活动等,在社会生活中发挥着重要的作用。由于早期大麻果实易腐烂灰化、不易保存,因此建立大麻的植硅体鉴定标准,对揭示其起源、驯化和传播过程具有重要意义。本研究对大麻(... 详细信息

大麻在中国被称为“五谷”之一,可纤用、油用、药用以及用于宗教活动等,在社会生活中发挥着重要的作用。由于早期大麻果实易腐烂灰化、不易保存,因此建立大麻的植硅体鉴定标准,对揭示其起源、驯化和传播过程具有重要意义。本研究对大麻(Cannabis sativa l.)、红麻(大麻槿)(Hibiscus cannabinus l.)、黄麻(Corchorus capsularis l.)、青麻(苘麻)(Abutilon theophrasti Medicus)、亚麻(linum usitatissimum l.)、苎麻(Boehmeria nivea(l.)Gaudich.)等6种麻类作物的果实或种子进行了系统的植硅体形态研究,探寻具有鉴定意义的特征植硅体类型,为研究其起源、驯化和传播提供新的方法。将每份样品解剖出不同的部位,采用湿式灰化法对每个部位分别进行植硅体提取,并在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下分别进行观察分析。结果表明,发育植硅体的部位有:大麻的苞片和果皮、苎麻的果被和果皮、黄麻种皮以及青麻种皮,未见植硅体的部位有:红麻和亚麻的种子。仅有大麻果皮中存在典型形态特征的植硅体,如不规则多边疣粒板型(单体或聚合形态)、不规则多边平滑板型(单体或聚合形态)、双层嵌套板型。分析表明,大麻的不规则多边板型(包括不规则多边疣粒板型及不规则多边平滑板型)植硅体形态大小稳定,种内差异较小,且与木本植物、草本植物中形态类似的植硅体区别明显。综上,不规则多边板型植硅体为大麻特有的植硅体类型,可用于鉴定大麻的种属。其中,不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体形态特征更明显且产量更丰富,平均1 g大麻果实的不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体产量可达10.2±0.4×10^(6)粒,可作为鉴定大麻种属的主要特征植硅体,其主要特征为:1)单体为边缘棱角分明、正面具若干小型疣状突起、背面具0~3个大小相近的乳突的多裂片式不规则多边形板状结构,长度为15.4±2.3μm,宽度为10.8±1.7μm,厚度为6.2±1.0μm;2)由若干形态相同、大小相近的单体通过边缘裂片间隙拼合为片状平面拼图结构;3)与不规则多边平滑板型植硅体(长度为27.9±4.5μm,宽度为18.6±3.1μm,厚度为10.0±1.4μm)形成双层嵌套结构。进一步分析表明,大麻不同品种间不规则多边疣粒板型植硅体在形态大小上细微的差异与品种间果实形态大小差异以及气候条件无直接关系,推测其形态的种内差异可能是受局地土壤环境影响所致。

关键词：大麻麻类作物植硅体植物考古形态研究

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棕榈科植硅体形态分析及其环境意义

第四纪研究 2005年第6期25卷 785-792页

作者：徐德克李泉吕厚远中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所北京100029

植硅体分析在古环境、古生态、环境考古、植物分类等众多领域研究中逐渐显示出其重要的作用,其应用潜力依赖于现代植硅体形态基础研究工作的深入。文章主要针对我国热带、亚热带地区常见的棕榈科15个属20个种植物进行了植硅体形态鉴定... 详细信息

植硅体分析在古环境、古生态、环境考古、植物分类等众多领域研究中逐渐显示出其重要的作用,其应用潜力依赖于现代植硅体形态基础研究工作的深入。文章主要针对我国热带、亚热带地区常见的棕榈科15个属20个种植物进行了植硅体形态鉴定和多项形态参数(大小、突起等)的测量分析,同时对旅人蕉科的白花扇芭蕉、蝎尾蕉科的黄芭蝎尾蕉、苏木科的无忧树进行了对比研究。结合聚类分析方法把植硅体形态分为5个大的类型,棕榈科植硅体主要包括刺球形、水母形和草帽形3种形态。白花扇芭蕉植硅体呈褶球形,黄芭蝎尾蕉植硅体呈飞梭形,无忧树不含有植硅体。同时,给出了不同类型形态参数的大小和范围,为利用棕榈科植硅体等进行古环境研究提供了基础。

关键词：植硅体棕榈科形态分类古环境意义

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竹亚科植硅体形态学研究及其生态学意义

第四纪研究 2005年第6期25卷 777-784页

作者：李泉徐德克吕厚远中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所

选择我国常见的竹亚科19属64种进行系统的植硅体形态学研究,对竹亚科特有的长鞍型植硅体的长度、宽度、高度(侧面宽)和硅质颗粒数目等参数进行了测量。研究发现,合轴散生竹长鞍型植硅体个体最大(长度20·6±0·2m,宽度12·8±0·5m,高... 详细信息

选择我国常见的竹亚科19属64种进行系统的植硅体形态学研究,对竹亚科特有的长鞍型植硅体的长度、宽度、高度(侧面宽)和硅质颗粒数目等参数进行了测量。研究发现,合轴散生竹长鞍型植硅体个体最大(长度20·6±0·2m,宽度12·8±0·5m,高度12·4±0·1m,颗粒数2·8±0·5),单轴散生竹次之(长度18·8±0·8m,宽度11·7±0·4m,高度11·8±0·3m,颗粒数1·9±0·1),复轴混生竹再次(长度18·3±1·5m,宽度11·2±1·5m,高度11·4±1·7m,颗粒数1·8±0·4),合轴丛生竹最小(长度18·0±1·8m,宽度9·7±0·5m,侧面宽10·1±1·4m,颗粒数2·6±0·3)。经判别分析显示以长鞍型植硅体三维形态参数和硅质颗粒数目为变量可以区分竹亚科植物各生态型,并初步明确了长鞍型植硅体形态与竹亚科生态型的对应关系,探讨了其与竹亚科植物生境条件之间的对应关系,以及在竹亚科植物演化序列中的意义,为利用竹亚科长鞍型植硅体形态进行古环境分析提供了基础性资料。

关键词：竹亚科长鞍型植硅体生态型判别分析